[A prospective randomized controlled study on probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in infants and young children]. / ç›Šç”ŸèŒé¢„é˜²å©´å¹¼å„¿æŠ—ç”Ÿç´ ç›¸å ³æ€§è ¹æ³»çš„å‰çž»æ€§éšæœºå¯¹ç §ç ”ç©¶.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the preventive effects of Saccharomyces boulardii powder and tetragenous viable Bifidobacterium tablets on antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) in infants and young children. METHODS: Children under three years old admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University due to non-gastrointestinal infections and requiring antibiotic treatment from July to December 2023 were enrolled. The children were randomly divided into a control group (n=47), a Saccharomyces boulardii group (n=70), and a Bifidobacterium group (n=65) using a random number table method. The control group received antibiotics and symptomatic supportive treatment according to relevant clinical guidelines. In addition to the treatment given to the control group, the Saccharomyces boulardii group and the Bifidobacterium group were respectively administered with Saccharomyces boulardii powder and tetragenous viable Bifidobacterium tablets. Based on the duration of probiotic use (7 days, 14 days, and 21 days), the Saccharomyces boulardii group was further divided into 7 d, 14 d, and 21 d subgroups, and similarly for the Bifidobacterium group. The incidence of AAD and ratio of cocci to bacilli in feces were compared among the groups after treatment. RESULTS: The incidence rate of AAD in both the Saccharomyces boulardii group and the Bifidobacterium group was lower than that in the control group (P<0.017). The duration of AAD and the length of hospital stay were shorter in the Saccharomyces boulardii and Bifidobacterium groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). In the control group, the ratio of cocci to bacilli in feces on days 7, 14, and 21 was higher than on day 1 (P<0.05). Within-group comparisons showed that the ratio of cocci to bacilli in feces on day 14 in the Bifidobacterium 14 d and 21 d groups were lower than on day 1 (P<0.05); and the ratios on day 14 in the control group, Saccharomyces boulardii 14 d group, Saccharomyces boulardii 21 d group, Bifidobacterium 14 d group, and Bifidobacterium 21 d group were lower than on day 7 (P<0.05). The ratios on day 21 in the control group and the Saccharomyces boulardii 21 d group were lower than on days 7 and 14 (P<0.05). Between-group comparisons indicated that on day 7, the ratios of cocci to bacilli in feces in the Saccharomyces boulardii 7 d, 14 d, 21 d groups, and Bifidobacterium 7 d, 14 d, 21 d groups were all lower than in the control group (P<0.05); on day 14, the ratios of cocci to bacilli in feces 14 d and 21 d groups were lower than in the control group and the Bifidobacterium 7 d group (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both Saccharomyces boulardii and tetragenous viable Bifidobacterium can effectively improve gut microbiota and prevent the occurrence of AAD in infants and young children. Compared to short-term treatment, appropriately extending the duration of probiotic therapy can further improve the structure of gut microbiota.

[Protective effect of early intervention with lipoxin A4 on septic mice].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of early intervention with lipoxin A4 (LXA4) on septic mice. METHODS: Healthy male Balb/c mice aged 6-8 weeks were randomly divided into sham-operation group, sepsis group, 1-hour intervention group (intervention at 1 hour after sepsis), and 6-hour intervention group (intervention at 6 hours after sepsis) (n=8 each). A sepsis model was prepared by cecal ligation and puncture. The intervention groups received LXA4 at 0.01 µg/g body weight 1 or 6 hours after the model was established. Blood was taken from eyeballs at 24 hours after operation. Peritoneal lavage fluid and liver and lung tissue samples were collected. The bacterial colonies of whole blood and peritoneal lavage fluid were counted by dilution plating. The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were determined by cytometric bead array. The serum level of high mobility group box-1 (HGMB1) was determined using ELISA. The percentages of macrophages and neutrophils in peritoneal lavage fluid were determined by flow cytometry. Paraffin sectioning and hematoxylin-eosin staining were performed for the liver and lung tissue samples to observe pathological damage. RESULTS: Compared with the sham-operation group, the sepsis group had a significantly decreased percentage of macrophages and a significantly increased percentage of neutrophils in peritoneal lavage fluid (P<0.05), as well as significantly increased serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, and HMGB1 (P<0.05); in addition, the sepsis group showed more vacuolar degeneration, hepatocyte swelling, and inflammatory cell infiltration in liver tissue, and more capillary congestion, pulmonary septal thickening, inflammatory cell infiltration, and partial tissue destruction in lung tissue. Compared with the sepsis group, the 1-hour and 6-hour intervention groups had a significantly increased percentage of macrophages in peritoneal lavage fluid (P<0.05) and significantly reduced bacterial load in whole blood (P<0.05), serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, and HMGB1 (P<0.05), and degree of liver and lung tissue damage and inflammatory cell infiltration, but there was no significant difference in the percentage of neutrophils and bacterial load in peritoneal lavage fluid (P>0.05). Compared with the 6-hour intervention group, the 1-hour intervention group had a significantly decreased serum level of HMGB1 (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in other indicators between the two groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Early intervention with LXA4 may attenuate liver and lung injuries in septic mice, which may be explained by the decrease in serum levels of IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, and HMGB1, and it also may reduce the bacterial dissemination in the whole blood of septic mice, which may be explained by the increase in the percentage of peritoneal macrophages.

Septic hip dislocation in a child.

A 4-year-old girl presented with pain and disability of right side hip of about 1-week duration. High-grade fever and upper respiratory tract infection were also noted. A pelvic computed tomography scan showed a dislocated hip accompanied by a huge intrapelvic abscess. Culture of pus from the hip showed Streptococcus pneumonia. Emergency arthrotomy, drainage of abscess and reduction of hip, and immobilization with a hip spica cast were undertaken. Thereafter, intravenous antibiotics were given for 6 weeks. The infection was resolved. At a 2-year follow-up, the clinical result was fair and the radiography showed persisting hip damage.

Iliac vessel injury by a cement spacer: report of a case.

The use of antibiotic-impregnated acrylic cement as a bone spacer between the intervals of revision hip arthroplasty for infection has been widely practiced. Vascular injuries caused by the migration of a cement spacer with subsequent erosion of the vessel wall have never been reported. A 67-year-old woman presented with tense swelling over her left lower extremity and hemarthroses of the left hip after implantation of a cement spacer for infected hip arthroplasty. Complete external compression of the external iliac vein and laceration of the iliac artery by the spacer were found. The symptoms were resolved after surgical debridement, removal of the spacer and femoral stem, and repair of the vessel. Cautious placement of a cement spacer in the acetabular fossa accompanied with poor bone stock must be emphasized.