Impact of a high-fat meal on assessment of clopidogrel-induced platelet inhibition in healthy subjects.

BACKGROUND: Ideal conditions for platelet reactivity testing are critical for optimal selection of a P2Y12 inhibitor. Data are inconsistent regarding the impact of high-fat meals on test assessment. METHODS: Participants included 12 healthy subjects not taking antiplatelet drugs after a 12-hour fast. After baseline assessment, subjects were given a 600 mg dose of clopidogrel. Four hours later, maximum platelet inhibition was tested in the fasting state by light transmission aggregometry (LTA), VerifyNow P2Y12, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP), and whole blood aggregometry (WBA). Subjects were then provided a high-fat meal, and platelet function was evaluated two hours later. Change in measured platelet aggregation by LTA was the primary endpoint of the study. The Wilcoxon Rank Sum test was used to compare the change in platelet reactivity between fasting and non-fasting conditions. The Spearman rho (ρ) correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the association between fasting platelet reactivity and the change following a high-fat meal. RESULTS: No significant change occurred in maximal light transmission, as assessed by LTA with 5 µM ADP (p = 0.15) and with 20 µM ADP (p = 0.07). There was a significant change in the area under the curve with 5 µM ADP (p = 0.03) but not with 20 µM ADP (p = 0.18). Although there was no significant change with the VerifyNow P2Y12 assay (p = 0.16), the change was correlated with the initial fasting value (Spearman's rho p = 0.008). The VASP assay and WBA varied minimally. CONCLUSION: The high-fat meal did not significantly alter platelet function assessment of commonly used platelet function tests. Greater intra-subject variability existed for the optically-dependent compared with non-optically dependent tests. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01307657.

Effects of partners together in health intervention on physical activity and healthy eating behaviors: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Despite proven efficacy of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in helping patients initiate physical activity and healthy eating changes, less than 50% of CR participants maintain changes 6 months later. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this feasibility study was to test the Partners Together in Health (PaTH) intervention versus usual care in improving physical activity and healthy eating behaviors in coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients and their spouses. METHODS: An experimental, 2-group (n = 17 couples/group), repeated-measures design was used. Coronary artery bypass surgery patients in both groups participated in phase II outpatient CR. Spouses in the PaTH group attended CR with the patient and were asked to make the same physical activity and healthy eating changes as patients did. Spouses in the usual care attended educational classes with patients. It was theorized that "2 persons would be better than 1" at making changes and sticking with them in the long-term. Physical activity behavior was measured using the Actiheart accelerometer; the activity biomarker was an exercise tolerance test. Eating behavior was measured using 3-day food records; the biomarker was the lipid profile. Data were collected at baseline (entrance in CR), at 3 months (post-CR), and at 6 months. Changes over time were examined using Mann-Whitney U statistics and effect sizes. RESULTS: The PaTH intervention was successful primarily in demonstrating improved trends in healthy eating behavior for patients and spouses. No differences were found between the PaTH and usual care patients or spouses at 3 or 6 months in the number of minutes per week of physical activity. By 6 months, patients in both groups were, on average, below the national guidelines for PA recommendations (≥150 min/wk at >3 metabolic equivalents). CONCLUSIONS: The couple-focused PaTH intervention demonstrated promise in offsetting the decline in dietary adherence typically seen 6 months after CR.

