Genetic underpinnings of arthropod community distributions in Populus trichocarpa.

Community genetics seeks to understand the mechanisms by which natural genetic variation in heritable host phenotypes can encompass assemblages of organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and many animals including arthropods. Prior studies that focused on plant genotypes have been unable to identify genes controlling community composition, a necessary step to predict ecosystem structure and function as underlying genes shift within plant populations. We surveyed arthropods within an association population of Populus trichocarpa in three common gardens to discover plant genes that contributed to arthropod community composition. We analyzed our surveys with traditional single-trait genome-wide association analysis (GWAS), multitrait GWAS, and functional networks built from a diverse set of plant phenotypes. Plant genotype was influential in structuring arthropod community composition among several garden sites. Candidate genes important for higher level organization of arthropod communities had broadly applicable functions, such as terpenoid biosynthesis and production of dsRNA binding proteins and protein kinases, which may be capable of targeting multiple arthropod species. We have demonstrated the ability to detect, in an uncontrolled environment, individual genes that are associated with the community assemblage of arthropods on a host plant, further enhancing our understanding of genetic mechanisms that impact ecosystem structure.

Multinational collaboration in solving a European Salmonella Braenderup outbreak linked to imported melons, 2021.

A genomic cluster of Salmonella Braenderup ST22, a serovar of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica which causes symptoms of gastrointestinal illness, was notified by Danish authorities to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) on 3 May 2021. By 6 July 2021, S. Braenderup outbreak cases (n = 348) had been reported from 12 countries in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) and the United Kingdom (UK), including 68 hospitalised cases. With support from affected EU/EEA countries, and in partnership with the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), ECDC established an international outbreak investigation team to rapidly identify the source and prevent outbreak spread. Consumption information was shared with affected countries through a standard line list, revealing that 124 of 197 cases (63%) reported having eaten (any) melons within 7 days prior to disease onset. The speed and completeness of the investigation, which identified the outbreak vehicle as galia melons imported from Honduras in June 2021, was a direct result of extensive collaboration and information sharing between countries' national food safety and public health authorities. This article describes the outbreak and the benefits, successes, and challenges of multi-country collaboration for consideration in future large foodborne outbreaks across Europe.

Salmonella enterica in farm environments in the Ashanti Region of Ghana.

BACKGROUND: Salmonella enterica are important foodborne pathogens and the third leading cause of death among diarrheal infections worldwide. This cross-sectional study investigated the frequency of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella enterica in commercial and smallholder farm environments in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. A total of 1490 environmental samples, comprising 800 (53.7%) soil (from poultry, pigs, sheep, goats and cattle farms), 409 (27.4%) pooled poultry fecal and 281 (18.9%) dust (from poultry farms) samples, were collected from 30 commercial and 64 smallholder farms. All samples were processed using standard culture methods. Isolates were identified by biochemical methods and confirmed using the VITEK 2 System. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out by disk diffusion following the EUCAST guidelines. Serotyping was performed using the Kauffman White Le Minor Scheme. RESULTS: The overall Salmonella frequency was 6.0% (n/N = 90/1490); the frequency varied according to the type of sample collected and included: 8.9% for dust (n/N = 25/281), 6.5% for soil (n/N = 52/800) and 3.2% for pooled poultry fecal samples (n/N = 13/409). Salmonella was also recovered from commercial farm environments (8.6%, n/N = 68/793) than from smallholder farms (3.2%, n/N = 22/697) (PR = 2.7, CI: 1.7 - 4.4). Thirty-four different Salmonella serovars were identified, the two most common being Rubislaw (27.8%, n/N = 25/90) and Tamale (12.2%, n/N = 11/90). Serovar diversity was highest in strains from soil samples (70.6%, n/N = 24/34) compared to those found in the dust (35.2%, n/N = 12/34) and in fecal samples (29.4%, n/N = 10/34). Salmonella frequency was much higher in the rainy season (8.4%, n/N = 85/1007) than in the dry season (1.0%, n/N = 5/483) (PR = 8.4, 95% CI: 3.3 - 20.0). Approximately 14.4% (n/N = 13/90) of the isolates were resistant to at least one of the tested antimicrobials, with 84.6% (n/N = 11/13) being resistant to multiple antibiotics. All Salmonella Kentucky (n = 5) were resistant to ciprofloxacin. CONCLUSION: This study showed that farm environments represent an important reservoir for antibiotic-resistant Salmonella, which warrants monitoring and good husbandry practices, especially in commercial farms during the rainy season, to control the spread of this pathogen.

