Banff 2022 Liver Group Meeting report: Monitoring long-term allograft health.

The Banff Working Group on Liver Allograft Pathology met in September 2022. Participants included hepatologists, surgeons, pathologists, immunologists, and histocompatibility specialists. Presentations and discussions focused on the evaluation of long-term allograft health, including noninvasive and tissue monitoring, immunosuppression optimization, and long-term structural changes. Potential revision of the rejection classification scheme to better accommodate and communicate late T cell-mediated rejection patterns and related structural changes, such as nodular regenerative hyperplasia, were discussed. Improved stratification of long-term maintenance immunosuppression to match the heterogeneity of patient settings will be central to improving long-term patient survival. Such personalized therapeutics are in turn contingent on a better understanding and monitoring of allograft status within a rational decision-making approach, likely to be facilitated in implementation with emerging decision-support tools. Proposed revisions to rejection classification emerging from the meeting include the incorporation of interface hepatitis and fibrosis staging. These will be opened to online testing, modified accordingly, and subject to consensus discussion leading up to the next Banff conference.

Standardized Classification of Lung Adenocarcinoma Subtypes and Improvement of Grading Assessment Through Deep Learning.

The histopathologic distinction of lung adenocarcinoma (LADC) subtypes is subject to high interobserver variability, which can compromise the optimal assessment of patient prognosis. Therefore, this study developed convolutional neural networks capable of distinguishing LADC subtypes and predicting disease-specific survival, according to the recently established LADC tumor grades. Consensus LADC histopathologic images were obtained from 17 expert pulmonary pathologists and one pathologist in training. Two deep learning models (AI-1 and AI-2) were trained to predict eight different LADC classes. Furthermore, the trained models were tested on an independent cohort of 133 patients. The models achieved high precision, recall, and F1 scores exceeding 0.90 for most of the LADC classes. Clear stratification of the three LADC grades was reached in predicting the disease-specific survival by the two models, with both Kaplan-Meier curves showing significance (P = 0.0017 and 0.0003). Moreover, both trained models showed high stability in the segmentation of each pair of predicted grades with low variation in the hazard ratio across 200 bootstrapped samples. These findings indicate that the trained convolutional neural networks improve the diagnostic accuracy of the pathologist and refine LADC grade assessment. Thus, the trained models are promising tools that may assist in the routine evaluation of LADC subtypes and grades in clinical practice.

Correction: Smartphone-read phage lateral flow assay for point-of-care detection of infection.

Correction for 'Smartphone-read phage lateral flow assay for point-of-care detection of infection' by Maede Chabi, et al., Analyst, 2023, 148, 839-848, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2AN01499H.

The ethics of firing unvaccinated employees.

Some organisations make vaccination a condition of employment. This means prospective employees must demonstrate they have been vaccinated (eg, against measles) to be hired. But it also means organisations must decide whether existing employees should be expected to meet newly introduced vaccination conditions (eg, against COVID-19). Unlike prospective employees who will not be hired if they do not meet vaccination conditions, existing employees who fail to meet new vaccination conditions risk being fired The latter seems worse than the former. Hence, objections to vaccination mandates commonly centre on the harms that will be visited on existing employees who are unwilling to be vaccinated. However, because this objection does not necessarily entail the claim that vaccination is unnecessary for the effective and safe performance of certain jobs, those making this objection should have less of an objection, or no objection at all (at least on these grounds), to introducing vaccination requirements in some cases for prospective employees. Yet, in this paper, I shall argue that if one has reason to believe vaccination requirements can be justified for prospective employees, one should also believe they are justified for existing employees despite any asymmetry in consequences experienced by the two groups. As a consequence, common objections made against vaccination mandates grounded solely in the harms that may be experienced by existing employees who are unwilling to be vaccinated should be considered unpersuasive.

"She was finally mine": the moral experience of families in the context of trisomy 13 and 18- a scoping review with thematic analysis.

INTRODUCTION: The value of a short life characterized by disability has been hotly debated in the literature on fetal and neonatal outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review to summarize the available empirical literature on the experiences of families in the context of trisomy 13 and 18 (T13/18) with subsequent thematic analysis of the 17 included articles. FINDINGS: Themes constructed include (1) Pride as Resistance, (2) Negotiating Normalcy and (3) The Significance of Time. INTERPRETATION: Our thematic analysis was guided by the moral experience framework conceived by Hunt and Carnevale (2011) in association with the VOICE (Views On Interdisciplinary Childhood Ethics) collaborative research group. RELEVANCE: This article will be of interest and value to healthcare professionals and bioethicists who support families navigating the medically and ethically complex landscape of T13/18.

