Disseminated Melioidosis with Spinal Intraosseous Abscess.

Melioidosis is endemic in the State of Sabah, Malaysia. We report a case of a 34-year-old man with one-week history of fever and cough, three days history of diarrhoea and vomiting, which was associated with a loss of appetite and loss of weight for one-month. Clinically, he had hepatosplenomegaly and crepitation over his right lower zone of lung. Chest radiograph showed right lower lobe consolidation. Ultrasound abdomen showed liver and splenic abscesses. Ultrasound guided drainage of splenic abscess yielded Burkholderia pseudomallei. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lumbosacral confirmed right sacral intraosseous abscess after he developed back pain a week later. He received 6 weeks of intravenous antibiotics and oral co-trimoxazole, followed by 6 months oral co-trimoxazole and had full recovery.

Cost Effectiveness of Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Management of Colorectal Peritoneal Carcinomatosis.

BACKGROUND: Peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer is a stage 4 disease for which palliative chemotherapy has traditionally been considered the mainstay of treatment. Since the development of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) by Sugarbaker, this combined method treatment has resulted in improved survival outcomes with acceptable morbidity for selected patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. This study examined the cost effectiveness of CRS and HIPEC compared with palliative chemotherapy for patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal cancer within the context of the Singaporean health care system. METHODS: A retrospective review of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from histologically proven colorectal cancer treated at the National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS) was conducted. RESULTS: The average cost of CRS and HIPEC per patient was S$83,680.26, and the median overall survival period was 47 months. The calculated cost per life year attained for a patient who underwent CRS and HIPEC was S$21,365.19 per life year. In comparison, the average cost of palliative chemotherapy was S$44,478.87, with a median overall survival of 9 months, and the calculated cost per life year attained for a patient in this treatment group was S$59,305.16 per life year. CONCLUSION: The findings show that CRS and HIPEC results in prolonged survival for selected patients with colorectal peritoneal carcinomatosis and a lower cost per life year attained than for the traditionally used palliative chemotherapy. It should logically be the preferred treatment of choice for selected patients with colorectal peritoneal metastasis.

Repeat Cytoreductive Surgery and HIPEC for Peritoneal Surface Malignancy and Peritoneal Carcinomatosis.

BACKGROUND: Peritoneal-based malignancy (PBM), especially peritoneal carcinomatosis from gastrointestinal malignancies traditionally carries a poor prognosis. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intra-peritoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) have been shown to attain long median survival of 34-92 months and 5 year survival of 29-59% in patients with favorable histopathological subtypes. Recurrence after CRS and HIPEC poses a management dilemma. This paper evaluates our institution's experience with repeat CRS and HIPEC, its associated morbidity and outcomes. METHODS: One-hundred and thirty underwent CRS and HIPEC for PBM from April 2001 to June 2013. 49 had peritoneal recurrences, of which 24 had peritoneal only recurrence. 7 out of the 24 underwent a second CRS and HIPEC. RESULTS: Five females and two males with median age of 51 (37-63), underwent a second CRS and HIPEC. The primary malignancies were: 1 peritoneal mesothelioma, 3 appendiceal, 2 ovarian, and 1 colorectal cancers. Median peritoneal cancer indices for the initial and second CRS were 19 and 12, respectively. Completeness of cytoreduction score of 0 was achieved for all patients. Median hospitalization after second CRS and HIPEC was 12 days (7-60). 1 out of 7 (14%) experienced grade 3 or 4 post-operative complications. There was no 30-day or inpatient mortality. Median follow-up was 13 months (1-97). Median disease-free interval between the first CRS and HIPEC to peritoneal recurrence was 20 months (14-87). Median disease-free survival of 6 months (1-97) was achieved after the second CRS and HIPEC. Six patients remained alive without disease and one passed away with disease. Two had recurrences at 12 and 71 months after second CRS and HIPEC, 1 died and the other, still alive, went on to have a third CRS. CONCLUSION: Repeat CRS and HIPEC can achieve prolonged survival in selected patients with peritoneal-based malignancies, and can be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality.