Cardiac Muscle Injury and Echocardiographic Plus Electrocardiographic Findings in Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19): A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: Myocardial injury has been described in coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19). Few studies have reported cardiovascular imaging data with transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and electrocardiography (ECG) findings in COVID-19 patients, and their correlation with mortality. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study that included COVID-19 patients from March 2020 through February 2021 who had TTE and ECG during hospital admission. Myocardial injury was defined by an elevated high-sensitivity troponin T level > 20 ng/L. Bivariate analysis was used to compare patients with myocardial injury and those without. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the variables associated with mortality. Results: A total of 438 patients were included. The mean age was 62.1 ± 14.9 years, and 58.9% were male. A total of 149 patients died, with a mortality rate of 34%. A total of 260 patients (59.4%) had myocardial injury. The average left ventricular ejection fraction was 59.8% ± 11.2%, with 30 patients (6.8%) having an ejection fraction of < 40%. Patients with myocardial injury had higher mortality than those without (P < 0.05, χ2 test). A multiple regression analysis model indicated that age, race and/or ethnicity, the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome, shock, the need for vasopressors, mechanical ventilation, and hemodialysis were the variables significantly associated with mortality. Conclusion: COVID-19 patients with myocardial injury had higher mortality than those without. Age, race and/or ethnicity, acute respiratory distress syndrome, shock, the need for vasopressors, mechanical ventilation, and hemodialysis were the clinical variables associated with mortality. The TEE and ECG variables studied were not significantly associated with mortality.

Contexte: Des atteintes myocardiques ont été décrites en présence d'une infection par le coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). Quelques études ont rapporté des données d'imagerie cardiovasculaire obtenues par échocardiographie transthoracique (ETT) et électrocardiographie (ECG) chez des patients atteints de la COVID-19, et leur corrélation avec la mortalité. Méthodologie: Nous avons mené une étude de cohorte rétrospective comprenant des patients atteints de la COVID-19 entre mars 2020 et février 2021 qui ont été soumis à une ETT ou à une ECG pendant leur hospitalisation. L'atteinte myocardique était définie comme un taux élevé de troponine T de haute sensibilité > 20 ng/L. Une analyse à deux variables a été utilisée pour comparer les patients présentant une atteinte myocardique et ceux qui n'en présentaient pas. Une analyse de régression logistique à multiples variables a été menée pour définir les variables qui étaient associées à la mortalité. Résultats: L'étude comptait un total de 438 patients. L'âge moyen était de 62,1 ± 14,9 ans; 58,9 % étaient des hommes. Un total de 149 patients sont décédés, soit un taux de mortalité de 34 %. Un total de 260 patients (59,4 %) présentaient une atteinte myocardique. La fraction d'éjection ventriculaire gauche moyenne était de 59,8 % ± 11,2 %, alors que 30 patients (6,8 %) affichaient une fraction d'éjection inférieure à 40 %. Le taux de mortalité était plus élevé chez les patients qui présentaient une atteinte myocardique que chez ceux qui n'en présentaient pas (p < 0,05, test χ2). Selon un modèle d'analyse de régression multiple, l'âge, la race et/ou l'ethnicité, l'apparition du syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë, l'état de choc, le besoin de vasopresseurs, la ventilation artificielle et l'hémodialyse étaient les variables fortement liées à la mortalité. Conclusion: Parmi les patients atteints de la COVID-19, la mortalité était plus élevée chez ceux qui présentaient une atteinte myocardique que chez ceux qui n'en présentaient pas. L'âge, la race et/ou l'ethnicité, le syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë, l'état de choc, le besoin de vasopresseurs, la ventilation artificielle et l'hémodialyse étaient les variables cliniques liées à la mortalité. Les variables d'ETT et d'ECG étudiées n'avaient pas de lien important avec la mortalité.

IL-6 and its receptors in coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction.