Development of a rapid diagnostic test based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification to identify the most frequent non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars from culture.

Identification of Salmonella serovars is performed by conventional seroagglutination or sequencing. These methods are labor-intensive and require technical experience. An easy-to-perform assay allowing the timely identification of the most common non-typhoidal serovars (NTS) is needed. In this study, a molecular assay based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) targeting specific gene sequences of Salmonella Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, S. Infantis, S. Derby, and S. Choleraesuis has been developed for rapid serovar identification from cultured colonies. A total of 318 Salmonella strains and 25 isolates of other Enterobacterales species that served as negative controls were analyzed. All S. Enteritidis (n = 40), S. Infantis (n = 27), and S. Choleraesuis (n = 11) strains were correctly identified. Seven out of 104 S. Typhimurium and 10 out of 38 S. Derby strains missed a positive signal. Cross-reactions of the gene targets were only rarely observed and restricted to the S. Typhimurium primer set (5 false-positives). Sensitivity and specificity of the assay compared to seroagglutination were as follows: 100% and 100% for S. Enteritidis, 93.3% and 97.7% for S. Typhimurium, 100% and 100% for S. Infantis, 73.7% and 100% for S. Derby, and 100% and 100% for S. Choleraesuis, respectively. With results available in just a few minutes of hands-on time and a test run time of 20 min, the LAMP assay developed here may be a useful tool for the rapid identification of common Salmonella NTS in daily routine diagnostics.

[Assessment of available and currently applied typing methods including genome-based methods for zoonotic pathogens with a focus on Salmonella enterica]. / Bestandsaufnahme der verfügbaren und aktuell eingesetzten Typisierungsmethoden einschließlich genombasierter Verfahren von Zoonoseerregern am Beispiel von Salmonella enterica.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, whole genome sequencing (WGS) in combination with bioinformatic analyses has become state of the art in evaluating the pathogenicity/resistance potential and relatedness of bacteria. WGS analysis thus represents a central tool in the investigation of the resistance and virulence potential of pathogens, as well as their dissemination via outbreak clusters and transmission chains within the framework of molecular epidemiology. In order to gain an overview of the available genotypic and phenotypic methods used for pathogen typing of Salmonella and Shiga toxin-producing and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (STEC/EHEC) in Germany at state and federal level, along with the availability of WGS-based typing and corresponding analytical methods, a survey of laboratories was conducted. METHODS: An electronic survey of laboratories working for public health protection and consumer health protection was conducted from February to June 2020. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The results of the survey showed that many of the participating laboratories provide a wide range of phenotypic and molecular methods. Molecular typing is most commonly used for species identification of Salmonella. In many cases, WGS-based methods have already been established at federal and state institutions or are in the process of being established. The Illumina sequencing technology is the most widely used technology. The survey confirms the importance of molecular biology and whole genome typing technologies for laboratories in the diagnosis of bacterial zoonotic pathogens.

Lineage and role in integrative taxonomy of a heterotrophic orchid complex.

