[Adverse events in anesthesiology: analysis based on the Logbook tool used by specializing physicians in Brazil]. / Eventos adversos em anestesiologia: análise por meio da ferramenta Logbook usada por médicos em especialização no Brasil.

Logbook is a digital tool launched by the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology in 2014 and has since been used. This tool allows physicians specializing in anesthesiology to record and store activities performed during the training period. This enabled a descriptive analysis of an extensive database of anesthetic procedures, as well as complications that occurred and were reported by these doctors. The present study includes the review of these data over a period of 2 years (2014-2015).

Ocular risk management in patients undergoing general anesthesia: an analysis of 39,431 surgeries.

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to describe and analyze ocular findings associated with nonocular surgery in patients who underwent general anesthesia. METHODS: The authors retrospectively collected a series of 39,431 surgeries using standardized data forms. RESULTS: Ocular findings were reported in 9 cases (2.3:10,000), which involved patients with a mean age of 58.9±19.5 years. These cases involved patients classified as ASA I (33%), ASA II (55%) or ASA III (11%). General anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil was used in 4 cases, balanced general anesthesia was used in 4 cases, and regional block was used in combination with balanced general anesthesia in one case. Five patients (55%) underwent surgery in the supine position, one patient (11%) underwent surgery in the lithotomy position, two patients (22%) underwent surgery in the prone position, and one patient (11%) underwent surgery in the lateral position. Ocular hyperemia was detected in most (77%) of the 9 cases with ocular findings; pain/burning of the eyes, visual impairment, eye discharge and photophobia were observed in 55%, 11%, 11% and 11%, respectively, of these 9 cases. No cases involved permanent ocular injury or vision loss. CONCLUSION: Ophthalmological findings after surgeries were uncommon, and most of the included patients were relatively healthy. Minor complications, such as dehydration or superficial ocular trauma, should be prevented by following systematic protocols that provide appropriate ocular occlusion with a lubricating ointment and protect the eye with an acrylic occluder. These procedures will refine the quality of anesthesia services and avoid discomfort among patients, surgeons and anesthesia staff.

Risk Factors Associated with Increased Morbidity in Living Liver Donation.

Living donor liver donation (LDLD) is an alternative to cadaveric liver donation. We aimed at identifying risk factors and developing a score for prediction of postoperative complications (POCs) after LDLD in donors. This is a retrospective cohort study in 688 donors between June 1995 and February 2014 at Hospital Sírio-Libanês and A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, in São Paulo, Brazil. Primary outcome was POC graded ≥III according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Left lateral segment (LLS), left lobe (LL), and right lobe resections (RL) were conducted in 492 (71.4%), 109 (15.8%), and 87 (12.6%) donors, respectively. In total, 43 (6.2%) developed POCs, which were more common after RL than LLS and LL (14/87 (16.1%) versus 23/492 (4.5%) and 6/109 (5.5%), resp., p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that RL resection (OR: 2.81, 95% CI: 1.32 to 3.01; p = 0.008), smoking status (OR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.35 to 7.56; p = 0.012), and blood transfusion (OR: 3.15, 95% CI: 1.45 to 6.84; p = 0.004) were independently associated with POCs. RL resection, intraoperative blood transfusion, and smoking were associated with increased risk for POCs in donors.

Adverse events in anesthesiology: analysis based on the Logbook tool used by specializing physicians in Brazil / Eventos adversos em anestesiologia: análise por meio da ferramenta Logbook usada por médicos em especialização no Brasil

Abstract Logbook is a digital tool launched by the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology in 2014 and has since been used. This tool allows physicians specializing in anesthesiology to record and store activities performed during the training period. This enabled a descriptive analysis of an extensive database of anesthetic procedures, as well as complications that occurred and were reported by these doctors. The present study includes the review of these data over a period of 2 years (2014-2015).

Resumo O Logbook é uma ferramenta digital, lançada pela Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia em 2014 e empregada desde então. Essa ferramenta permite, aos médicos em especialização em anestesiologia, o registro e o armazenamento das atividades executadas durante o período de treinamento. Isto possibilitou a análise descritiva de um extenso banco de dados dos procedimentos anestésicos, bem como das complicações ocorridas, relatadas por esses médicos. O presente estudo compreende a revisão desses dados num período de dois anos (2014-2015).