Biomarkers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R), and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) have been reported to be elevated in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between these markers during AMI, as well as their relationship to clinical parameters in an effort to discern their predictive potential in cardiac events. Serum was collected from 73 patients with; AMI, stable coronary artery disease (CAD), and controls during cardiac catheterization. Biomarker levels were determined and correlated with clinical data. IL-6 (11.75pg/ml, P<0.05) and sIL-6R (41,340pg/ml, P=0.05) were elevated in AMI compared with CAD and controls. At presentation, hsCRP was elevated in AMI patients (4.69mg/L) compared to controls (2.69mg/L, P<0.05); however, there was a significant decrease in hsCRP between AMI (4.69mg/L) and CAD patients (7.4mg/L, P<0.05). After 24h post-AMI hsCRP levels were increased compared to stable CAD (60.46mg/L, P<0.05) and were preceded by increased IL-6 at presentation. Soluble Gp130 (sGp130) showed no significant change between AMI, CAD, and control patients. However, sGp130 positively correlated with peak troponin in AMI (R=0.587, P<0.01), and negatively correlated with previous AMI (R=-0.382, P<0.05). Circulating monocyte mRNA expression isolated from selected AMI patients showed an increase in IL-6 mRNA (5.28-fold, P<0.01) and a decrease in both IL-6R (0.374-fold, P<0.01) and sGp130 mRNA (0.38-fold, P<0.01) as compared to CAD and controls. Results demonstrate that IL-6 and sIL-6R are associated with AMI and cardiac injury. These data support the hypothesis that trans-IL-6 receptor binding may alter intracellular signaling, and blocking of IL-6 receptor binding may be pathogenic in AMI. These data may be predictive of mechanism(s) by which plaques become unstable and rupture.

Cardiovascular complications of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: a case report and review of literature.

Background: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune response characterized clinically by arterial or venous thrombosis. One of the rare and series forms of APS is the catastrophic APS (CAPS). The incidence of CAPS has been reported in 0.8% of patients with APS. There have been very few case reports with cardiac involvement in CAPS. Common cardiac manifestations include valvular thickening and lesions, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction due to microvascular thrombosis. Here, we are reporting a case of CAPS associated with heart failure and a literature review of similar cases. Case summary: A 24-year-old woman with a history of APS presented with shortness of breath and right-sided pleuritic chest pain. Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram revealed new pulmonary emboli in the right lung. After 5 days, she developed high-grade fever with negative infectious workup, acute hypoxic respiratory failure with pulmonary oedema, shock, acute kidney injury, and transthoracic echocardiography showed reduced ejection fraction and global hypokinesia. The constellation of multi-organ failure, symptoms within a week, the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies, and exclusion of other causes, CAPS was diagnosed. The patient showed significant improvement with pulse steroids, IV plasmapheresis and got discharged on oral prednisone taper and anticoagulation with home health. Conclusion: There are different cardiac complications associated with CAPS, including congestive heart failure, acute coronary syndrome, valvular lesions, and thrombus. Heart failure management in CAPS includes triple therapy of intravenous immune globulin, IV plasmapheresis, and corticosteroids rather than conventional treatment.

Low-Dose Oral Contraceptives and Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection With Heavy Clot Burden in a Nonpregnant Woman.

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an infrequent cause of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) caused by a nontraumatic tear in the coronary artery wall. The true incidence is thought to be underestimated owing to its diagnostic difficulty as coronary angiography is insensitive in assessing the arterial wall structure, thereby warranting additional diagnostic modalities such as intravascular ultrasound. We report a case of a young woman who had been taking oral contraceptives, and presented with acute non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction due to SCAD with superimposed thrombosis.

A Case of Early Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy Recognition With Genetic Screening: A Case Report.

Background: Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is one of the most common types of cardiac amyloidosis. Amyloid cardiomyopathy more commonly affects men, elderly, and 3% to 4% of the African-American population. ATTR-CM suspicion and diagnosis is challenging; however, awareness of the disease is increasing, and best practices to identify it are being proposed. The approach to suspected cases of ATTR-CM relies on the presence of heart failure, red flag signs and symptoms, and age >65 or >70 for men and women respectively. Little is known about cases when it presents in early ages. Case: We report a 62-year-old African American male with past medical history of hyperlipidemia, prostate cancer, hypertension, bilateral carpal tunnel surgery that had debuted with a cardiac arrhythmia at age 55 and was diagnosed with heart failure several years later. Restrictive cardiomyopathy was suspected, and genetic screening was sent for ATTRm which confirmed a pathogenic trasnthyretin gene mutation. Endomyocardial biopsy was performed which confirmed cardiac amyloid deposition. Discussion: ATTR-CM is a rare disease with an increasing prevalence. Cases with out of proportion signs and symptoms of heart failure with preserved ejection fractions should raise the suspicion of ATTR-CM despite age.