Tubular and Glomerular Size by Cortex Depth as Predictor of Progressive CKD after Radical Nephrectomy for Tumor.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Glomerular size differs by cortex depth. Larger nephrons are prognostic of progressive kidney disease, but it is unknown whether this risk differs by cortex depth or by glomeruli versus proximal or distal tubule size. We studied the average minor axis diameter in oval proximal and distal tubules separately and by cortex depth in patients who had radical nephrectomy to remove a tumor from 2019 to 2020. In adjusted analyses, larger glomerular volume in the middle and deep cortex predicted progressive kidney disease. Wider proximal tubular diameter did not predict progressive kidney disease independent of glomerular volume. Wider distal tubular diameter showed a gradient of strength of prediction of progressive kidney disease in the more superficial cortex than in the deep cortex. BACKGROUND: Larger nephrons are prognostic of progressive kidney disease, but whether this risk differs by nephron segments or by depth in the cortex is unclear. METHODS: We studied patients who underwent radical nephrectomy for a tumor between 2000 and 2019. Large wedge kidney sections were scanned into digital images. We estimated the diameters of proximal and distal tubules by the minor axis of oval tubular profiles and estimated glomerular volume with the Weibel-Gomez stereological model. Analyses were performed separately in the superficial, middle, and deep cortex. Cox proportional hazard models assessed the risk of progressive CKD (dialysis, kidney transplantation, sustained eGFR <10 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 , or a sustained 40% decline from the postnephrectomy baseline eGFR) with glomerular volume or tubule diameters. At each cortical depth, models were unadjusted, adjusted for glomerular volume or tubular diameter, and further adjusted for clinical characteristics (age, sex, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes, postnephrectomy baseline eGFR, and proteinuria). RESULTS: Among 1367 patients were 62 progressive CKD events during a median follow-up of 4.5 years. Glomerular volume predicted CKD outcomes at all depths, but only in the middle and deep cortex after adjusted analyses. Proximal tubular diameter also predicted progressive CKD at any depth but not after adjusted analyses. Distal tubular diameter showed a gradient of more strongly predicting progressive CKD in the superficial than deep cortex, even in adjusted analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Larger glomeruli are independent predictors of progressive CKD in the deeper cortex, whereas in the superficial cortex, wider distal tubular diameters are an independent predictor of progressive CKD.

Pulmonary pathology in vasculitis.

Pulmonary involvement is frequent in vasculitis, particularly in ANCA-associated small vessel vasculitis. Laboratory and radiological data alone are often sufficient to confirm the clinical hypothesis, but sometimes the pathologist plays a crucial role in the differential diagnosis and the patient's management. In this review, the pathologic features of pulmonary vasculitis and the pathologist's role in this field are illustrated.

Governing the Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator: towards greater participation, transparency, and accountability.

The Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator (ACT-A) is a multistakeholder initiative quickly constructed in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic to respond to a catastrophic breakdown in global cooperation. ACT-A is now the largest international effort to achieve equitable access to COVID-19 health technologies, and its governance is a matter of broad public importance. We traced the evolution of ACT-A's governance through publicly available documents and analysed it against three principles embedded in the founding mission statement of ACT-A: participation, transparency, and accountability. We found three challenges to realising these principles. First, the roles of the various organisations in ACT-A decision making are unclear, obscuring who might be accountable to whom and for what. Second, the absence of a clearly defined decision making body; ACT-A instead has multiple centres of legally binding decision making and uneven arrangements for information transparency, inhibiting meaningful participation. Third, the nearly indiscernible role of governments in ACT-A, raising key questions about political legitimacy and channels for public accountability. With global public health and billions in public funding at stake, short-term improvements to governance arrangements can and should now be made. Efforts to strengthen pandemic preparedness for the future require attention to ethical, legitimate arrangements for governance.