Use of sugammadex after neostigmine incomplete reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Neuromuscular blockers (NMB) have been used for more than half of a century in anesthesia and have always been a challenge for anesthesiologists. Until recently, the reversal of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers had only one option: the use of anticholinesterase agents. However, in some situations, such as deep neuromuscular blockade after high doses of relaxant, the use of anticholinesterase agents does not allow adequate reversal of neuromuscular blockade. Recently, sugammadex, a gamma-cyclodextrin, proved to be highly effective for reversal of NMB induced by steroidal agents. CASE REPORT: A female patient who underwent an emergency exploratory laparotomy after rapid sequence intubation with rocuronium 1.2mg.kg(-1). At the end of surgery, the patient received neostigmine reversal of NMB. However, neuromuscular junction monitoring did not show the expected recovery, presenting residual paralysis. Sugammadex 2mg.kg(-1) was used and the patient had complete reversal of NMB in just 2 minutes time. CONCLUSION: Adequate recovery of residual neuromuscular blockade is required for full control of the pharynx and respiratory functions in order to prevent complications. Adequate recovery can only be obtained by neuromuscular junction monitoring with TOF ratio greater than 0.9. Often, the reversal of NMB with anticholinesterase drugs may not be completely reversed. However, in the absence of objective monitoring this diagnosis is not possible. The case illustrates the diagnosis of residual NMB even after reversal with anticholinesterase agents, resolved with the administration of sugammadex, a safe alternative to reverse the NMB induced by steroidal non-depolarizing agents.

Transesophageal echocardiography in anesthesiology: characterization of use profile in a tertiary hospital.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Since its introduction in the 80s, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) not only gained popularity but also experienced great advances in technology and currently it is an extremely valuable tool in the intraoperative period. In Brazil, there are no published data on the profile of its use in the intraoperative period by anesthesiologists. The objective of this study was to describe the use of intraoperative TEE in an Anesthesiology Service in a tertiary private hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study from completed medical charts in all cases where the patient was monitored with TEE. Monitoring was applied in patients classified as I-II according to the American Society of Echocardiography and presenting no contraindication to the examination. At the end of procedure, after examination, a note on the chart classified monitoring according to its usefulness in the intraoperative period into three groups: group 1, no interference of TEE in anesthetic or surgical approach; group 2, TEE prompted change in anesthetic approach regarding the administration of volume, introduction and/or modification of vasoactive drugs (here, TEE generated change of anesthetic approach in conjunction with other monitors, but it was the deciding factor); group 3, TEE led to a change in approach or review of surgical procedure performed. RESULTS: From January 2009 to January 2011, 164 intraoperative TEE were performed in our service, with 41 pediatric and 123 adult patients. In all patients, the test was successful and there were no problems regarding the introduction of transesophageal tube. In pediatric sample, group I had 10 patients (24.4%), group II had 27 patients (65.8%), and group III had 4 patients (9.8%). Among adults, group I had 38 patients (30.9%), group II had 81 patients (65.9%), and group III had 4 patients (3.2%). CONCLUSION: Despite this small sample size compared to the literature, and the limitations of this study, there was agreement with other reports related to changes in anesthetic-surgical approach based on intraoperative TEE. Our data also strongly suggest that transesophageal echocardiography is an extremely useful tool for monitoring patients at high cardiovascular risk, even when undergoing noncardiac surgery. Larger studies conducted in our country are needed, as there are no other studies in literature defining the use profile of TEE or even clearly setting out how it has been used in our field.

Evaluation of transoperatory ventilation modalities by a questionnaire.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Anesthesia devices have been making it possible to reduce the physiological repercussions and problems caused by mechanical ventilation. The objective of this study was to evaluate, retrospectively, ventilatory methods and support resources used by a group of anesthesiologists in patients without prior lung damage in the intraoperative period. METHODS: A non-identifiable questionnaire composed of 27 questions was applied to a group of anesthesiologists and anesthesiology residents who work at different private hospitals in the city of São Paulo. The questionnaires were applied over a 15-day period. Ventilation patterns, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), alveolar recruitment maneuvers, and the calculation of the tidal volume used with tracheal intubation were observed. RESULTS: Participants were predominantly males, 40.5% bearing the Anesthesiology Superior Title (TSA), and the majority concluded their residency less than 10 years ago. Most anesthesiologists used PEEP, between 5 and 10 cmH(2)O, routinely. Fresh gas flow above 1,000 mL.min(-1) is still used by most anesthesiologists. Alveolar recruitment maneuvers were performed by 80% of those interviewed, shortly after intubation and before removing the ET tube with the most common strategy insufflation with 40 cmH(2)O for 15 seconds. As for strategies to protect ventilation, only 30% used a tidal volume with less than 7 mL.kg(-1) with inspired oxygen fraction between 40% and 60%. CONCLUSIONS: This descriptive study allows us to state that in the hospitals evaluated the majority of anesthesiologists uses resources to minimize eventual repercussions of controlled mechanical ventilation. This data can orient the development of continuing medical education programs in mechanical ventilation associated with anesthesia aiming to safety and improvement of patient care.