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide: Structure, Function, and Physiological Effects: A Narrative Review.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a cardiac peptide with multiple physiological effects, including natriuresis, blood pressure regulation, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) antagonism. Pre-proANP is synthesized in the atria and must be extensively cleaved by the protease corin to produce the mature 28 amino acid ANP. The downstream signaling pathway of ANP acts through the guanylyl cyclase receptor and the second messenger cGMP. Studies on ANP's physiological effects have demonstrated its activity on channels present in the apical membrane in the renal nephron, potentially inhibiting or decreasing sodium reabsorption. Recent research has also identified several clinical conditions, such as dilated cardiomyopathy, renal failure, and aging, associated with increased and decreased ANP levels. ANP levels could serve as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of acute stages of heart failure, and ANP infusion could have a role in the management of acute or chronic heart failure.

Diuretic Resistance in Heart Failure.

Decompensated heart failure accounts for approximately 1 million hospitalizations in the United States annually, and this number is expected to increase significantly in the near future. Diuretics provide the initial management in most patients with fluid overload. However, the development of diuretic resistance remains a significant challenge in the treatment of heart failure. Due to the lack of a standard definition, the prevalence of this phenomenon remains difficult to determine, with some estimates suggesting that 25-30% of patients with heart failure have diuretic resistance. Certain characteristics, including low systolic blood pressures, renal impairment, and atherosclerotic disease, help predict the development of diuretic resistance. The underlying pathophysiology is likely multifactorial, with pharmacokinetic alterations, hormonal dysregulation, and the cardiorenal syndrome having significant roles. The therapeutic approach to this common problem typically involves increases in the diuretic dose and/or frequency, sequential nephron blockade, and mechanical fluid movement removal with ultrafiltration or peritoneal dialysis. Paracentesis is potentially useful in patients with intra-abdominal hypertension.

Intravenous thrombolysis for the management of acute ischemic stroke in patients therapeutically anticoagulated with heparin: A review.

BACKGROUND: Intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) with alteplase is effective in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, its use rate remains low due to the many exclusion criteria. Recent guidelines recommend excluding patients suffering AIS with an elevated aPTT secondary to heparin exposure from receiving IVT. The purpose of this review is to explore the safety and efficacy of IVT in patients therapeutically anticoagulated with heparin. We also propose a treatment algorithm for IVT in patients with AIS that are therapeutically anticoagulated with heparin. METHODS: We performed a systematic review of PubMed and Embase through March 2020 to identify the literature regarding AIS in patients exposed to heparin, followed by IVT treatment, emphasizing safety, efficacy, and clinical outcome using PRISMA guidelines. RESULTS: We included thirteen articles in the final analysis, including three retrospective studies, two observational studies, one randomized trial, five case reports, and two case series. CONCLUSION: There is limited information about the off-label use of IVT in patients with elevated aPTT. Patients with AIS are excluded from IVT if they have recent exposure to heparin. Our review indicates that this population of patients may benefit from IVT as the cases of active bleeding after IVT are few, and functional outcomes are favorable in the long term suggesting that IVT in therapeutically anticoagulated patients may be safe and efficacious.

Association Between Tumor Mutation Profile and Clinical Outcomes Among Hispanic-Latino Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.

In the United States, CRC is the third most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Although the incidence of CRC among the Hispanic population has been declining, recently, a dramatic increase in CRC incidents among HL younger than 50 years of age has been reported. The incidence of early-onset CRC is more significant in HL population (45%) than in non-Hispanic Whites (27%) and African-Americans (15%). The reason for these racial disparities and the biology of CRC in the HL are not well understood. We performed this study to understand the biology of the disease in HL patients. We analyzed formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue samples from 52 HL patients with mCRC. We compared the results with individual patient clinical histories and outcomes. We identified commonly altered genes in HL patients (APC, TP53, KRAS, GNAS, and NOTCH). Importantly, mutation frequencies in the APC gene were significantly higher among HL patients. The combination of mutations in the APC, NOTCH, and KRAS genes in the same tumors was associated with a higher risk of progression after first-line of chemotherapy and overall survival. Our data support the notion that the molecular drivers of CRC might be different in HL patients.

