The lodging of crops by tornadoes.

It is well known that tornadoes passing over fields can cause significant damage to crops, and tornado tracks of fallen, or lodged, crops can extend for many hundreds of metres. An examination of photographic evidence of such events suggests that, at least for low speed EF0/EF1 events, lodging occurs beneath tornadoes primarily due to a strong radial flow (rather than circumferential flow) at the canopy surface. In order to investigate this effect further, a simple model of a tornado has been developed which, whilst fully satisfying the three dimensional Euler equations, models a circumferential flow at the edge of the tornado boundary layer near the ground, which becomes a radial flow as the ground is approached. This model is then used in a generalised model of lodging to predict lodging track widths and crop fall directions. It is shown that, when expressed in a suitably normalised form, both lodging width and crop fall direction are functions of a normalised translational velocity and a normalised crop lodging velocity. The lodging patterns are of two forms - a forward convergence (FC) where the cropfall converges on the tornado track in a forward direction, and a backward convergence (BC) where the convergence is in the opposite direction to tornado translations. Regions of FC and BC in the normalised parameter plane are calculated. These patterns are very similar to those observed in the field, which gives some confidence in the nature of the model. The model is then used to investigate the sensitivity of lodging width to crop and tornado parameters, and also to carry out a risk analysis to determine the probability distributions of lodging width for specified distributions of crop and tornado parameters.

Increased Risk of Progression to Gastric Adenocarcinoma in Patients with Non-dysplastic Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia Versus a Control Population.

AIM: In previous studies, the 5-year progression rate of gastric intestinal metaplasia to gastric adenocarcinoma has varied substantially. We investigated the incidence rate of dysplasia and gastric adenocarcinoma and the rate of progression among a cohort of patients with non-dysplastic gastric intestinal metaplasia. METHODS: This is a single-center, single-cohort retrospective study. Patients who had undergone an EGD with biopsies from 01/01/1993 to 12/31/2013 were included. The primary outcome of interest was the composite of low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, or adenocarcinoma. Time to progression and risk factor subgroup analyses were performed. RESULTS: A total of 1628 subjects were screened, of whom 358 met the inclusion criteria. A total of 21 first-time events were recorded. The annual incidence rate of low-grade dysplasia was 2.1 (95% CI 1.3-3.5) cases per 1000 person-years, 0.5 (95% 0.2-1.3) per 1000 person-years for high-grade dysplasia, and 0.8 (95% CI 0.3-1.6) cases per 1000 person-years for gastric adenocarcinoma. The historical control group had an annual adenocarcinoma incidence rate of 0.07 per 1000 person-years. The event rate in Asians was also noted to be significantly higher between years 0-8 as compared with patients of non-Asian race, and extensive intestinal metaplasia was an independent risk factor (HR = 4.06 (95% CI 1.45-11.34), p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with non-dysplastic gastric intestinal metaplasia may progress to dysplasia and gastric adenocarcinoma. The incidence rate of gastric adenocarcinoma is higher than that of the historical control population (0.07 per 1000 person-years). The presence of extensive intestinal metaplasia was a risk factor for progression of disease. Triennial EGD may be warranted in patients with non-dysplastic gastric intestinal metaplasia.

Simplified/Same Day(s)-GOLF as First-line Treatment of Metastatic Carcinoma of Unknown Primary (CUP), Suggestive of Pancreatobiliary Tumors.

BACKGROUND: Carcinoma of unknown primary represents a therapeutic challenge in oncological practice. Evidence lacks to support particular chemotherapy selection and empirical therapies are commonly extrapolated from data on patients where primary tumor site is known. Gemcitabine, Oxaliplatin, Leucovorin and 5-Fluorouracil was previously developed to treat pancreatic cancer. These agents have also demonstrated activities in other gastrointestinal malignancies. Considering promising anti-tumor effects of GOLF, we performed a retrospective study to investigate anti-tumor activity and safety of a simplified Gemcitabine, Oxaliplatin, Leucovorin and 5-Fluorouracil in patients with Carcinoma of unknown primary in whom immunohistostaining was suggestive of either upper gastrointestinal cancers or pancreatobiliary cancers. METHODS: This retrospective study included 18 patients recorded to have a diagnosis of Carcinoma of unknown primary between Aug 2010-Dec 2015, who received biweekly G 1000 mg/m2, O 85 mg/m2, L 200 mg/m2 and F 2400 mg/m2 over 46-h on day 1 with pegfilgrastim on day 3 every 14 days. IHC staining pattern favored upper GI origin, including stomach, bile duct or pancreas. Tumor assessments were repeated every 8 weeks. RESULTS: Median age was 67 years (range: 46-76), with ECOG PS<2, and 50% were women. Median number of cycles was 4 (range: 3-14). 7 partial responses were obtained (RR: 39%) and 7 achieved stable disease with overall disease control of 78%. Median time to tumor progression was 4 months (range: 2-9). 8 (44%) patients received liver-directed therapy and 1 underwent HIPEC (5%). Median survival time was 10.5 months (range: 6.7-14.5) and 1-year overall survival rate was 35%. Grade 3-4 toxicities included neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, nausea, diarrhea, mucositis and oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy. CONCLUSION: Simplified Gemcitabine, Oxaliplatin, Leucovorin and 5-Fluorouracil regimen appears to be feasible with promising activity for Carcinoma of unknown primary and deserves to be evaluated in future trials.