Changes in surgical conduct due to the results of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is extremely useful in surgeries like valvuloplasty, of the thoracic aorta, and correction of congenital cardiopathies. The low degree of invasiveness and the capacity to aggregate information that can change the course of the surgery are among the advantages of TEE. The objective of this report was to present a case in which the surgical conduct was changed due to a new diagnosis provided by intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography, and to emphasize the importance of using the transesophageal echo in surgeries to correct congenital cardiopathies. CASE REPORT: A 28-year old female, ASA II, with a history of dyspnea progressing from medium to small efforts was referred by another department for elective surgical correction of stenosis of the pulmonary valve diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed patent foramen ovale, infundibular stenosis of the right ventricular outlet, and perimembranous subaortic interventricular communication (IVC) of 0.4 cm with left to right shunt. After beginning ECC, the above mentioned diagnoses were confirmed and the surgery included closure of the foramen ovale and IVC, and resection of the infundibular stenosis. Intraoperative intercurrences were not observed and the patient was intubated when she was transferred to the intensive care unit. CONCLUSIONS: Transesophageal echocardiography is extremely useful in patients undergoing surgical correction of congenital cardiopathies because, besides helping the hemodynamic management, it can provide new information capable of improving the final result of the surgery.

Ocular risk management in patients undergoing general anesthesia: an analysis of 39,431 surgeries

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to describe and analyze ocular findings associated with nonocular surgery in patients who underwent general anesthesia. METHODS: The authors retrospectively collected a series of 39,431 surgeries using standardized data forms. RESULTS: Ocular findings were reported in 9 cases (2.3:10,000), which involved patients with a mean age of 58.9±19.5 years. These cases involved patients classified as ASA I (33%), ASA II (55%) or ASA III (11%). General anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil was used in 4 cases, balanced general anesthesia was used in 4 cases, and regional block was used in combination with balanced general anesthesia in one case. Five patients (55%) underwent surgery in the supine position, one patient (11%) underwent surgery in the lithotomy position, two patients (22%) underwent surgery in the prone position, and one patient (11%) underwent surgery in the lateral position. Ocular hyperemia was detected in most (77%) of the 9 cases with ocular findings; pain/burning of the eyes, visual impairment, eye discharge and photophobia were observed in 55%, 11%, 11% and 11%, respectively, of these 9 cases. No cases involved permanent ocular injury or vision loss. CONCLUSION: Ophthalmological findings after surgeries were uncommon, and most of the included patients were relatively healthy. Minor complications, such as dehydration or superficial ocular trauma, should be prevented by following systematic protocols that provide appropriate ocular occlusion with a lubricating ointment and protect the eye with an acrylic occluder. These procedures will refine the quality of anesthesia services and avoid discomfort among patients, surgeons and anesthesia staff. .

Transesophageal echocardiography and intraoperative diagnosis of persistent left superior vena cava.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Isolated persistent left superior vena cava has an incidence of 0.5% in the normal population, but in patients with congenital cardiopathy its incidence ranges from 3% to 10%. The objective of this report was to present a case of intraoperative diagnosis with transesophageal echocardiography and to emphasize the importance of its routine use in surgical procedures for correction of congenital cardiopathies. CASE REPORT: This is a 16-year old male patient, ASA II, with a diagnosis of superior sinus venosus interatrial communication (IAC) with partial anomalous drainage of the pulmonary veins scheduled for the surgical correction of the cardiopathy. After induction of general anesthesia, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) showed initially a dilation of the right cardiac chambers, a 17-mm superior sinus venosus IAC, anomalous drainage of the right superior pulmonary vein draining into the right superior vena cava (SVC), and dilation of the coronary sinus raising the possibility of persistent left superior vena cava. To confirm this suspicion, 10 mL of NS (works as a contrast in echocardiography) were injected in the venous access of the left arm, and microbubbles crossing the coronary sinus were observed immediately afterwards confirming the diagnosis of persistent left superior vena cava. CONCLUSIONS: Routine intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in patients with congenital cardiopathy is a fundamental auxiliary method, not only for the surgeon, often having direct influence on the surgical technique used, but also for the anesthesiologist, who can get useful information for the hemodynamic management of the patient.

Simulation of ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve block: learning curve of CET-SMA/HSL Anesthesiology residents.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The use of ultrasound imaging in peripheral nerve block has been increasing. However, there are few reports in the literature on the learning curve of the ultrasound technique. The objective of this report was to evaluate the learning curve of CET-SMA/HSL Anesthesiology residents of ultrasound-guided peripheral block using an experimental agar model. METHODS: An experimental model was developed by filling a bowl with agar and olives. Nine residents were randomly divided in three groups (G1, G2, and G3), each one with a R1, a R2, and a R3. All three groups received theoretical explanation. G1 also had two hours of practical training, G2 had one hour, and G3 had no training. Residents were then asked to place a needle at the middle of the olive wall, near the transducer and then reposition the needle between the olive and the bottom of the bowl, simulating the epidural injection of anesthetic. The speed and efficacy of the tasks, as well as technical flaws, were evaluated. RESULTS: The mean length of time to perform the tasks was 37.63 seconds for G1, without technical flaws; 64.40 seconds for G2, with two technical flaws; and 93.83 seconds for G3, with 12 technical flaws. CONCLUSIONS: This study allows us to conclude that the longer training of ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve block in an experimental model improved the learning curve of the technique.