Glycated hemoglobin, admission blood glucose delta, and associated mortality in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

The importance of glucose metabolism in patients with acute coronary syndrome has been increasingly recognized. We conducted a retrospective study of the associations between prior glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, admission glucose values, HbA1c-derived estimated average glucose levels (eAG), admission glucose delta (admission glucose - eAG), and mortality in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. A total of 676 and 566 patients were included in the in-hospital and 12-month mortality models, respectively. Mean admission blood glucose values were higher in the in-hospital and 12-month mortality groups in patients with no prior diagnosis of diabetes (P < 0.001). Pre, post, and admission HbA1c levels and eAG levels were not associated with in-hospital or 12-month all-cause mortality. The admission glucose delta was higher in patients with in-hospital mortality (87.3 ± 122.7 mg/dL) than in patients who survived (35.88 ± 81.23 mg/dL; P = 0.040). The in-hospital death rate was significantly higher (17% vs 4%, P = 0.017) for patients with admission glucose delta ≥140 mg/dL compared to lower values. In conclusion, HbA1c-derived admission glucose delta is associated with in-hospital mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. The mechanisms for the association of acute hyperglycemia with increased acute coronary syndrome mortality are unclear.

Cardiovascular risk factors among college students: Knowledge, perception, and risk assessment.

OBJECTIVE: To assess college students' knowledge and perception of cardiovascular risk factors and to screen for their cardiovascular risks. PARTICIPANTS: The final sample that responded to recruitment consisted of 158 college students from a midwestern university. METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was performed using convenience sampling. RESULTS: College students were knowledgeable about cardiovascular risk factors but did not perceive themselves at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Knowledge of cardiovascular risk factors was correlated with the lifetime risk estimates (ρ = .17, p = .048), and perception of cardiovascular risk was positively associated with 30-year CVD risk estimates (ρ = .16, p = .048). More than 50% of the participants had 1 or more cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: High knowledge level of cardiovascular risk factors was not sufficient to lower cardiovascular risks within this study population, but changing perception of cardiovascular risk factors may play a bigger role in reducing long-term cardiovascular risks.

Comparison of N-acetylcysteine and fenoldopam for preventing contrast-induced nephropathy (CAFCIN).

BACKGROUND: N-acetylcysteine and fenoldopam are commonly prescribed for prevention of contrast mediated nephropathy, however, comparative superiority of either agent is unknown. METHODS: In a prospective, randomized, parallel-group trial, adult cardiac catheterization patients at the university and veterans' hospitals with pre-existing stable renal insufficiency were randomized to N-acetylcysteine 600 mg orally twice daily for 4 doses or fenoldopam 0.1 mcg/kg/min intravenously for a minimum of 8 h. All patients received intravenous hydration with normal saline (5% dextrose in normal saline for diabetics on insulin). Randomization was stratified for diabetes. The primary endpoint was mean change in Scr at 72 h. Secondary endpoint was the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy (25% increase above baseline Scr or absolute increase of 0.5 mg/dL). RESULTS: Study termination occurred after ninety-five patients (mean age 68+/-10 years, female 25%, diabetic 42%, mean baseline Scr 1.5+/-0.4 mg/dL) were randomized, with 84 completing follow-up (44 N-acetylcysteine, 40 fenoldopam). Overall, there were no significant differences in mean change in Scr at 72 h (N-acetylcysteine 0.20+/-0.72 vs. fenoldopam 0.08+/-0.48 mg/dL, p=0.4) or incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy (N-acetylcysteine 5 vs fenoldopam 8, p=0.4). No differences were detected in subgroup analyses for diabetes, baseline Scr >1.7 or 2.0 mg/dL, gender, age >70 years, or contrast volume >150 mL. Results were similar after multivariate adjustment for diabetes, contrast volume, heart failure and gender. CONCLUSIONS: Our randomized comparison failed to demonstrate a significant difference in the abilities of N-acetylcysteine and fenoldopam to prevent the decline in renal function or the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy during cardiac catheterization.

