[THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION IN MEDICINE OF THE LAST QUARTER OF XIX - FIRST HALF OF XX CENTURIES: REVISION OF CONCEPTS OF ETIOLOGY AND ESSENCE OF DISEASES].

The article presents results of analysis of handbooks of pathology of last quarter of XIX - first half of XX centuries testifying crucial revision of concepts of etiology and essence of diseases occurred during this historical period. In the etiology took place renunciation of rigid mechanistic causality in favor of concepts of multi-factorial and probabilistic determinism of diseases. The concepts of organism as passive victim of impact of environmental factors under occurrence and development of diseases were disproved. The doctrine of pathogenesis came into existence and received wide recognition. The disease became to be comprehended as not only totality of local damages of cells but primarily as complex feedback reaction of integral organism to alterations of conditions of external or internal environment having compensatory adaptable character and implementing by means of physiological self-regulation.

[The scientific revolution in medicine of last quarter of XIX - first half of XX centuries: New approaches to diagnostic and treatment of diseases].

The article considers changes in mass physician consciousness approaches to diagnostic and treatment of diseases occurred in the end of XIX-first half of XX centuries. It was the result of gaining a foothold in medicine of new view on organism as a procedural system and concepts of diseases as a complex feedback reaction of this system to unfavorable effect of environmental factors. It is demonstrated that the major change in diagnostic became refusal of traditional for XIX century orientation of diagnostic search exclusively on "clinical prediction of pathological picture" in favor of complex evaluation of state of ill person. The scale transformations in medical business affecting clinic of internal diseases and surgery disciplines resulted in that for the first time symptomatic therapy was replaced by comparatively effective ethiotropic and pathogenic treatment.

[THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION IN MEDICINE OF THE LAST QUARTER OF XIX-FIRST HALF OF XX CENTURIES. REPORT II. THE OUTSET OF REVISION OF MEDICAL SCIENCE].

The article affirms that onset of revision of picture of analyzed reality, methodological approaches to studying of vital activity of human organism and philosophical basics of medical science refers to 1878 and is related to publishing of "The course of general physiology" by French physiologist Claude Bernard. The implemented analysis of the text of this work permit to establish that C. Bernard undertook an attempt to introduce conception of human organism as a processing system being self-reproduced as. a result of interaction with environment due to mechanisms of self-regulation. The necessity was substantiated to make experiment the leading method of cognition of vital activity. The living wholeness (organism, cell) was proposed to be an object of experimentation. In this living wholeness its natural capacities to self-regulation of main vital processes can be preserved at its maximum. The new senses were introduced into ontological categories of thing, process, causality, portion and whole.

[THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION IN MEDICINE OF THE LAST QUARTER OF XIX-FIRST HALF OF XX CENTURIES. REPORT III. FROM K. BERNARD TO W. CANNON: ASSERTION OF NEW PICTURE OF OBSERVABLE REALITY].

The article presents main scientific discoveries" of the last quarter of XIX-first half of XX centuries ensuring that conceptions of human organism as opened self-regulative system became firmly established in physiology and medicine. It is demonstrated that decisive role in these processes played the transition into biology and medicine of fundamental ideas and concepts of physical chemistry, discovery of immune and endocrine systems, development of new conceptions of principles and concrete mechanisms of nervous regulation of physiologicalfunctions and creative generalization of total aggregate of new factual data by W Cannon in developed by him concept of homeostasis. The world-wide recognition of concept of homeostasis marked definitive establishment ofnew picture of observable reality in medicine.

[The scientific revolution in medicine of the last quarter of XIX-first half of XX centuries. Report I. The causes and mechanisms of scientific revolution].

The article describes the system of conceptions about subject of investigation in medicine and methods of research activities of physicians well-established by early 70s of XIX century. It is postulated that in the middle of 1870s in medicine occurred an objective need of entirely different from before vision of investigated reality, development and implementation of fundamentally new methodological approaches to its studying that by-turn initiated global scientific revolution in medicine of the last quarter of XIX-first half of XX centuries. It is substantiated that need of new vision of investigated reality became first of all a consequence of profound intra-disciplinary crisis related to awareness of fallibility of existed ideas of human organism and its vital activity. The second cause is two "paradigm inoculations" from biology which resulted in forced acceptance by physicians the extreme incompleteness and fallacy of their previous views concerning environment and essence of its effect on human organism.

[The contribution of T. Sydenham (1624-1689) to the formation of modern Western medicine (on the occasion of the 390th anniversary of his birth)].

The article is devoted to the contribution of the English physician T. Sydenham to the formation of modern Western medicine. Based on the analysis of his major works, the authors concluded that T. Sydenham's main merit was not the application of an empirical approach to studying human diseases, but the development of two theoretical concepts in the 1660s to 1680s, which introduced new ideas about the causes of diseases and epidemics. Recognition of T. Sydenham's ideas by the majority of the medical community led to a fundamental revision of the views on illnesses, to the emergence of qualitatively new approaches to the study, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of human diseases, by giving rise to a new subject of medical study, such as physical and social environmental factors in man along with his body in health and disease.

[The becoming of public medicine in the second half of XVIII-first half of XIX centuries. Report II. The development of public systems of training of medical manpower and charity provision to socially unprotected groups of population].