Uso de sugamadex após reversão incompleta com neostigmine do bloqueio neuromuscular induzido por rocurônio / Use of sugammadex after neostigmine incomplete reversal of rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade / Uso de sugamadex después de la reversión incompleta con neostigmine del bloqueo neuromuscular inducido por rocuronio

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O uso de bloqueadores neuromusculares (BNM) na prática anestésica já tem mais de meio século e sempre foi um desafio para os anestesiologistas. Até bem pouco tempo a reversão dos bloqueadores neuromusculares adespolarizantes só possuia uma opção: a utilização de anticolinesterásicos. No entanto em algumas situações como na presença de bloqueio neuromuscular profundo após o uso de altas doses do relaxante, o uso de anticolinesterásicos não possibilita a adequada reversão do bloqueio neuromuscular. Recentemente uma ciclodextrina gama mostrou-se altamente eficaz para a reversão do BNM de agentes esteroidais, o sugamadex. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, submetida à laparotomia exploradora de emergência após intubação em sequência rápida com uso de rocurônio 1,2 mg.kg-1. Ao final da cirurgia a paciente foi descurarizada com neostigmina, no entanto a monitoração da junção neuromuscular não apresentou a recuperação esperada, revelando curarização residual. Foi utilizado sugamadex 2 mg.kg-1 e a paciente apresenta reversão completa do BNM em apenas 2 minutos. CONCLUSÃO: A adequada recuperação do bloqueio neuromuscular residual é necessária para o pleno controle das funções da faringe e respiratória, evitando assim complicações. A adequada recuperação só pode ser obtida através da monitoração da junção neuromuscular com uma relação de TOF acima de 0,9. Muitas vezes a reversão do BNM com o uso de anticolinesterásicos pode não reverter completamente o BNM, no entanto na ausência da monitoração objetiva este diagnóstico não é possível. O caso ilustra o diagnóstico de BNM residual mesmo após a reversão com anticolinesterásicos, resolvido com a administração de sugamadex, uma alternativa segura para a reversão dos BNM adespolarizantes esteroidais.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Neuromuscular blockers (NMB) have been used for more than half of a century in anesthesia and have always been a challenge for anesthesiologists. Until recently, the reversal of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers had only one option: the use of anticholinesterase agents. However, in some situations, such as deep neuromuscular blockade after high doses of relaxant, the use of anticholinesterase agents does not allow adequate reversal of neuromuscular blockade. Recently, sugammadex, a gamma-cyclodextrin, proved to be highly effective for reversal of NMB induced by steroidal agents. CASE REPORT: A female patient who underwent an emergency exploratory laparotomy after rapid sequence intubation with rocuronium 1.2 mg.kg-1. At the end of surgery, the patient received neostigmine reversal of NMB. However, neuromuscular junction monitoring did not show the expected recovery, presenting residual paralysis. Sugammadex 2 mg.kg-1 was used and the patient had complete reversal of NMB in just 2 minutes time. CONCLUSION: Adequate recovery of residual neuromuscular blockade is required for full control of the pharynx and respiratory functions in order to prevent complications. Adequate recovery can only be obtained by neuromuscular junction monitoring with TOF ratio greater than 0.9. Often, the reversal of NMB with anticholinesterase drugs may not be completely reversed. However, in the absence of objective monitoring this diagnosis is not possible. The case illustrates the diagnosis of residual NMB even after reversal with anticholinesterase agents, resolved with the administration of sugammadex, a safe alternative to reverse the NMB induced by steroidal non-depolarizing agents.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El uso de bloqueantes neuromusculares (BNM) en la práctica anestésica cuenta ya con más de medio y siempre fue un reto para los anestesiólogos. Hasta hace poco tiempo la reversión de los bloqueantes neuromusculares adespolarizantes solo tenía una opción: la utilización de antocolinesterásicos. Sin embargo, en algunas situaciones como en presencia de bloqueo neuromuscular profundo después del uso de altas dosis del relajante, el uso de anticolinesterásicos no posibilita la adecuada reversión del bloqueo neuromuscular. Recientemente una ciclodextrina gama mostró ser altamente eficaz para la reversión del BNM de agentes esteroidales, como el sugamadex. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente del sexo femenino, sometida a la laparotomía exploradora de emergencia después de la intubación en secuencia rápida con el uso de rocuronio 1,2 mg.kg-1. Al término de la operación, la paciente fue descurarizada con neostigmina, pero la monitorización de la junción neuromuscular no presentó la recuperación esperada, revelando la curarización residual. Fue utilizado sugamadex 2 mg.kg-1 y comprobamos que la paciente presenta una reversión completa del BNM en solamente 2 minutos. CONCLUSIONES: La correcta recuperación del bloqueo neuromuscular residual es necesaria para el pleno control de las funciones de la faringe y respiratoria, evitando así complicaciones. La adecuada recuperación solo puede obtenerse por medio de la monitorización de la junción neuromuscular con una relación de TOF por encima de 0,9. En muchas ocasiones, la reversión del BNM con el uso de anticolinesterásicos puede no revertir completamente el BNM, pero sin embargo en ausencia de la monitorización objetiva, ese diagnóstico no puede ser alcanzado. El caso ilustra el diagnóstico de BNM residual incluso después de la reversión con anticolinesterásicos, resuelto con la administración de sugamadex, una alternativa segura para la reversión de los BNM adespolarizantes esteroidales.