Banff consensus recommendations for steatosis assessment in donor livers.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: No consensus criteria or approaches exist regarding assessment of steatosis in the setting of human donor liver suitability for transplantation. The Banff Working Group on Liver Allograft Pathology undertook a study to determine the consistency with which steatosis is assessed and reported in frozen sections of potential donor livers. APPROACH AND RESULTS: A panel of 59 pathologists from 16 countries completed a questionnaire covering criteria used to assess steatosis in donor liver biopsies, including droplet size and magnification used; subsequently, steatosis severity was assessed in 18 whole slide images of donor liver frozen sections (n = 59). Survey results (from 56/59) indicated a wide variation in definitions and approaches used to assess and report steatosis. Whole slide image assessment led to a broad range in the scores. Findings were discussed at a workshop held at the 15th Banff Conference on Allograft Pathology, September 2019. The aims of discussions were to (i) establish consensus criteria for defining "large droplet fat" (LDF) that predisposes to increased risk of initial poor graft function and (ii) develop an algorithmic approach to determine fat droplet size and the percentage of hepatocytes involved. LDF was defined as typically a single fat droplet that expands the involved hepatocyte and is larger than adjacent nonsteatotic hepatocytes. Estimating severity of steatosis involves (i) low magnification estimate of the approximate surface area of the biopsy occupied by fat, (ii) higher magnification determination of the percentage of hepatocytes within the fatty area with LDF, and (iii) final score calculation. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed guidelines herein are intended to improve standardization in steatosis assessment of donor liver biopsies. The calculated percent LDF should be provided to the surgeon.

Automated scoring of total inflammation in renal allograft biopsies.

BACKGROUND: Computer-assisted scoring is gaining prominence in the evaluation of renal histology; however, much of the focus has been on identifying larger objects such as glomeruli. Total inflammation impacts graft outcome, and its quantification requires tools to identify objects at the cellular level or smaller. The goal of the current study was to use CD45 stained slides coupled with image analysis tools to quantify the amount of non-glomerular inflammation within the cortex. METHODS: Sixty renal transplant whole slide images were used for digital image analysis. Multiple thresholding methods using pixel intensity and object size were used to identify inflammation in the cortex. Additionally, convolutional neural networks were used to separate glomeruli from other objects in the cortex. This combined measure of inflammation was then correlated with rescored Banff total inflammation classification and outcomes. RESULTS: Identification of glomeruli on biopsies had high fidelity (mean pixelwise dice coefficient of .858). Continuous total inflammation scores correlated well with Banff rescoring (maximum Pearson correlation .824). A separate set of thresholds resulted in a significant correlation with alloimmune graft loss. CONCLUSIONS: Automated scoring of inflammation showed a high correlation with Banff scoring. Digital image analysis provides a powerful tool for analysis of renal pathology, not only because it is reproducible and can be automated, but also because it provides much more granular data for studies.

Outcomes of asymptomatic histologic pyelonephritis of kidney transplant.

BACKGROUND: Urinary Tract Infections are the most common post-transplant infection and can have varied presentations. This study aimed to describe the outcomes of kidney transplant recipients with asymptomatic histologic pyelonephritis on allograft biopsy. Histologic Pyelonephritis was defined as neutrophil cast or neutrophilic tubulitis, interstitial infiltrates with predominant neutrophils, and no evidence of rejection or glomerulonephritis on biopsy. METHODS: The study included 123 kidney transplant recipients, of whom 95 underwent protocol biopsies, and 28 had biopsies for elevated creatinine within the first 2 years of a kidney transplant. RESULTS: The mean age of the cohort was 55.3 years, with 52% females and 78% deceased donor transplants. The risk factors for asymptomatic histologic pyelonephritis were recipient female sex (OR 1.89, 1.3-2.7, diabetes mellitus (OR 2.479, 1.687-3.645), and deceased donation (OR 1.69, 1.098-2.63). The incidence of asymptomatic pyelonephritis on protocol biopsy was 1.7%, with 52% having positive urine cultures and Escherichia coli being the most common bacteria. Subjects with asymptomatic pyelonephritis had inferior graft survival compared to the matched cohort HR 1.88 (1.06-3.35), p = .0281. In addition, of these 123 subjects, 68 (55%) subsequently developed pyelonephritis, and 34 subjects had pyelonephritis within 6 months after this episode. Subjects with recurrent infections exhibited lower survival HR 2.86 (1.36-6.02) and a trend toward higher rejection risk. CONCLUSION: Asymptomatic histologic pyelonephritis can occur in kidney transplant recipients and is associated with inferior graft survival.

Smartphone-read phage lateral flow assay for point-of-care detection of infection.