Adjuvant hepatic intra-arterial iodine-131-lipiodol following curative resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to determine whether intrahepatic injection of (131)I-lipiodol (Lipiodol) is effective against recurrence of surgically resected hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: From June 2001 through March 2007, this nationwide multi-center prospective randomized controlled trial enrolled 103 patients 4-6 weeks after curative resection of HCC with complete recovery (52: Lipiodol, 51: Control). Follow-up was every 3 months for 1 year, then every 6 months. Primary and secondary endpoints were recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS), respectively, both of which were evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier technique and summarized by the hazard ratio (HR). The design was based on information obtained from a similar trial that had been conducted in Hong Kong. RESULTS: The Lipiodol group showed a small, and nonsignificant, improvement over control in RFS (HR = 0.75; 95 % confidence interval [95 % CI] 0.46-1.23; p = 0.25) and OS (HR = 0.88; 95 % CI 0.51-1.51; p = 0.64). Only two serious adverse events were reported, both with hypothyroidism caused by (131)I-lipiodol and hepatic artery dissection during angiography. CONCLUSIONS: The randomized trial provides insufficient evidence to recommend the routine use of (131)I-lipiodol in these patients.

Gefitinib, cisplatin, and concurrent radiotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer: EGFR FISH, protein expression, and mutational status are not predictive biomarkers.

BACKGROUND: Gefitinib was demonstrated to be synergistic with cisplatin and radiotherapy (RT) in in vitro studies. Biomarkers predictive of response to gefitinib in squamous cell head and neck cancer is still lacking. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with locally advanced and easily accessible primary tumor sites for biopsies were recruited. Gefitinib was started 3 weeks before the start of cisplatin/concurrent radiotherapy (CTRT) and continued during the CTRT phase and thereafter for 4 months as consolidation phase. Two baselines and a repeat tumor sample were taken after 2 weeks of gefitinib alone to study its impact on tumor gene expression. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein expression, FISH and mutational status, and matrix metallopeptidase 11 (MMP11) protein expression were correlated with response and survival outcome. RESULTS: The overall response rate to gefitinib alone was 9.7%. The survival outcome is as follows: median disease free 1.3 years, median survival time 2.4 years, 3-year disease free 42.9%, and 3-year overall survival 48.4%. EGFR FISH, protein expression, and mutational status did not predict for response nor survival outcome of patients. Although MMP11 overexpression did not predict for response, it predicted significantly for a poorer survival outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Gefitinib can be combined safely with cisplatin/RT. More studies are needed to uncover predictive biomarkers of benefit to gefitinib.

Randomised double-blind trial of megestrol acetate vs placebo in treatment-naive advanced hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. We tested megestrol acetate (MA) against placebo in the treatment of advanced HCC. METHODS: From 2002 through 2007, this randomised double-blind trial enrolled 204 patients with treatment-naive advanced HCC (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance rating of 0-3) from specialist care centres in six Asia-Pacific nations. Patients received placebo or MA (320 mg day(-1)). End points were overall survival (OS) and quality of life. RESULTS: An adverse but not statistically significant difference in OS was found for MA vs placebo: median values 1.88 and 2.14 months, respectively (hazard ratio (HR)=1.25, 95% CI=0.92-1.71, P=0.16). However, OS was similar among patients of good functional status (Child-Pugh A and ECOG 0, 1 or 2) (44.3%) in both treatment groups, with the adverse effect of MA confined to those of poor status. Megestrol acetate patients had a worse global health status (not statistically significant) but reduced levels of appetite loss and nausea/vomiting. CONCLUSION: Megestrol acetate has no role in prolonging OS in advanced treatment-naive HCC. Overall survival with placebo differed markedly from that in similar trials conducted elsewhere, suggesting therapeutic outcomes may be strongly dependent on ECOG status and Child-Pugh score.

Repurposing Proton Beam Therapy through Novel Insights into Tumour Radioresistance.

Despite improvements in radiotherapy, radioresistance remains an important clinical challenge. Radioresistance can be mediated through enhanced DNA damage response mechanisms within the tumour or through selective pressures exerted by the tumour microenvironment (TME). The effects of the TME have in recent times gained increased attention, in part due to the success of immune modulating strategies, but also through improved understanding of the downstream effects of hypoxia and dysregulated wound healing processes on mediating radioresistance. Although we have a better appreciation of these molecular mechanisms, efforts to address them through novel combination approaches have been scarce, owing to limitations of photon therapy and concerns over toxicity. At the same time, proton beam therapy (PBT) represents an advancement in radiotherapy technologies. However, early clinical results have been mixed and the clinical strategies around optimal use and patient selection for PBT remain unclear. Here we highlight the role that PBT can play in addressing radioresistance, through better patient selection, and by providing an improved toxicity profile for integration with novel agents. We will also describe the developments around FLASH PBT. Through close examination of its normal tissue-sparing effects, we will highlight how FLASH PBT can facilitate combination strategies to tackle radioresistance by further improving toxicity profiles and by directly mediating the mechanisms of radioresistance.