An update on the management of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are a rare and heterogeneous group of neoplasia and differ in their clinical presentation, behavior, and prognosis based on both histological features and cancer stage at the time of diagnosis. Although small-sized tumors can be surgically resected, locally advanced and metastatic tumors confer a poor prognosis. In addition, only limited treatment options are available to the latter group of patients with PNETs, such as hormonal analogs, cytotoxic agents, and targeted therapy. In selected patients, liver-directed therapies are also used. As expected, clinicians taking care of these patients are challenged to develop an effective and comprehensive treatment strategy for their patients amid a wide variety of treatment modalities. Targeted therapy for PNETs is limited to sunitinib and everolimus. Presently, a number of clinical studies are ongoing to assess the efficacy of newer targeted agents alone and in combination with previous agents for the treatment of advanced PNETs. The authors reviewed the current treatment and also discussed the emerging agents and emphasized the need to identify biomarkers.

Evaluating the Validity of an Automated Device for Asthma Monitoring for Adolescents: Correlational Design.

BACKGROUND: Symptom monitoring is a cornerstone of asthma self-management. Conventional methods of symptom monitoring have fallen short in producing objective data and eliciting patients' consistent adherence, particularly in teen patients. We have recently developed an Automated Device for Asthma Monitoring (ADAM) using a consumer mobile device as a platform to facilitate continuous and objective symptom monitoring in adolescents in vivo. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of the study were to evaluate the validity of the device using spirometer data, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), existing measures of asthma symptoms/control and health care utilization data, and to examine the sensitivity and specificity of the device in discriminating asthma cases from nonasthma cases. METHODS: A total of 84 teens (42 teens with a current asthma diagnosis; 42 without asthma) aged between 13 and 17 years participated in the study. All participants used ADAM for 7 consecutive days during which participants with asthma completed an asthma diary two times a day. ADAM recorded the frequency of coughing for 24 hours throughout the 7-day trial. Pearson correlation and multiple regression were used to examine the relationships between ADAM data and asthma control, quality of life, and health care utilization at the time of the 7-day trial and 3 months later. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to examine sensitivity and specificity based on the area under the curve (AUC) as an indicator of the device's capacity to discriminate between asthma versus nonasthma cases. RESULTS: ADAM data (cough counts) were negatively associated with forced expiratory volume in first second of expiration (FEV1) (r=-.26, P=.05), forced vital capacity (FVC) (r=-.31, P=.02), and overall asthma control (r=-.41, P=.009) and positively associated with daily activity limitation (r=.46, P=.01), nighttime (r=.40, P=.02) and daytime symptoms (r=.38, P=.02), and health care utilization (r=.61, P<.001). Device data were also a significant predictor of asthma control (ß=-.48, P=.003), quality of life (ß=-.55, P=.001), and health care utilization (ß=.74, P=.004) after 3 months. The ROC curve analysis for the presence of asthma diagnosis had an AUC of 0.71 (95% CI 0.58-0.84), which was significantly different from chance (χ(2) 1=9.7, P=.002), indicating the device's discriminating capacity. The optimal cutoff value of the device was 0.56 with a sensitivity of 51.3% and a specificity of 72.7%. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates validity of ADAM as a symptom-monitoring device in teens with asthma. ADAM data reflect the current status of asthma control and predict asthma morbidity and quality of life for the near future. A monitoring device such as ADAM can increase patients' awareness of the patterns of cough for early detection of worsening asthma and has the potential for preventing serious and costly future consequences of asthma.

Fluorescence spectroscopy as a tool for determining microbial quality in potable water applications.