The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the urgent need for sensitive, affordable, and widely accessible testing at the point of care. Here we demonstrate a new, universal LFA platform technology using M13 phage conjugated with antibodies and HRP enzymes that offers high analytical sensitivity and excellent performance in a complex clinical matrix. We also report its complete integration into a sensitive chemiluminescence-based smartphone-readable lateral flow assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein. We screened 84 anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibody pairs in phage LFA and identified an antibody pair that gave an LoD of 25 pg mL-1 nucleoprotein in nasal swab extract using a FluorChem gel documentation system and 100 pg mL-1 when the test was imaged and analyzed by an in-house-developed smartphone reader. The smartphone-read LFA signals for positive clinical samples tested (N = 15, with known Ct) were statistically different (p < 0.001) from signals for negative clinical samples (N = 11). The phage LFA technology combined with smartphone chemiluminescence imaging can enable the timely development of ultrasensitive, affordable point-of-care testing platforms for SARS-CoV-2 and beyond.

Institutional trust is a distinct construct related to vaccine hesitancy and refusal.

BACKGROUND: Vaccine hesitancy is driven by a heterogeneous and changing set of psychological, social and historical phenomena, requiring multidisciplinary approaches to its study and intervention. Past research has brought to light instances of both interpersonal and institutional trust playing an important role in vaccine uptake. However, no comprehensive study to date has specifically assessed the relative importance of these two categories of trust as they relate to vaccine behaviors and attitudes. METHODS: In this paper, we examine the relationship between interpersonal and institutional trust and four measures related to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and one measure related to general vaccine hesitancy. We hypothesize that, across measures, individuals with vaccine hesitant attitudes and behaviors have lower trust-especially in institutions-than those who are not hesitant. We test this hypothesis in a sample of 1541 Canadians. RESULTS: A deficit in both interpersonal and institutional trust was associated with higher levels of vaccine hesitant attitudes and behaviors. However, institutional trust was significantly lower than interpersonal trust in those with high hesitancy scores, suggesting that the two types of trust can be thought of as distinct constructs in the context of vaccine hesitancy. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our findings, we suggest that diminished institutional trust plays a crucial role in vaccine hesitancy. We propose that this may contribute to a tendency to instead place trust in interpersonally propagated belief systems, which may be more strongly misaligned with mainstream evidence and thus support vaccine hesitancy attitudes. We offer strategies rooted in these observations for creating public health messages designed to enhance vaccine uptake.

Artificial intelligence and the work-health interface: A research agenda for a technologically transforming world of work.

The labor market is undergoing a rapid artificial intelligence (AI) revolution. There is currently limited empirical scholarship that focuses on how AI adoption affects employment opportunities and work environments in ways that shape worker health, safety, well-being and equity. In this article, we present an agenda to guide research examining the implications of AI on the intersection between work and health. To build the agenda, a full day meeting was organized and attended by 50 participants including researchers from diverse disciplines and applied stakeholders. Facilitated meeting discussions aimed to set research priorities related to workplace AI applications and its impact on the health of workers, including critical research questions, methodological approaches, data needs, and resource requirements. Discussions also aimed to identify groups of workers and working contexts that may benefit from AI adoption as well as those that may be disadvantaged by AI. Discussions were synthesized into four research agenda areas: (1) examining the impact of stronger AI on human workers; (2) advancing responsible and healthy AI; (3) informing AI policy for worker health, safety, well-being, and equitable employment; and (4) understanding and addressing worker and employer knowledge needs regarding AI applications. The agenda provides a roadmap for researchers to build a critical evidence base on the impact of AI on workers and workplaces, and will ensure that worker health, safety, well-being, and equity are at the forefront of workplace AI system design and adoption.

Prognostic Implications of a Morphometric Evaluation for Chronic Changes on All Diagnostic Native Kidney Biopsies.

