Correction to: An adolescent male with acute kidney injury: questions.

The authors regret that the name of the author Randall Craver was incorrectly rendered as "Randall Carver." The original article has been corrected.

Correction to: An adolescent male with acute kidney injury: answers.

The authors regret that the name of the author Randall Craver was incorrectly rendered as "Randall Carver." The original article has been corrected.

Nanostructured carbon beads--properties and biomedical applications.

In this study, amorphous carbonaceous nanoparticles were prepared by a simple hydrothermal process using glucose as precursor. The nearly perfect spherical particles (beads) with the dimensions in the range of 10-500 nm were obtained depending on the main process parameters (precursor concentration, temperature, and time). The particles size, surface morphology, structure, and composition have been examined by TEM, SEM, X-ray diffraction, XPS, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. These amorphous carbonaceous nanobeads (a-CNBs) have been found nontoxic in vitro with a variety of cultured cell lines. The size-dependent effect of a-CNBs addition on cell function has been observed. For example, a-CNBs can, in some cases, substantially increase interleukin-12 (IL-12) production by bone marrow dendritic cells. It has been further demonstrated that a-CNBs can be modified with fluorescent dye molecules or loaded with anti-cancer drugs for bioimaging or therapeutic purposes, respectively. The results of these tests and the strategies for the particle preparation and functionalization for biomedical applications have been discussed.