Ecocardiografia transesofágica em anestesiologia: caracterização do perfil de uso em um hospital terciário / Transesophageal echocardiography in anesthesiology: characterization of use profile in a tertiary hospital / Ecocardiografía transesofágica en anestesiología: caracterización del perfil de uso en un hospital terciario

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVO: Desde sua introdução, na década de 1980, a ecocardiografia transesofágica (ETE) não só ganhou popularidade como também passou por grandes avanços tecnológicos e atualmente constitui-se numa ferramenta extremamente valiosa no período intraoperatório. No Brasil ainda não há dados publicados sobre o perfil de seu uso no período intraoperatório por anestesiologistas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever o perfil de uso da ETE no intraoperatório por Serviço de Anestesiologia em um hospital privado de nível terciário. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo feito através da coleta de dados das fichas preenchidas em todos os casos em que o paciente foi monitorado com a ETE. A monitoração foi aplicada nos pacientes enquadrados nas classes I e II de acordo com a Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia e que não apresentassem contraindicação ao exame. No fim do procedimento, após a conclusão do exame, uma anotação na ficha classificou a monitoração quanto à sua utilidade no período intraoperatório em três grupos: grupo 1 - a ETE não interferiu na conduta cirúrgica ou anestésica; grupo 2 - a ETE motivou mudança na conduta anestésica quanto à administração de volume, introdução e/ou modificação de drogas vasoativas (aqui a ETE gerou a mudança de conduta anestésica em conjunto com os outros monitores, porém sendo ela o fator decisivo); grupo 3 - a ETE levou a mudança de conduta ou revisão do procedimento cirúrgico. RESULTADOS: De janeiro de 2009 a janeiro de 2011, 164 ETE intraoperatórias foram feitas em nosso serviço, sendo 41 pacientes pediátricos e 123 adultos. Em todos os pacientes o exame foi feito com sucesso e não houve problemas com relação à introdução da sonda transesofágica. No grupo dos pacientes pediátricos, 10 ficaram no grupo 1 (24,4%), 27 no grupo 2 (65,8%) e quatro no grupo 3 (9,8%). Entre os adultos, o grupo 1 ficou com 38 pacientes (30,9%), o grupo 2 com 81 (65,9%) e o grupo 3 com 4 (3,2%). CONCLUSÕES: Apesar da pequena casuística quando comparada à literatura mundial e das limitações deste estudo, houve concordância com outros relatos com relação às mudanças de conduta cirúrgico-anestésica baseadas na ETE intraoperatória. Os dados também sugerem fortemente que a ecocardiografia transesofágica constitui-se em ferramenta extremamente útil para a monitoração de pacientes de alto risco cardiovascular, mesmo quando submetidos a cirurgia não cardíaca. Maiores estudos originados no nosso país são necessários, pois não há na literatura outros trabalhos que definam o perfil de uso ou mesmo que estabeleçam claramente como vem sendo usada a ETE em nosso meio.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Since its introduction in the 80s, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) not only gained popularity but also experienced great advances in technology and currently it is an extremely valuable tool in the intraoperative period. In Brazil, there are no published data on the profile of its use in the intraoperative period by anesthesiologists. The objective of this study was to describe the use of intraoperative TEE in an Anesthesiology Service in a tertiary private hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective study from completed medical charts in all cases where the patient was monitored with TEE. Monitoring was applied in patients classified as I-II according to the American Society of Echocardiography and presenting no contraindication to the examination. At the end of procedure, after examination, a note on the chart classified monitoring according to its usefulness in the intraoperative period into three groups: group 1, no interference of TEE in anesthetic or surgical approach; group 2, TEE prompted change in anesthetic approach regarding the administration of volume, introduction and/or modification of vasoactive drugs (here, TEE generated change of anesthetic approach in conjunction with other monitors, but it was the deciding factor); group 3, TEE led to