BACKGROUND: Semiquantitative visual inspection for glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and arteriosclerosis is often used to assess chronic changes in native kidney biopsies. Morphometric evaluation of these and other chronic changes may improve the prognostic assessment. METHODS: We studied a historical cohort of patients who underwent a native kidney biopsy between 1993 and 2015 and were followed through 2021 for ESKD and for progressive CKD (defined as experiencing 50% eGFR decline, temporary dialysis, or ESKD). Pathologist scores for the percentages of globally sclerosed glomeruli (GSG), interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA), and arteriosclerosis (luminal stenosis) were available. We scanned biopsy sections into high-resolution images to trace microstructures. Morphometry measures were percentage of GSG; percentage of glomerulosclerosis (percentage of GSG, ischemic-appearing glomeruli, or segmentally sclerosed glomeruli); percentage of IFTA; IFTA foci density; percentage of artery luminal stenosis; arteriolar hyalinosis counts; and measures of nephron size. Models assessed risk of ESKD or progressive CKD with biopsy measures adjusted for age, hypertension, diabetes, body mass index, eGFR, and proteinuria. RESULTS: Of 353 patients (followed for a median 7.5 years), 75 developed ESKD and 139 experienced progressive CKD events. Visually estimated scores by pathologists versus morphometry measures for percentages of GSG, IFTA, and luminal stenosis did not substantively differ in predicting outcomes. However, adding percentage of glomerulosclerosis, IFTA foci density, and arteriolar hyalinosis improved outcome prediction. A 10-point score using percentage of glomerulosclerosis, percentage of IFTA, IFTA foci density, and any arteriolar hyalinosis outperformed a 10-point score based on percentages of GSG, IFTA, and luminal stenosis >50% in discriminating risk of ESKD or progressive CKD. CONCLUSION: Morphometric characterization of glomerulosclerosis, IFTA, and arteriolar hyalinosis on kidney biopsy improves prediction of long-term kidney outcomes.

The histologic diagnosis of usual interstitial pneumonia of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Where we are and where we need to go.

In the 50 years since its inception by Dr. Liebow, the diagnosis of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) by pathologists has changed significantly. This manuscript reviews the progressive history of the histologic diagnosis of UIP and summarizes the current state of histologic UIP and its relationship to the clinical syndrome idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Fibrotic lung disease mimics of UIP/IPF are reviewed and pearls for distinguishing these diseases from UIP/IPF are provided. Strategies for increasing the value of histologic assessment of biopsies in the setting of pulmonary fibrosis are also discussed.

Outcomes of dual kidney transplants from high KDPI kidneys are superior compared to single kidney high KDPI transplants at 1 year.

Dual kidney transplantation (DKT), utilizing two adult kidneys from the same donor for one recipient, has been used as a way to expand the available donor pool. These kidneys often come from high Kidney Donor Profile Index donors (KDPI > 85%). Data comparing outcomes between high KDPI DKT and single kidney transplants (SKT) remain limited. We assessed outcomes of 336 high KDPI kidney transplants performed at our center; 11.0% (n = 37) were DKT. Recipients of DKT were older (P = .02) and donors had a higher KDPI score (median 96% vs. 91%, P < .0001). DKT operative time was higher compared to SKT (+1.4 hours, P < .0001). There were no differences in delayed graft function (54.1% vs. 51.5%, P = .77) and hospital length of stay (median 4.0 vs. 3.0 days, P = .21) between DKT and SKT. Grade I Clavien-Dindo complications occurred in 8.1% of DKT and 13.7% of SKT (P = .008). There were no grade IVa, IVb, or V complications in either group. DKT had more glomerulosclerosis (P = .04), interstitial fibrosis (P = .02), tubular atrophy (P = .01), and arterial thickening (P = .03) on 1-year protocol biopsies. Estimated glomerular filtration was higher for DKT at 1- (P = .004) and 2-years post-transplant (P = .01). There were no differences in patient (HR 1.3, 95% CI .5-3.3, P = .58) or graft (HR 1.1, 95% CI .5-2.3, P = .83) survival. Good outcomes can be achieved with DKT using high KDPI kidneys with moderate chronic changes. DKT is a good option to help further utilize high KDPI kidneys and minimize discard.

Why we should not 'just use age' for COVID-19 vaccine prioritisation.

Older age is one of the greatest risk factors for severe outcomes from COVID-19. If we believe it is important to use limited supplies of COVID-19 vaccines to protect the most vulnerable and prevent deaths, then available doses should be allocated with significant priority to older adults. Yet, we should resist the conclusion that age should be the sole criterion for COVID-19 vaccine prioritisation or that no younger populations (eg, those under the age of 60) should be prioritised until all older adults have been vaccinated. This article examines arguments that are commonly presented to abandon 'complex' vaccine prioritisation schemes in favour of 'just using age' (eg, prioritising those 80 years of age and older and then decreasing in a 5-year age bands until the entire population has had the opportunity to be vaccinated), and articulates the ethical reasons why these arguments are not persuasive.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Endobronchial Optical Coherence Tomography for the Microscopic Diagnosis of Usual Interstitial Pneumonia.