The present report considers the history of becoming of concept of medical police in second half of XVIII century. This concept became one of the most important instruments of public management in Austria, France, Prussia and Russia. Two directions of activity of public authorities in the area of implementation of medical police are discussed i.e. control of frauds and development of public systems of training of medical manpower and charity provision to socially unprotected groups of population. The historiographical data is presented concerning the development of public systems of training of medical manpower, reform of university medical education, implementation of hospital reform.

[The becoming of public medicine in the second half of XVIII--first half of XIX centuries: report. V. The main results of implementation of concept of medical police].

The article considers the main political, social, economic and scientific aftermath of practical realization of concept of medical police in late XVIII--seventieth years of XIX centuries. The issues of cardinal reformation of hygiene and its selection as an independent scientific discipline are analyzed in detail. The issues related to becoming of epidemiology are discussed too.

[The becoming of public medicine in the second half of XVIII-first half of XIX centuries. Report IV. The state-run activities supporting healthy conditions of life, nutrition and occupational activities].

The present report considers the activities of governmental authorities of European countries in the area of implementation of the concept of medical police. The target was to apply concrete activities concerning support of healthy conditions of life, nutrition and occupational activities of population of particular countries. The article considers the issues of application of sanitary education, sanitation and improvement of cities, liquidation of dumps, cemeteries and cesspits within the city limits, provision of population with sufficient amount of food and establishment of control of food quality, development and application of factory legislation, limitation of quarantine measures, implementation of specific measures of preventing diseases of smallpox and syphilis.

[From classification medicine to clinical medicine (the end of the XVIII century--1870s) communication 5. Reforms in therapy in 1840s-1860s].

Reforms of therapy in 1840-1860s are considered: development of the methods of objective assessment of efficacy of some methods of treatment, appearance of experimental pharmacology, introduction of anasthesia.

[The origination of preventive medicine in the process of reforming of practical medicine in XVII-XIX centuries: report three. The development and implementation of the new approach in investigating the epidemics and its role in the reformation of hygiene is discussed].

The present report considers the ideas of T. Sydenham regarding the causes and essence of epidemics and their role in origin of new methodological approach to studying epidemics. The corresponding issues of health maintenance and disease prevention are also discussed.

[The origination of preventive medicine in the process of reforming of practical medicine in XVII-XIX centuries: Report Two. The concepts of epidemics in the period of predominance of galenism].

The present report covers the complex of concepts of epidemics and measures of fighting them presented in the period of predominance of galenism.

[Refutation of traditional views of the disease and formation of the scientific basis of pathology (17-19th centuries)].

This paper focuses on the revision of disease concepts that prevailed during the Galenism era and the formation of the scientific basis of pathology at the time of two scientific revolutions of the 17-19th centuries.

[Reforms of practical medicine in the period of the first scientific revolutions (the XVII century - 70-ies of XVIII century). Communication 1. Therapeutic-diagnostic Galen's conception and failure of its practical use].

This communication outlines basic principles of Galen's therapeutic and diagnostic conception which dominated in medicine for 15 centuries, shows changes in the attitude of medical professionals to this conception as a result of discoveries of the first scientific revolution. Two leading trends in reforms of practical medicine in the XVII century are described.

[Reforms of practical medicine in the period of the first scientific revolution ( XVII century - 70-ies of XVIII century). Communication 2. Development and introduction of new therapeutic-diagnostic concept].

Reforms in practical medicine in the course of the first scientific revolution are described. This period indicates a rise of a principally novel therapeutic-diagnostic conception. Main lines of this conception are presented and consequences of its introduction are analysed.

[From classification medicine to clinical medicine (the end of the XVIII century - 1870s). Communication 4. Health care in the end of the XVIII century--first half of the XIX century].

This communication deals with problems in health care which existed in the end of the XVIII century--first half of the XIX century.

[From classificational medicine to clinical medicine (the end of the XVIII century to 1870s). Communication 3. The second stage of clinical medicine development: introduction of methods of laboratory experiment and chemical analysis].

The article concerns the end stage of clinical medicine establishment covering the period from early 1840s to the middle 1870s of the XIX century. Basic scientific achievements related to introduction into practical medicine of the methods of laboratory experiment and chemical analysis are reviewed.

[From classification medicine to clinical medicine (the end of the XVIII century--70-ies of the XIX century). Communication 1. Beginning of the new style of medical thinking (clinical thinking)].

This communication is devoted to appearance of a qualitatively different methodological approach to problems of practical medicine in 1890s. This approach gave rise to formation of a new style of medical thinking (clinical thinking) and development of clinical medicine.

[The scientific revolutions in medicine (XVII-first half of XIX centuries). Report II: the origins of conceptions about metabolism and cell as an elemental unit of life].

The investigation of the state and development of medicine in XVII-first half of XIX centuries permitted to came to the conclusion that despite the widespread opinion among the historians of medicine in that historical period two scientific revolutions occurred in the area of theoretical medicine too. The actual report is devoted to the history of development of concepts relating to the human body metabolism issues and to acknowledgment of the biological cell as a elemental unit of life.

[The scientific revolutions in medicine XVII-XIX centuries: the disproof of Galenism and developpment of scientific foundations of medicine. Report I. The discovery of blood circulation and system of absorbtion].

In the process of investigation of state and development of medicine in XVII-first half of XIX centuries the authors came to the conclusion that despite the widespread opinion among the historians of medicine in that period two scientific revolutions occurred and in the area of theoretical medicine too. The actual report is devoted to the history of revision of anatomical physiological concept of Galen in the course of first scientific revolution.