a change in approach or review of surgical procedure performed. RESULTS: From January 2009 to January 2011, 164 intraoperative TEE were performed in our service, with 41 pediatric and 123 adult patients. In all patients, the test was successful and there were no problems regarding the introduction of transesophageal tube. In pediatric sample, group I had 10 patients (24.4%), group II had 27 patients (65.8%), and group III had 4 patients (9.8%). Among adults, group I had 38 patients (30.9%), group II had 81 patients (65.9%), and group III had 4 patients (3.2%). CONCLUSION: Despite this small sample size compared to the literature, and the limitations of this study, there was agreement with other reports related to changes in anesthetic-surgical approach based on intraoperative TEE. Our data also strongly suggest that transesophageal echocardiography is an extremely useful tool for monitoring patients at high cardiovascular risk, even when undergoing noncardiac surgery. Larger studies conducted in our country are needed, as there are no other studies in literature defining the use profile of TEE or even clearly setting out how it has been used in our field.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Desde su introducción en la década de 1980, la ecocardiografía transesofágica (ETE) no solo obtuvo popularidad, sino que también llegó a alcanzar grandes avances tecnológicos y actualmente es una herramienta extremadamente valiosa en el período intraoperatorio. En Brasil todavía no existen datos publicados sobre el perfil de su uso en el período intraoperatorio por parte de los anestesiólogos. El objetivo de este trabajo, fue describir el perfil de uso de la ETE en el intraoperatorio por nuestro Servicio de Anestesiología en un hospital privado de nivel terciario. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo hecho por medio de la recolección de datos de las fichas rellenadas en todos los casos en que el paciente estuvo monitorizado con la ETE. La monitorización fue aplicada a los pacientes encuadrados en las clases I y II de acuerdo con la Sociedad Norteamericana de Ecocardiografía y que no tenían ninguna contraindicación para el examen. Al finalizar el procedimiento, y después de la conclusión del examen, una anotación en la ficha clasificó la monitorización en cuanto a su utilidad en el período intraoperatorio en tres grupos: grupo 1 - la ETE no interfirió en la conducta quirúrgica o anestésica; grupo 2 - la ETE motivó un cambio en la conducta anestésica en cuanto a la administración de volumen, introducción y/o modificación de fármacos vasoactivos (aquí la ETE generó el cambio de conducta anestésica en conjunto con los otros monitores, pero siendo ella el factor decisivo); grupo 3 - la ETE conllevó al cambio de conducta o revisión del procedimiento quirúrgico. RESULTADOS: De enero de 2009 a enero de 2011, 164 ETE intraoperatorias se realizaron en nuestro servicio, siendo 41 pacientes pediátricos y 123 adultos. En todos los pacientes el examen se hizo con éxito y no hubo problemas con relación a la introducción de la sonda transesofágica. En el grupo de los pacientes pediátricos, 10 permanecieron en el grupo 1 (24,4%), 27 en el grupo 2 (65,8%) y cuatro en el grupo 3 (9,8%). Entre los adultos, el grupo 1 quedó con 38 pacientes (30,9%), el grupo 2 con 81 (65,9%) y el grupo 3 con 4 (3,2%). CONCLUSIONES: Pese a que nuestra pequeña casuística fue comparada con la literatura mundial y se vieron las limitaciones de este estudio, sí que hubo una concordancia con otros relatos en la literatura con relación a los cambios de conducta quirúrgico-anestésica con base en la ETE intraoperatoria. Nuestros datos también sugieren firmemente que la ecocardiografía transesofágica es una herramienta extremadamente útil para la monitorización de los pacientes de alto riesgo cardiovascular, incluso cuando están sometidos a la cirugía no cardíaca. Más estudios originados en nuestro país se hacen necesarios, porque no hay en la literatura otros trabajos que definan el perfil de uso o incluso que establezcan claramente cómo ha venido siendo usada la ETE en nuestro medio.

Avaliação das modalidades ventilatórias no período transoperatório por meio de questionário / Evaluación de las modalidades ventilatorias en el período transoperatorio por medio de cuestionario / Evaluation of transoperatory ventilation modalities by a questionnaire