Rationale: Early, accurate diagnosis of interstitial lung disease (ILD) informs prognosis and therapy, especially in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Current diagnostic methods are imperfect. High-resolution computed tomography has limited resolution, and surgical lung biopsy (SLB) carries risks of morbidity and mortality. Endobronchial optical coherence tomography (EB-OCT) is a low-risk, bronchoscope-compatible modality that images large lung volumes in vivo with microscopic resolution, including subpleural lung, and has the potential to improve the diagnostic accuracy of bronchoscopy for ILD diagnosis. Objectives: We performed a prospective diagnostic accuracy study of EB-OCT in patients with ILD with a low-confidence diagnosis undergoing SLB. The primary endpoints were EB-OCT sensitivity/specificity for diagnosis of the histopathologic pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) and clinical IPF. The secondary endpoint was agreement between EB-OCT and SLB for diagnosis of the ILD fibrosis pattern. Methods: EB-OCT was performed immediately before SLB. The resulting EB-OCT images and histopathology were interpreted by blinded, independent pathologists. Clinical diagnosis was obtained from the treating pulmonologists after SLB, blinded to EB-OCT. Measurements and Main Results: We enrolled 31 patients, and 4 were excluded because of inconclusive histopathology or lack of EB-OCT data. Twenty-seven patients were included in the analysis (16 men, average age: 65.0 yr): 12 were diagnosed with UIP and 15 with non-UIP ILD. Average FVC and DlCO were 75.3% (SD, 18.5) and 53.5% (SD, 16.4), respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of EB-OCT was 100% (95% confidence interval, 75.8-100.0%) and 100% (79.6-100%), respectively, for both histopathologic UIP and clinical diagnosis of IPF. There was high agreement between EB-OCT and histopathology for diagnosis of ILD fibrosis pattern (weighted κ: 0.87 [0.72-1.0]). Conclusions: EB-OCT is a safe, accurate method for microscopic ILD diagnosis, as a complement to high-resolution computed tomography and an alternative to SLB.

A framework for critical care triage during a major surge in critical illness.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many jurisdictions experienced surges in demand for critical care that strained or overwhelmed their healthcare system's ability to respond. A major surge necessitates a deviation from usual practices, including difficult decisions about how to allocate critical care resources. We present a framework to guide these decisions in the hope of saving the most lives as ethically as possible, while concurrently respecting, protecting, and fulfilling legal and human rights obligations. It was developed in Ontario in 2020-2021 through an iterative consultation process with diverse participants, but was adopted in other jurisdictions with some modifications. The framework features three levels of triage depending on the degree of the surge, and a system for prioritizing patients based on their short-term mortality risk following the onset of critical illness. It also includes processes aimed at promoting consistency and fairness across a region where many hospitals are expected to apply the same framework. No triage framework should ever be considered "final," and there is a need for further research to examine ethical issues related to critical care triage and to increase the extent and quality of evidence to inform critical care triage.

RéSUMé: Pendant la pandémie de COVID-19, de nombreuses régions ont connu une augmentation de la demande de soins intensifs qui a mis à rude épreuve ou dépassé la capacité de réponse du système de santé existant. Lors de toute augmentation importante de cette demande, un écart par rapport aux pratiques habituelles est nécessaire, y compris la prise de décisions difficiles sur la façon d'allouer les ressources en soins intensifs. Nous présentons un algorithme pour guider ces décisions dans l'espoir de sauver le plus de vies possibles et ce, de la manière la plus éthique possible, tout en respectant, en protégeant et en remplissant les obligations légales et en matière de droits de l'homme. Cet algorithme a été élaboré en Ontario en 2020-2021 dans le cadre d'un processus de consultation itératif avec divers participants, mais a été adopté dans d'autres juridictions avec quelques modifications. L'algorithme comprend trois niveaux de triage en fonction du degré d'augmentation de la demande, ainsi qu'un système permettant de prioriser les patients en fonction de leur risque de mortalité à court terme après l'apparition d'une maladie grave. Il comporte également des processus visant à promouvoir l'uniformité et l'équité dans une région où de nombreux hôpitaux vont appliquer le même algorithme. Aucun algorithme de triage ne devrait jamais être considéré comme « définitif ¼, et il est nécessaire d'approfondir les recherches pour examiner les questions éthiques liées au triage aux soins intensifs et accroître l'étendue et la qualité des données probantes afin d'éclairer le triage aux soins intensifs.