Clinical application of fluorescence endoscopic imaging using hypericin for the diagnosis of human oral cavity lesions.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of oral cancer is conventionally carried out using white light endoscopy and histopathology of biopsy samples. However, oral tumours are mostly superficial and the lesion and its margins can be difficult to visualise under white light. We present clinical data on fluorescence diagnostic imaging of oral lesions using hypericin, a plant-based photosensitiser. METHODS: Fluorescence images of lesions and normal tissue were captured using an endoscope after hypericin administration. The images were analysed to extract their colour parameters, which, along with the red-to-blue intensity ratios, were analysed and used to discriminate between tissue types. The results were correlated with those from histopathology. RESULTS: The red-to-blue intensity ratio increased from normal to hyperplastic to cancerous tissue and was a good parameter to discriminate between these tissue types, with sensitivity and specificity levels of 90% and above. CONCLUSION: Our results show that hypericin fluorescence imaging has the potential to be used for the clinical diagnosis of oral cancer. Further study to enhance the clinical potential of this technique includes the development of a real-time image processing and analysis system interfaced to the endoscope to enable same-day cancer diagnosis and demarcation of lesion margins in a clinical setting.

Mutational Signatures in Mandibular Ameloblastoma Correlate with Smoking.

Ameloblastoma is a rare tumor of odontogenic epithelium, the low incidence rate of which precludes statistical determination of its molecular characterizations. Despite recent genomic and transcriptomic profiling, the etiology of ameloblastomas remains poorly understood. Risk factors of ameloblastoma development are also largely unknown. Whole exome sequencing was performed on 11 mandibular ameloblastoma samples. We identified 2 convergent mutational signatures in ameloblastoma: 1) a signature found in multiple types of lung cancers with probable etiology of tobacco carcinogens (COSMIC signature 4) and 2) a signature present in gingivobuccal oral squamous cell carcinoma and correlated with tobacco-chewing habits (COSMIC signature 29). These mutational signatures highlight tobacco usage or related mutagens as one possible risk factor of ameloblastoma, since the association of BRAF mutations and smoking was demonstrated in multiple studies. In addition to BRAF hotspot mutations (V600E), we observed clear inter- and intratumor heterogeneities. Interestingly, prior to BRAF mutation, important genes regulating odontogenesis mutated (e.g., corepressor BCOR), possibly playing important roles in tumorigenesis. Furthermore, recurrent mutations in the CDC73 gene, the germline mutations of which predispose patients to the development of jaw tumors, were found in 2 patients, which may lead to recurrence if not targeted by therapeutic drugs. Our unbiased profiling of coding regions of ameloblastoma genomes provides insights to the possible etiology of mandibular ameloblastoma and highlights potential disease risk factors for screening and prevention, especially for Asian patients. Because of the limited sample size and incomplete habitual, dietary, and occupational data, a causal link between tobacco usage and ameloblastoma still requires further investigations.

Singapore's proposed graduate medical school--an expensive medical tutorial college or an opportunity for transforming Singapore medicine?

The proposed Graduate Medical School at the Outram Campus will open in 2007. The main value of this medical school is the transformation of the medical institutions in the campus and SingHealth into Academic Medical Centres. Such centres will train and host quality physicians and physician-scientists. It will help push the development of translational research, complementing the country's investment in Biopolis. It will also underpin Singapore's push into regional medical tourism and its development as an educational hub in the biomedical sciences.

Concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery in locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus: a single centre experience.

INTRODUCTION: Data on combined modality treatment for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus involving Asian patients are limited. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 56 consecutive patients with this condition treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery in a single tertiary institution in Singapore was performed. RESULTS: The median overall survival of the entire cohort was 14.1 months [95% confidence interval (CI); range, 8.6 to 19.6 months]. In patients who underwent successful oesophagectomy after chemoradiotherapy (n = 17), the median survival was 27.8 months compared to 9.8 months for those who did not have surgery (n = 39) (P = 0.046, log-rank test). The median time to first relapse for the entire cohort was 16.1 months (95% CI, 7.7 to 24.5 months). The time to first relapse was 23.9 months in the subgroup of patients with successful surgery and 12.1 months in the group which did not (P = 0.147, log-rank test). The high proportion of patients who were medically unfit for surgery or declined surgery may have conferred a selection bias. CONCLUSION: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery is feasible in selected patients. The benefit of adding of surgery to chemoradiotherapy is still controversial and we await the results of randomised controlled trials comparing chemoradiotherapy with surgery versus chemoradiotherapy alone.

Radical neck dissections for squamous carcinomas: pathological findings and their clinical implications with particular reference to transcapsular spread.