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Os aparelhos de anestesia vêm possibilitando reduzir repercussões fisiológicas e problemas causados por ventilação mecânica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, retrospectivamente, os métodos e recursos de suporte ventilatório utilizados por um grupo de anestesiologistas em pacientes sem lesão pulmonar prévia no período intraoperatório. MÉTODO: Um questionário anônimo, com 27 questões objetivas, foi aplicado em um grupo composto por médicos anestesiologistas e em especialização que atuam em diferentes hospitais privados na cidade de São Paulo. Os questionários foram aplicados em um período de 15 dias. Observaram-se os padrões ventilatórios, a pressão positiva ao final da expiração (PEEP), o recrutamento alveolar e o cálculo do volume-corrente empregado com intubação traqueal. RESULTADOS: Os participantes foram predominantemente do sexo masculino, 40,5 por cento com título superior em Anestesiologia (TSA), e a maioria concluiu a especialização há menos de 10 anos. A maior parte dos anestesiologistas faz uso de PEEP rotineiramente, entre 5 e 10 cmH2O. Fluxo de gases frescos acima de 1.000 mL.min-1 ainda é utilizado pela maior parte dos anestesiologistas. Manobras de recrutamento alveolar são realizadas por 80 por cento dos entrevistados, logo após a intubação e antes da desintubação, sendo a estratégia mais comum a insuflação com 40 cmH2O por 15 segundos. Quanto às estratégias protetoras de ventilação, apenas 30 por cento utilizam volume-corrente < 7 mL.kg-1, com frações inspiradas de oxigênio entre 40 por cento e 60 por cento. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo descritivo permite afirmar que, nos hospitais avaliados, grande parte dos anestesiologistas utiliza recursos visando minimizar eventual repercussão da ventilação controlada mecânica. Esses dados podem orientar o desenvolvimento de programas de educação médica continuada em ventilação mecânica associada à anestesia, visando à segurança e à melhora do atendimento ao paciente.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Anesthesia devices have been making it possible to reduce the physiological repercussions and problems caused by mechanical ventilation. The objective of this study was to evaluate, retrospectively, ventilatory methods and support resources used by a group of anesthesiologists in patients without prior lung damage in the intraoperative period. METHODS: A non-identifiable questionnaire composed of 27 questions was applied to a group of anesthesiologists and anesthesiology residents who work at different private hospitals in the city of São Paulo. The questionnaires were applied over a 15-day period. Ventilation patterns, positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), alveolar recruitment maneuvers, and the calculation of the tidal volume used with tracheal intubation were observed. RESULTS: Participants were predominantly males, 40.5 percent bearing the Anesthesiology Superior Title (TSA), and the majority concluded their residency less than 10 years ago. Most anesthesiologists used PEEP, between 5 and 10 cmH2O, routinely. Fresh gas flow above 1,000 mL.min-1 is still used by most anesthesiologists. Alveolar recruitment maneuvers were performed by 80 percent of those interviewed, shortly after intubation and before removing the ET tube with the most common strategy insufflation with 40 cmH2O for 15 seconds. As for strategies to protect ventilation, only 30 percent used a tidal volume with less than 7 mL.kg-1 with inspired oxygen fraction between 40 percent and 60 percent. CONCLUSIONS: This descriptive study allows us to state that in the hospitals evaluated the majority of anesthesiologists uses resources to minimize eventual repercussions of controlled mechanical ventilation. This data can orient the development of continuing medical education programs in mechanical ventilation associated with anesthesia aiming to safety and improvement of patient care.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Los aparatos de anestesia han venido posibilitando la reducción de las repercusiones fisiológicas y de los problemas causados por la ventilación mecánica. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar de forma retrospectiva, los métodos y los recursos de ayuda ventilatoria utilizados por un grupo de anestesiólogos en pacientes sin lesión pulmonar previa en el período intraoperatorio. MÉTODO: Un cuestionario no identificado, con 27 preguntas objetivas, se aplicó a un grupo compuesto por médicos anestesiólogos y en especialización que actúan en diferentes hospitales privados en la ciudad de São Paulo. Los cuestionarios se aplicaron en un período de 15 días. Se observaron los estándares ventilatorios, la presión positiva al final de la expiración (PEEP), el reclutamiento alveolar y el cálculo del volumen corriente que se usó con intubación traqueal. RESULTADOS: Los participantes fueron predominantemente del sexo masculino, un 40,5 por ciento con título superior en Anestesiología (TSA), y la mayoría que terminó la especialización hace menos de 10 años. La mayor parte de los anestesiólogos utiliza el PEEP como rutina, entre 5 y 10 cmH2O. Gran parte de los anestesiólogos todavía usa el flujo de gases frescos por encima de 1000 mL.min-1. Las maniobras de reclutamiento alveolar son hechas por un 80 por ciento de los entrevistados después de la intubación y antes de la retirada de los tubos, siendo la estrategia más común la insuflación con 40 cmH2O por 15 segundos. En cuanto a las estrategias protectoras de ventilación, apenas 30 por ciento utilizan volumen corriente < 7 mL.kg-1, con fracciones inspiradas de oxígeno entre 40 y 60 por ciento. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio descriptivo permite afirmar que en los hospitales evaluados, gran parte de los anestesiólogos utiliza recursos para minimizar una eventual repercusión de la ventilación controlada mecánica. Esos datos pueden orientar el desarrollo de programas de educación médica ...