Pneumopericarditis: A Case of Acute Chest Pain with ST Segment Elevation.

Pneumopericarditis describes a clinical scenario where fluid and air are found within the pericardial space. Although infrequent, pneumopericarditis should be considered in patients presenting with acute chest pain as a differential diagnosis. This is relevant in patients with history of upper gastrointestinal (GI) surgery, as this may lead to a fistula communicating the GI tract and the pericardium. We report a 42-year-old man with history of numerous surgical interventions related to a Nissen fundoplication that presented with acute chest pain and inferior lead ST segment elevations. Emergent coronary angiography was negative for coronary vascular disease but fluoroscopy revealed air in the pericardial space. Subsequent radiographic studies helped confirm air in the pericardial space with a fistulous communication to the stomach. Ultimate treatment for this defect was surgical closure.

Reducing cardiovascular risk in spouses of cardiac patients: a randomized controlled trial.

Few studies have examined risk-reducing interventions in spouses of coronary artery bypass patients. This study examined the effects of the Partners Together in Health (PaTH) intervention versus usual care on cardiovascular risk factors. Spouses in the experimental group (n = 17/group) attended cardiac rehabilitation with patients and made the same physical activity and healthy eating changes as patients. Spouses in the usual care group attended educational classes with patients. Spouses' 30-year cardiovascular risk was calculated using the Lifetime Risk Scale before and after cardiac rehabilitation (3 months), and at 6 months. Spouses in both groups significantly reduced 30-year risk scores at 3 and 6 months. Exercise was the key ingredient in lowering risk. There was a trend toward reduction in systolic blood pressure and an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in both groups. Although there were no group differences, having spouses participate in cardiac rehabilitation with the patient was effective for reducing spouses' cardiovascular risk.

Coronary artery rupture associated with amphetamine abuse.

We report a case of spontaneous coronary artery rupture associated with amphetamine abuse in a 31-year-old woman. The patient presented to the emergency department with sudden onset of central chest pain and a normal electrocardiogram. Cardiac enzymes were consistent with acute myocardial infarction. Drug screening was positive for amphetamines. Coronary angiography revealed an aneurysmal lesion with 99% occlusion of the proximal left circumflex coronary artery and extravasation of contrast material. Percutaneous coronary intervention was performed with stent placement. Antegrade flow was achieved without residual stenosis. This is the first reported case of coronary artery rupture related to amphetamine abuse.

Unique antibody responses to malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde (MAA)-protein adducts predict coronary artery disease.

Malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde adducts (MAA) have been implicated in atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of MAA in atherosclerotic disease. Serum samples from controls (n = 82) and patients with; non-obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD), (n = 40), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (n = 42), or coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery due to obstructive multi-vessel CAD (n = 72), were collected and tested for antibody isotypes to MAA-modifed human serum albumin (MAA-HSA). CAD patients had elevated relative levels of IgG and IgA anti-MAA, compared to control patients (p<0.001). AMI patients had a significantly increased relative levels of circulating IgG anti-MAA-HSA antibodies as compared to stable angina (p<0.03) or CABG patients (p<0.003). CABG patients had significantly increased relative levels of circulating IgA anti-MAA-HSA antibodies as compared to non-obstructive CAD (p<0.001) and AMI patients (p<0.001). Additionally, MAA-modified proteins were detected in the tissue of human AMI lesions. In conclusion, the IgM, IgG and IgA anti-MAA-HSA antibody isotypes are differentially and significantly associated with non-obstructive CAD, AMI, or obstructive multi-vessel CAD and may serve as biomarkers of atherosclerotic disease.