Building on previous work where fluorescence spectroscopy has been used to detect sewage in rivers, a portable LED spectrophotometer was used for the first time to establish bacterial numbers in a range of water samples. A mixed-method approach was used with standard bacteria enumeration techniques on diluted river water and sewage works final effluent using a number of diluents (Ringer's solution, tap water and potable spring water). Fluorescence from uncultured dilutions was detected at a 280 nm excitation/360 nm emission wavelength (corresponding to the region of tryptophan and indole fluorescence) and compared with bacteria numbers on the same cultured sample. Good correlations were obtained for total coliforms, E. coli and heterotrophic bacteria with the portable LED spectrophotometer (R2 = 0.78, 0.72 and 0.81 respectively). The results indicate that the portable spectrophotometer could be applied to establish the quality of drinking water in areas of poor sanitation that are subject to faecal contamination, where infrastructure failure has occurred in the supply of clean drinking water. This would be particularly useful where laboratory facilities are not at hand.

A Multicenter Study of Left Ventricular Assist Device-Related Gastrointestinal Bleeding.

INTRODUCTION: Continuous left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) offer hemodynamic support in advanced and decompensated heart failure but are often complicated by gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) in medically fragile patients. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of 475 consecutive patients who underwent LVAD implantation at the Massachusetts General Hospital and Tufts Medical Center from 2008 to 2019 and identified 128 patients with clinically significant GIB. Clinical characteristics of each bleeding event, including procedures and interventions, were recorded. We examined LVAD patients with overt and occult presentations to determine diagnostic endoscopic yield and analyzed predictors of recurrent GIB. RESULTS: We identified 128 unique patients with LVAD implantation complicated by GIB. No significant difference was observed based on study center, underlying cardiomyopathy, race/ethnicity, serum indices, and medications used. Overt bleeders presented more commonly during LVAD implantation admission ( P = 0.001) than occult bleeders. Occult bleed presentations had only 1 lower and no middle GI bleed source identified, despite similar workups to overt bleeds. Destination therapy (e.g., among nontransplant candidates) LVAD implantation (odds ratio 2.38, 95% confidence interval 1.05-5.58) and a history of GIB (odds ratio 3.85, 95% confidence interval 1.29-12.7) were independently associated with an increased risk of recurrent GIB-related hospitalization. DISCUSSION: Our findings confirm a high rate of GIB, especially in destination LVAD patients, and show a low diagnostic yield for colonoscopy and middle GI bleed assessments in LVAD patients with occult bleeds. Overt bleeding was more common and associated with vascular malformations. Although endoscopic interventions stopped active hemorrhage, GIB often recurred.

A Rare Case of Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia of the Rectosigmoid Colon.

Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia is an uncommon mature B-cell lymphoma characterized by monoclonal immunoglobulin M protein in peripheral blood and lymphoplasmacytic cells in bone marrow and/or extramedullary sites. The gastrointestinal tract is a rare site of involvement. The diagnosis is based on clinicopathologic findings, although somatic mutations, such as MYD88, can aid in the diagnosis. We present a patient with irregular stools diagnosed with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia involving the rectosigmoid colon by histopathology and immunohistochemistry on colonic biopsies, immunoglobulin M protein in serum, clonal plasma cells in bone marrow, and MYD88 mutation in colonic and bone marrow specimens.

An Unusual Cause of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Cecal Dieulafoy's Lesion.

Colonic Dieulafoy's lesions are an exceptionally rare cause of lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. These lesions are almost exclusively found in the upper GI tract based on previous reviews. We present a case of an 81-year-old man who presented with melena progressing to hematochezia and was found to have a cecal Dieulafoy's lesion on colonoscopy. Hemostasis with clipping was achieved and allowed for the resumption of anticoagulation. This case demonstrates the importance of considering this diagnosis in lower GI bleeding when evidence of more common causes may not be present, especially considering these lesions amenability to endoscopic therapy.

Dubin-Johnson Syndrome Presenting During Cardiac Transplantation Evaluation.

Dubin-Johnson syndrome is a rare, benign disorder that results in conjugated hyperbilirubinemia. The disease manifests as intermittent jaundice without long-term hepatic or other clinical complications. This article reports a case of Dubin-Johnson syndrome, which was identified during cardiac transplant evaluation for cardiomyopathy secondary to a polyglycogen storage disease. The patient successfully underwent an orthotopic heart transplant. Postoperatively, her conjugated hyperbilirubinemia increased as compared to her baseline but resolved after several weeks. This report briefly reviews the hepatic manifestations in patients with Dubin-Johnson syndrome undergoing major surgery and highlights urinary coproporphyrin as a useful diagnostic test for Dubin-Johnson syndrome.

An Unusual Presentation of Primary Hepatic Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma of the Liver.