Mudança de conduta cirúrgica motivada pela ecocardiografia transesofágica intraoperatória / Changes in surgical conduct due to the results of intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography / Cambio de conducta quirúrgica motivada por la ecocardiografía transesofágica intraoperatoria

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A utilização da ecocardiografia transesofágica (ETE) é de valor indiscutível em procedimentos cirúrgicos como valvoplastias, cirurgias da aorta torácica e correções de cardiopatias congênitas. Entre as grandes vantagens da utilização da ETE destacam-se a pouca invasividade do método e a capacidade de agregar informações que podem alterar o curso da cirurgia. O objetivo deste relato foi apresentar um caso onde a condução cirúrgica da paciente foi alterada em decorrência de novos diagnósticos feitos pela ecocardiografia transesofágica no intraoperatório e ressaltar a importância da utilização do eco transesofágico em cirurgias para correção de cardiopatia congênita. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 28 anos, ASA II, com história de dispneia progressiva aos médios e depois pequenos esforços, veio encaminhada de outro serviço para correção cirúrgica eletiva de estenose da valva pulmonar diagnosticada pela ecocardiografia transtorácica. A ecocardiografia transesofágica intraoperatória evidenciou presença do forâmen oval patente, estenose infundibular da via de saída do ventrículo direito e comunicação interventricular (CIV) perimembranosa subaórtica medindo 0,4 cm com fluxo da esquerda para direita. Após a entrada da paciente em circulação extracorpórea foram confirmados os diagnósticos mencionados acima, e a cirurgia realizada incluiu o fechamento do forâmen oval e da CIV e a ressecção da estenose do infundíbulo. Não houve intercorrências cirúrgicas, e a paciente foi encaminhada intubada para a unidade de terapia intensiva. CONCLUSÕES: A ecocardiografia transesofágica em pacientes submetidos à correção de cardiopatia congênita é de extrema utilidade, pois, além de ajudar no manejo hemodinâmico do paciente, pode trazer novas informações, capazes de melhorar o resultado final da cirurgia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is extremely useful in surgeries like valvuloplasty, of the thoracic aorta, and correction of congenital cardiopathies. The low degree of invasiveness and the capacity to aggregate information that can change the course of the surgery are among the advantages of TEE. The objective of this report was to present a case in which the surgical conduct was changed due to a new diagnosis provided by intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography, and to emphasize the importance of using the transesophageal echo in surgeries to correct congenital cardiopathies. CASE REPORT: A 28-year old female, ASA II, with a history of dyspnea progressing from medium to small efforts was referred by another department for elective surgical correction of stenosis of the pulmonary valve diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed patent foramen ovale, infundibular stenosis of the right ventricular outlet, and perimembranous subaortic interventricular communication (IVC) of 0.4 cm with left to right shunt. After beginning ECC, the above mentioned diagnoses were confirmed and the surgery included closure of the foramen ovale and IVC, and resection of the infundibular stenosis. Intraoperative intercurrences were not observed and the patient was intubated when she was transferred to the intensive care unit. CONCLUSIONS: Transesophageal echocardiography is extremely useful in patients undergoing surgical correction of congenital cardiopathies because, besides helping the hemodynamic management, it can provide new information capable of improving the final result of the surgery.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: La utilización de la ecocardiografía transesofágica (ETE) es de un valor indiscutible en los procedimientos quirúrgicos como valvuloplastias, cirugías de la aorta torácica y correcciones de cardiopatías congénitas. Entre las grandes ventajas de la utilización de la ETE se destacan la poca invasión del método y la capacidad de agregar informaciones que pueden alterar el curso de la cirugía. El objetivo de este relato fue presentar un caso donde la conducción quirúrgica de la paciente fue alterada como consecuencia de nuevos diagnósticos detectados por la ecocardiografía transesofágica en el intraoperatorio y resaltar la importancia de la utilización del eco transesofágico en las cirugías para la corrección de la cardiopatía congénita. RELATO DEL CASO: Paciente del sexo femenino, 28 años, ASA II, con historial de disnea progresiva a los medios y después de pequeños esfuerzos. Llegó remitida de otro servicio para la corrección quirúrgica electiva de estenosis de la valva pulmonar diagnosticada por la ecocardiografía transtorácica. La ecocardiografía transesofágica intraoperatoria arrojó la presencia del foramen oval patente, estenosis infundibular de la vía de salida del ventrículo derecho y comunicación interventricular (CIV) perimembranosa subaórtica, midiendo 0,4 cm con flujo de la izquierda hacia la derecha. Después que la paciente entró en circulación extracorpórea, fueron confirmados los diagnósticos mencionados anteriormente y la cirugía realizada incluye el cierre del foramen oval y de la CIV, y la resección de la estenosis del infundíbulo. No se registraron intercurrencias quirúrgicas, y la paciente fue derivada, ya intubada, a la unidad de cuidados intensivos. CONCLUSIONES: La ecocardiografía transesofágica en pacientes sometidos a la corrección de cardiopatía congénita es de extrema utilidad, porque además de ayudar en el manejo hemodinámico del paciente, puede traer nuevas informaciones, capaces de...