Two hundred fifty radical neck dissections, undertaken for mucosal squamous carcinomas of the head and neck, were reviewed with reference to pathological findings and their clinical implications. No major differences in descriptive surgical pathology were established between irradiated and non-irradiated resections. In general, irradiated dissections had lower total node counts and somewhat fewer nodal metastases involving a smaller number of different nodal groups. The topography of nodal deposits was similar in irradiated and non-irradiated resections. Palpable keratin granulomas (without intact tumor) were almost confined to irradiated patients. Transcapsular spread of tumor from involved lymph nodes was common: it was demonstrated in 160/188 'positive' dissections (85%) and was subclassified as 'macroscopic' in 90 and 'microscopic' in 70. The incidence and extent of transcapsular spread was similar in irradiated and nonirradiated resections. It was more frequently observed in association with large nodal masses but it was also regularly found with small nodal deposits less than 3 cm in diameter. Statistical analyses showed strong associations (p less than 0.0005) between the presence and/or extent of transcapsular spread and subsequent recurrence in the operated neck and overall survival. The predictive value of other clinical and pathological features vis-a-vis local neck recurrence such as numbers of involved nodal groups was weaker. Macroscopic transcapsulr spread emerges as the major prognostic factor for recurrent disease in the neck (p less than 0.0001). Attention is drawn to the advantages of accurate descriptive categories ('macroscopic', 'microscopic') for this critical prognostic feature.

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase induces cyclin D1 and Cdk-2 expression and phosphorylation of retinoblastoma in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies in Southeast Asia. Hyperphosphorylation of retinoblastoma (pRB) by cyclin/CDKs in G1/S transition is required for its inactivation and cell cycle progression. In the present study, we report that phosphorylation of pRB at Ser780 and Ser795 was detected in 71% (33 of 46) and 63% (29 of 46) of HCCs examined respectively. pRB protein was undetectable in 13% (6 of 46) of HCCs examined. Phosphorylated pRB was localized in the nuclei of hepatocarcinoma cells. Benign hepatocytes exhibited very weakly or no nuclear staining for phosphorylated pRB. Over-expression of E2F-1, cyclin D1, Cdk-2, Cdk-4 and cyclin A was found in 64% (30 of 46), 43% (26 of 46), 28% (11 of 46), 71% (33 of 46) and 63% (29 of 46) of HCCs examined respectively and this was correlated with elevation of ERK. Treatment of HepG2 cells with MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 resulted in cell cycle arrest, downregulation of cyclin D1 and Cdk-2 expression and inhibition of pRB phosphorylation at Ser780 and Ser795. Ectopic expression of activated MEK1 in HepG2 cells increased cyclin D1 and Cdk-2 expression, phosphorylation of pRB at Ser780 and Ser795, and percentage of cells in S phase. Our data indicate that activated ERK plays an important role in cyclin D1 and Cdk-2 expression and phosphorylation of pRB at Ser780 and Ser795 in liver cancer cells.

Anatomy of the accessory nerve and its cervical contributions in the neck.

Details of the course of the accessory nerve and the pattern of the cervical contributions to the nerve are essential for planning neck dissection. Based on a recent anatomic description, a technique was devised to preserve the distal accessory nerve; the theory advanced was that the trapezius was supplied by motor fibers from the cervical plexus, which join the accessory nerve in the posterior triangle. Dissections were performed on 23 cadavers to test such a theory. The course of the accessory nerve in the neck was mapped in each dissection, and landmarks for use during surgery determined. Cervical contributions to the nerve usually joined deep to the sternocleidomastoid, and not in the posterior triangle. Branches from the cervical plexus, independent of the accessory nerve, entered the trapezius in the posterior triangle. None of the bilateral dissections showed symmetry of the cervical contributions.

Invasion of the mandible by squamous carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx.

The radiologic and histologic features of mandibular invasion, and its clinical implications, are considered in a retrospective series of 111 patients with squamous carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx treated by composite resection. Eighty percent of the entire group had either recurrent or advanced (T3, T4) local disease, and 33 patients (30%) had histologic evidence of mandibular invasion by tumor. Preoperative radiologic assessment was unreliable in cases in which infiltrating tumor was confined to the periosteum and superficial cortex-44% false negatives. The extent of bone invasion was found to correlate with the size of the tumor, but not with its histologic grade. The mandibular periosteum was not seen as a morphologically discrete "barrier" and infiltration occurred at various points along the mandibular body, mainly related to the course of the inferior dental canal. The gross and microscopic patterns of bone invasion appeared to be similar in irradiated and nonirradiated resections. The incidence and pattern of recurrent disease following composite resection was the same in the groups with and without mandibular invasion: in each group half the patients were dead from disease and one third alive and free of disease at 2 years. Mandibular invasion alone did not appear to influence prognosis in this series.