Lineage-based species definitions applying coalescent approaches to species delimitation have become increasingly popular. Yet, the application of these methods and the recognition of lineage-only definitions have recently been questioned. Species delimitation criteria that explicitly consider both lineages and evidence for ecological role shifts provide an opportunity to incorporate ecologically meaningful data from multiple sources in studies of species boundaries. Here, such criteria were applied to a problematic group of mycoheterotrophic orchids, the Corallorhiza striata complex, analysing genomic, morphological, phenological, reproductive-mode, niche, and fungal host data. A recently developed method for generating genomic polymorphism data-ISSRseq-demonstrates evidence for four distinct lineages, including a previously unidentified lineage in the Coast Ranges and Cascades of California and Oregon, USA. There is divergence in morphology, phenology, reproductive mode, and fungal associates among the four lineages. Integrative analyses, conducted in population assignment and redundancy analysis frameworks, provide evidence of distinct genomic lineages and a similar pattern of divergence in the extended data, albeit with weaker signal. However, none of the extended data sets fully satisfy the condition of a significant role shift, which requires evidence of fixed differences. The four lineages identified in the current study are recognized at the level of variety, short of comprising different species. This study represents the most comprehensive application of lineage + role to date and illustrates the advantages of such an approach.

Investigation of an international outbreak of multidrug-resistant monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium associated with chocolate products, EU/EEA and United Kingdom, February to April 2022.

An extensive multi-country outbreak of multidrug-resistant monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium infection in 10 countries with 150 reported cases, predominantly affecting young children, has been linked to chocolate products produced by a large multinational company. Extensive withdrawals and recalls of multiple product lines have been undertaken. With Easter approaching, widespread product distribution and the vulnerability of the affected population, early and effective real-time sharing of microbiological and epidemiological information has been of critical importance in effectively managing this serious food-borne incident.

Salmonellosis outbreak with novel Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype (11:z41:e,n,z15) attributable to sesame products in five European countries, 2016 to 2017.

In spring 2016, Greece reported an outbreak caused by a previously undescribed Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype (antigenic formula 11:z41:e,n,z15) via the Epidemic Intelligence Information System for Food- and Waterborne Diseases and Zoonoses (EPIS-FWD), with epidemiological evidence for sesame products as presumptive vehicle. Subsequently, Germany, Czech Republic, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom (UK) reported infections with this novel serotype via EPIS-FWD. Concerned countries in collaboration with the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) adopted a common outbreak case definition. An outbreak case was defined as a laboratory-confirmed notification of the novel Salmonella serotype. Between March 2016 and April 2017, 47 outbreak cases were notified (Greece: n = 22; Germany: n = 13; Czech Republic: n = 5; Luxembourg: n = 4; UK: n = 3). Whole genome sequencing revealed the very close genetic relatedness of isolates from all affected countries. Interviews focusing on sesame product consumption, suspicious food item testing and trace-back analysis following Salmonella spp. detection in food products identified a company in Greece where sesame seeds from different countries were processed. Through European collaboration, it was possible to identify and recall sesame spread as one contaminated food item serving as vehicle of infection and trace it back to its origin.

Evaluation of WGS based approaches for investigating a food-borne outbreak caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Derby in Germany.

In Germany salmonellosis still represents the 2nd most common bacterial foodborne disease. The majority of infections are caused by Salmonella (S.) Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis followed by a variety of other broad host-range serovars. Salmonella Derby is one of the five top-ranked serovars isolated from humans and it represents one of the most prevalent serovars in pigs, thus bearing the potential risk for transmission to humans upon consumption of pig meat and products thereof. From November 2013 to January 2014 S. Derby caused a large outbreak that affected 145 primarily elderly people. Epidemiological investigations identified raw pork sausage as the probable source of infection, which was confirmed by microbiological evidence. During the outbreak isolates from patients, food specimen and asymptomatic carriers were investigated by conventional typing methods. However, the quantity and quality of available microbiological and epidemiological data made this outbreak highly suitable for retrospective investigation by Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) and subsequent evaluation of different bioinformatics approaches for cluster definition. Overall the WGS-based methods confirmed the results of the conventional typing but were of significant higher discriminatory power. That was particularly beneficial for strains with incomplete epidemiological data. For our data set both, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)- and core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST)-based methods proved to be appropriate tools for cluster definition.

Two consecutive large outbreaks of Salmonella Muenchen linked to pig farming in Germany, 2013 to 2014: Is something missing in our regulatory framework?