This report describes a case of primary hepatic diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in a 64-year-old male who presented with constitutional symptoms, jaundice, abdominal swelling, and right upper quadrant pain. The diagnosis was confirmed on percutaneous liver biopsy. Notably, there was no evidence of extra-hepatic involvement. The patient received methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide with good response but was lost to follow-up upon being transferred. This case highlights the importance of considering primary hepatic DLBCL in patients with unexplained abnormal liver tests and atypical imaging without solitary or discrete lesions, as this rare malignancy can present furtively.

Developing a New Computer-Aided Clinical Decision Support System for Prediction of Successful Postcardioversion Patients with Persistent Atrial Fibrillation.

We propose a new algorithm to predict the outcome of direct-current electric (DCE) cardioversion for atrial fibrillation (AF) patients. AF is the most common cardiac arrhythmia and DCE cardioversion is a noninvasive treatment to end AF and return the patient to sinus rhythm (SR). Unfortunately, there is a high risk of AF recurrence in persistent AF patients; hence clinically it is important to predict the DCE outcome in order to avoid the procedure's side effects. This study develops a feature extraction and classification framework to predict AF recurrence patients from the underlying structure of atrial activity (AA). A multiresolution signal decomposition technique, based on matching pursuit (MP), was used to project the AA over a dictionary of wavelets. Seven novel features were derived from the decompositions and were employed in a quadratic discrimination analysis classification to predict the success of post-DCE cardioversion in 40 patients with persistent AF. The proposed algorithm achieved 100% sensitivity and 95% specificity, indicating that the proposed computational approach captures detailed structural information about the underlying AA and could provide reliable information for effective management of AF.

Deciphering autoimmune pancreatitis, a great mimicker: case report and review of the literature.

Background. Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is an atypical chronic inflammatory pancreatic disease that appears to involve autoimmune mechanisms. In recent years, AIP has presented as a new clinical entity with its protean pancreaticobiliary and systemic presentations. Its unique pathology and overlap of clinical and radiological features and absence of serological markers foster the disease's unique position. We report a case of diffuse type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis with obstructive jaundice managed with biliary sphincterotomy, stent placement, and corticosteroids. A 50-year-old Caucasian woman presented to our hospital with epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice. Workup showed elevated liver function tests (LFT) suggestive of obstructive jaundice, MRCP done showed diffusely enlarged abnormal appearing pancreas with loss of normal lobulated contours, and IgG4 antibody level was 765 mg/dL. EUS revealed a diffusely hypoechoic and rounded pancreatic parenchyma with distal common bile duct (CBD) stricture and dilated proximal CBD and common hepatic duct (CHD). ERCP showed tight mid to distal CBD stricture that needed dilatation, sphincterotomy, and placement of stent that led to significant improvement in the symptoms and bilirubin level. Based on clinical, radiological, and immunological findings, a definitive diagnosis of AIP was made. Patient was started on prednisone 40 mg/day and she clinically responded in 4 weeks.

Automated Cough Assessment on a Mobile Platform.

The development of an Automated System for Asthma Monitoring (ADAM) is described. This consists of a consumer electronics mobile platform running a custom application. The application acquires an audio signal from an external user-worn microphone connected to the device analog-to-digital converter (microphone input). This signal is processed to determine the presence or absence of cough sounds. Symptom tallies and raw audio waveforms are recorded and made easily accessible for later review by a healthcare provider. The symptom detection algorithm is based upon standard speech recognition and machine learning paradigms and consists of an audio feature extraction step followed by a Hidden Markov Model based Viterbi decoder that has been trained on a large database of audio examples from a variety of subjects. Multiple Hidden Markov Model topologies and orders are studied. Performance of the recognizer is presented in terms of the sensitivity and the rate of false alarm as determined in a cross-validation test.

Developing time-frequency features for prediction of the recurrence of atrial fibrillation after electrical cardioversion therapy.

External electrical cardioversion has been used as a therapeutic option to terminate atrial fibrillation (AF) and restore sinus rhythm (SR). However, identifying patients who would benefit from this therapy is still an active area of research. In this study, we develop new time-frequency features to characterize the atrial activity (AA) and to predict the success of electrical cardioversion therapy by identifying the AF patients who will maintain SR in the long term. New features are extracted from the surface AA using a matching pursuit (MP) decomposition with various combinations of wavelet families. The performance of the features is validated using a dataset of AF patients who underwent electrical cardioversion therapy. Results indicate that the developed features are significantly (p-value <; 0.05) correlated with SR maintenance which suggests that the MP decomposition captures detailed morphological information of AA that may potentially be used to guide the therapy of AF patients.