Radioimmunoscintigraphy of squamous carcinomas of the head and neck.

A pilot study was carried out to assess the value of a radiolabeled antibody against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR1) in localizing tumors in patients with squamous carcinomas of the head and neck. Positive images of large tumours (greater than 3 cm diameter) were obtained in 8 of 11 patients after intravenous administration of 111indium-labeled EGFR1. Two patients gave equivocal results, while negative scans were obtained from the patient with the smallest tumor (1 cm diameter). There were no false-positive images. The success of this study in localizing relatively large squamous carcinomas indicates that the antibody should be evaluated in patients with smaller tumors to establish the limits of detection of the technique.

Management of inpatients exposed to an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS).

This is a prospective observational study of a cohort of inpatients exposed to a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak. Strict infection control policies were instituted. The 70 patients exposed to the SARS outbreak were isolated from the rest of the hospital. They were triaged, quarantined and cohorted in three open plan wards. Selective isolation was carried out immediately when symptoms and signs suspicious of SARS manifested clinically. The patients' ages ranged from 21 to 90 years and 56% had surgery before the quarantine. Sixteen patients with unexplained fever during the period of quarantine were isolated, seven of whom were eventually diagnosed with probable SARS. The crude incidence of SARS in our cohort was 10%. The SARS case fatality was 14%. No secondary transmission of the SARS virus within the cohort was observed. Strict infection control, together with appropriate triaging, cohorting and selective isolation, is an effective and practical model of intervention in cohorts exposed to a SARS outbreak. Such a management strategy eases the logistic constraints imposed by demands for large numbers of isolation facilities in the face of a massive outbreak.

Squamous carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

This study retrospectively analyzed 105 patients with squamous carcinoma of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. The primary tumor was located in the maxillary sinus in 65 patients (62 percent), the nasal cavity in 27 (26 percent), the ethmoid sinus in 11 (10 percent), and the sphenoid sinus in 2 (2 percent). Over half of the patients with antral cancer were treated with surgery and radiotherapy, whereas one-third of the remaining patients received combination therapy. Most procedures were radical, including sacrifice of the orbital contents in half of the surgically treated patients. The 5-year determinate cure rate was 45 percent for patients with nasal cavity tumors, 38 percent for those with maxillary sinus lesions, and 13 percent for those with ethmoid tumors. Local recurrence remains a major problem despite aggressive surgery and increased use of adjunctive radiotherapy.

Total glossectomy.

Total glossectomy is a procedure based on sound oncologic principles, and its usefulness may not be fully appreciated. Given the dimensions of the tongue and the need to obtain a wide margin of resection, this procedure may be indicated in selected T3 lesions and recurrences after irradiation. The procedure offers excellent palliation of pain, and form and function may be preserved by rim mandibulectomy when indicated. New reconstructive techniques allow for speedier recovery. Aspiration need not be a complication of total glossectomy if care is taken to preserve the superior laryngeal nerve. Speech rehabilitation plays an important role in returning these patients to their normal environment. Overall 1 and 3 year disease-free survival rates have been encouraging.

Transcapsular spread of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma from cervical lymph nodes.

The incidence, extent, and selected clinicopathologic correlations of transcapsular spread from metastatic tumor in the cervical lymph nodes have been investigated in 210 specimens obtained by radical neck dissection from 203 patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Transcapsular spread was detected in 137 of 159 (86 percent) positive specimens, and classified as macroscopic in 74 (54 percent) and microscopic in 63 (46 percent). Macroscopic transcapsular spread was seen most frequently in association with large nodal masses more than 3 cm in diameter (48 of 70 specimens, 69 percent), but also occurred in some specimens with smaller lymph nodes less than 3 cm in diameter (26 of 67 specimens, 39 percent). Anatomic structures most commonly invaded in areas of neck dissection with macroscopic spread from nodal metastases were skeletal muscle (39 dissections) and the adventitial coat of the internal jugular vein (27 dissections). Macroscopic transcapsular infiltration was associated with a high incidence (44 percent) of recurrent tumor in the ipsilateral neck, particularly within 12 months of surgery. Microscopic transcapsular growth was associated with a lower incidence (25 percent) of recurrent tumor in the ipsilateral neck but the difference did not reach statistical significance. Similar recurrence figures (32 percent) were found in the minority of patients whose nodal disease was intracapsular at the time of neck dissection. More precise definition of the morphologic extent of transcapsular spread could be important in clarifying its clinicopathologic correlations.