In 2013, raw pork was the suspected vehicle of a large outbreak (n = 203 cases) of Salmonella Muenchen in the German federal state of Saxony. In 2014, we investigated an outbreak (n = 247 cases) caused by the same serovar affecting Saxony and three further federal states in the eastern part of Germany. Evidence from epidemiological, microbiological and trace-back investigations strongly implicated different raw pork products as outbreak vehicles. Trace-back analysis of S. Muenchen-contaminated raw pork sausages narrowed the possible source down to 54 pig farms, and S. Muenchen was detected in three of them, which traded animals with each other. One of these farms had already been the suspected source of the 2013 outbreak. S. Muenchen isolates from stool of patients in 2013 and 2014 as well as from food and environmental surface swabs of the three pig farms shared indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns. Our results indicate a common source of both outbreaks in the primary production of pigs. Current European regulations do not make provisions for Salmonella control measures on pig farms that have been involved in human disease outbreaks. In order to prevent future outbreaks, legislators should consider tightening regulations for Salmonella control in causative primary production settings.

Ongoing haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) outbreak caused by sorbitol-fermenting (SF) Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157, Germany, December 2016 to May 2017.

We report an ongoing, protracted and geographically dispersed outbreak of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) and gastroenteritis in Germany, involving 30 cases since December 2016. The outbreak was caused by the sorbitol-fermenting immotile variant of Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) Escherichia coli O157. Molecular typing revealed close relatedness between isolates from 14 cases. One HUS patient died. Results of a case-control study suggest packaged minced meat as the most likely food vehicle. Food safety investigations are ongoing.

Presence of ß-lactamases in extended-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella enterica of 30 different serovars in Germany 2005-11.

OBJECTIVES: Between 20 000 and 35 000 cases of salmonellosis are detected annually in Germany, but only a few Salmonella are resistant to third-generation cephalosporins. The German National Reference Centre for Salmonella and other Enterics obtained 150 Salmonella enterica isolates from human infections between 2005 and 2011. In the present study we identified the ß-lactamase genes causing resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in these isolates. METHODS: For all isolates serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed. The presence of ß-lactamase genes was detected by PCR amplification and sequencing. Isolates with identical serovar and ß-lactamase genes were typed by XbaI macrorestriction followed by PFGE. Broth mate conjugation assays and plasmid analysis using S1 nuclease restriction of genomic DNA and subsequent PFGE as well as PCR-based replicon typing were performed for selected isolates. RESULTS: The 150 isolates were assigned to 30 different serovars, with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (n = 73; 48.7%) as the most prevalent. Two different AmpC ß-lactamase genes (blaCMY-2, n = 8; blaACC-1, n = 6) and various extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) genes were identified. The majority harboured the blaCTX-M-1 gene (n = 91; 60.7%) followed by blaCTX-M-14 (n = 12; 8.0%) and blaSHV-12 (n = 11; 7.3%). Typing of strains and subsequent comparison with selected Salmonella isolates from livestock revealed the presence of several clones in both humans and livestock. CONCLUSIONS: The wide spread of ESBL and AmpC genes in Salmonella of various serovars is most probably due to transfer of conjugative plasmids. Furthermore, our data indicate the clonal spread of distinct cephalosporin-resistant Salmonella strains from livestock to humans.

Third generation cephalosporin resistance in clinical non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica in Germany and emergence of blaCTX-M-harbouring pESI plasmids.

Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica is an important gastrointestinal pathogen causing a considerable burden of disease. Resistance to third generation cephalosporins poses a serious threat for treatment of severe infections. In this study occurrence, phylogenetic relationship, and mechanisms of third generation cephalosporin resistance were investigated for clinical non-typhoidal S. enterica isolates in Germany. From 2017 to 2019, we detected 168 unique clinical S. enterica isolates with phenotypic resistance to third generation cephalosporins in a nation-wide surveillance. Compared to previous years, we observed a significant (P=0.0002) and consistent increase in resistant isolates from 0.41 % in 2005 to 1.71 % in 2019. In total, 34 different serovars were identified, most often S. Infantis (n=41; 24.4 %), S. Typhimurium (n=27; 16.1 %), S. Kentucky (n=21; 12.5 %), and S. Derby (n=17; 10.1 %). Whole genome analyses revealed extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) genes as main cause for third generation cephalosporin resistance, and most prevalent were blaCTX-M-1 (n=55), blaCTX-M-14 (n=25), and blaCTX-M-65 (n=23). There was no strict correlation between serovar, phylogenetic lineage, and ESBL type but some serovar/ESBL gene combinations were detected frequently, such as blaCTX-M-1 and blaCTX-M-65 in S. Infantis or blaCTX-M-14b in S. Kentucky. The ESBL genes were mainly located on plasmids, including IncI, IncA/C variants, emerging pESI variants, and a novel blaCTX-M-1harbouring plasmid. We conclude that third generation cephalosporin resistance is on the rise among clinical S. enterica isolates in Germany, and occurrence in various S. enterica serovars is most probably due to multiple acquisition events of plasmids.

Characterization of Salix nigra floral insect community and activity of three native Andrena bees.

Salix nigra (black willow) is a widespread tree that hosts many species of polylectic hymenopterans and oligolectic bees of the genus Andrena. The early flowering of S. nigra makes it an important nutritive resource for arthropods emerging from hibernation. However, since S. nigra is dioecious, not all insect visits will lead to successful pollination. Using both visual observation and pan-trapping, we characterized the community of arthropods that visited S. nigra flowers and assessed differences among male and female trees as well as the chemical and visual drivers that influenced community composition across 3 years. We found that male trees consistently supported higher diversity of insects than female trees and only three insect species, all Andrena spp., consistently visited both sexes. Additionally, Andrena nigrae, which was the only insect that occurred more on female than male flowers, correlated strongly to volatile cues. This suggests that cross-pollinators cue into specific aspects of floral scent, but diversity of floral visitors is driven strongly by visual cues of yellow male pollen. Through time, the floral activity of two Andrena species remained stable, but A. nigrae visited less in 2017 when flowers bloomed earlier than other years. When native bee emergence does not synchronize with bloom, activity appears to be diminished which could threaten species that subsist on a single host. Despite the community diversity of S. nigra flowers, its productivity depends on a small fraction of species that are not threatened by competition, but rather rapidly changing conditions that lead to host-insect asynchrony.

The Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Microevolution Events That Favored the Success of the Highly Clonal Multidrug-Resistant Monophasic Salmonella Typhimurium Circulating in Europe.

The European epidemic monophasic variant of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-) characterized by the multi locus sequence type ST34 and the antimicrobial resistance ASSuT profile has become one of the most common serovars in Europe (EU) and the United States (US). In this study, we reconstructed the time-scaled phylogeny and evolution of this Salmonella in Europe. The epidemic S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- ST34 emerged in the 1980s by an acquisition of the Salmonella Genomic Island (SGI)-4 at the 3' end of the phenylalanine phe tRNA locus conferring resistance to copper and arsenic toxicity. Subsequent integration of the Tn21 transposon into the fljAB locus gave resistance to mercury toxicity and several classes of antibiotics used in food-producing animals (ASSuT profile). The second step of the evolution occurred in the 1990s, with the integration of mTmV and mTmV-like prophages carrying the perC and/or sopE genes involved in the ability to reduce nitrates in intestinal contents and facilitate the disruption of the junctions of the host intestinal epithelial cells. Heavy metals are largely used as food supplements or pesticide for cultivation of seeds intended for animal feed so the expansion of the epidemic S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- ST34 was strongly related to the multiple-heavy metal resistance acquired by transposons, integrative and conjugative elements and facilitated by the escape until 2011 from the regulatory actions applied in the control of S. Typhimurium in Europe. The genomic plasticity of the epidemic S. 1,4,[5],12:i:- was demonstrated in our study by the analysis of the plasmidome. We were able to identify plasmids harboring genes mediating resistance to phenicols, colistin, and fluoroquinolone and also describe for the first time in six of the analyzed genomes the presence of two plasmids (pERR1744967-1 and pERR2174855-2) previously described only in strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and E. fergusonii.

What WGS Reveals about Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica in Wildlife in Germany.

The aim of this study was to gain an overview of the genetic diversity of Salmonella found in wildlife in Germany. We were particularly interested in exploring whether wildlife acts as a reservoir of certain serovars/subtypes or antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes. Moreover, we wanted to explore the potential of Salmonella in spreading from wildlife to livestock and humans. To answer these questions, we sequenced 260 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolates sampled between 2002 and 2020 from wildlife across Germany, using short-read whole genome sequencing. We found, consistent with previous findings, that some Salmonella sequence types are associated with certain animal species, such as S. Choleraesuis ST145 with wild boar and S. Enteritidis ST183 with hedgehogs. Antibiotic resistance was detected in 14.2% of all isolates, with resistance against important WATCH group antibiotics present in a small number of isolates. We further found that wildlife isolates do not form separate phylogenetic clusters distant to isolates from domestic animals and foodstuff, thus indicating frequent transmission events between these reservoirs. Overall, our study shows that Salmonella in German wildlife are diverse, with a low AMR burden and close links to Salmonella populations of farm and food-production environments.

Toward an Integrated Genome-Based Surveillance of Salmonella enterica in Germany.

Despite extensive monitoring programs and preventative measures, Salmonella spp. continue to cause tens of thousands human infections per year, as well as many regional and international food-borne outbreaks, that are of great importance for public health and cause significant socio-economic costs. In Germany, salmonellosis is the second most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in humans and is associated with high hospitalization rates. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) combined with data analysis is a high throughput technology with an unprecedented discriminatory power, which is particularly well suited for targeted pathogen monitoring, rapid cluster detection and assignment of possible infection sources. However, an effective implementation of WGS methods for large-scale microbial pathogen detection and surveillance has been hampered by the lack of standardized methods, uniform quality criteria and strategies for data sharing, all of which are essential for a successful interpretation of sequencing data from different sources. To overcome these challenges, the national GenoSalmSurv project aims to establish a working model for an integrated genome-based surveillance system of Salmonella spp. in Germany, based on a decentralized data analysis. Backbone of the model is the harmonization of laboratory procedures and sequencing protocols, the implementation of open-source bioinformatics tools for data analysis at each institution and the establishment of routine practices for cross-sectoral data sharing for a uniform result interpretation. With this model, we present a working solution for cross-sector interpretation of sequencing data from different sources (such as human, veterinarian, food, feed and environmental) and outline how a decentralized data analysis can contribute to a uniform cluster detection and facilitate outbreak investigations.

Genome-based Salmonella serotyping as the new gold standard.

Salmonella enterica is the second most reported bacterial cause of food-borne infections in Europe. Therefore molecular surveillance activities based on pathogen subtyping are an important measure of controlling Salmonellosis by public health agencies. In Germany, at the federal level, this work is carried out by the National Reference Center for Salmonella and other Bacterial Enteric Pathogens (NRC). With rise of next generation sequencing techniques, the NRC has introduced whole-genome-based typing methods for S. enterica in 2016. In this study we report on the feasibility of genome-based in silico serotyping in the German setting using raw sequence reads. We found that SeqSero and seven gene MLST showed 98% and 95% concordance, respectively, with classical serotyping for the here evaluated serotypes, including the most common German serotypes S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium as well as less frequently found serotypes. The level of concordance increased to >99% when the results of both in silico methods were combined. However, both tools exhibited misidentification of monophasic variants, in particular monophasic S. Typhimurium and therefore need to be fine-tuned for reliable detection of this epidemiologically important variant. We conclude that with adjustments Salmonella genome-based serotyping might become the new gold standard.

Author Correction: Genome-based Salmonella serotyping as the new gold standard.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Complete Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae Serovar 61:k:1,5,(7) Strain 14-SA00836-0, Isolated from Human Urine.

Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae serovar 61:k:1,5,(7) is commonly associated with sheep. Occasionally, the serovar has been found to also infect humans. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of strain 14-SA00836-0, isolated from human urine. To our knowledge, this is the first reported complete genome sequence of this serovar isolated from a human clinical sample.