Improved diagnostic efficiency of CRC subgroups revealed using machine learning based on intestinal microbes.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common cancer that causes millions of deaths worldwide each year. At present, numerous studies have confirmed that intestinal microbes play a crucial role in the process of CRC. Additionally, studies have shown that CRC can be divided into several consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) based on tumor gene expression, and CRC microbiomes have been reported related to CMS. However, most previous studies on intestinal microbiome of CRC have only compared patients with healthy controls, without classifying of CRC patients based on intestinal microbial composition. RESULTS: In this study, a CRC cohort including 339 CRC samples and 333 healthy controls was selected as the discovery set, and the CRC samples were divided into two subgroups (234 Subgroup1 and 105 Subgroup2) using PAM clustering algorithm based on the intestinal microbial composition. We found that not only the microbial diversity was significantly different (Shannon index, p-value < 0.05), but also 129 shared genera altered (p-value < 0.05) between the two CRC subgroups, including several marker genera in CRC, such as Fusobacterium and Bacteroides. A random forest algorithm was used to construct diagnostic models, which showed significantly higher efficiency when the CRC samples were divided into subgroups. Then an independent cohort including 187 CRC samples (divided into 153 Subgroup1 and 34 Subgroup2) and 123 healthy controls was chosen to validate the models, and confirmed the results. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the divided CRC subgroups can improve the efficiency of disease diagnosis, with various microbial composition in the subgroups.

IGSF10 inhibits the metastasis of lung adenocarcinoma via the Spi-B/Integrin-ß1 signaling pathway.

IGSF10, a protein that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily, is involved in regulating the early migration of neurons that produce gonadotropin-releasing hormone and performs a fundamental function in development. Our previous study confirmed that the mRNA expression level of IGSF10 may be a protective prognosis factor for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients. However, the specific mechanisms of IGSF10 are still unclear. In this research, it was shown that the protein level of IGSF10 was down-modulated in LUAD tissues and had a link to the clinical and pathological characteristics as well as the patient's prognosis in LUAD. Importantly, IGSF10 regulates the metastatic ability of LUAD cells in vitro and in vivo. It was proven in a mechanistic sense that IGSF10 inhibits the capacity of LUAD cells to metastasize through the Spi-B/Integrin-ß1 signaling pathway. These findings gave credence to the premise that IGSF10 performed a crucial function in LUAD.

Correlation Between Impaired Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormones and Serum Uric Acid in Female Patients With Obesity and After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy.

OBJECTIVE: An alterable risk factor for hyperuricemia is obesity. Additionally, obese people may have a moderate form of acquired resistance to thyroid hormones. Thyrotropin, thyroid hormones, and obesity all interact subtly. However, the connection between thyroid hormone sensitivity and hyperuricemia in obese patients both before and after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) has not yet been clarified. The objective of our study was to investigate the connection between impaired thyroid hormone sensitivity and elevated uric acid (UA) levels before and after LSG. METHODS: In total, 1054 euthyroid patients with obesity (481 males, 573 females), 248 (143 female patients) of whom underwent subsequent LSG, were enrolled in this retrospective study. Anthropometric measurements and thyroid hormone and UA levels were taken before and 3 months after LSG. RESULTS: Female patients with obesity with impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormones had higher UA levels (P for trend <.01). The odds ratio of the fourth vs first quartile of thyroid feedback quantile index, thyrotropin index, and thyrotropin-thyroxine resistance index were 4.285 (confidence interval: 1.360-13.507), 3.700 (confidence interval: 1.276-10.729), and 2.839 (confidence interval: 1.014-7.948), respectively, with robust relationships with female hyperuricemia (all P < .05). However, there was only a positive correlation between the decline in UA levels and thyroid feedback quantile index, thyrotropin, and thyrotropin-thyroxine resistance index in female patients following LSG. CONCLUSION: Female hyperuricemia is correlated with higher thyroid hormone resistance index scores. Resistance to thyroid hormones was greatly improved by LSG. The decrease in UA levels after surgery is correlated with the improvement of thyroid hormone resistance after LSG.

Association of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level with risk of stress urinary incontinence in women: a retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Studies have found that high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are linked to a variety of diseases. However, evidence for the relationship between stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and HDL-C remain limited. METHODS: 590 eligible women were enrolled. Basic characteristic, gynecological examinations and blood sampling were collected. The examination of the possible link between HDL-C and SUI was done using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Feature importance ranking and Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed to further evaluate the association between HDL-C and SUI in women. RESULTS: A significant association was found between HDL-C and SUI in women, revealing higher HDL-C levels were related to a lower risk of SUI (OR 0.238; 95%CI: 0.091-0.623; P < 0.01) after adjustment for potential key confounders. The AUC for the SUI predicted by the combined HDL-C was 0.845 (95%CI: 0.798-0.891, P < 0.001). The feature importance ranking revealed that vaginal delivery, HDL-C were the top two important factors. CONCLUSIONS: HDL-C levels were correlated with the development of SUI. In addition to physical and surgical treatments, HDL-C may offer the possibility of potential targeted treatment and prevention of SUI afterwards.

Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing emergence delirium in children under general anesthesia: A scoping review.

PROBLEM: The phenomenon of emergence delirium in pediatric patients undergoing general anesthesia has garnered increasing attention in the academic community. While formal non-pharmaceutical interventions have demonstrated efficacy in mitigating this phenomenon, the diversity of intervention types and their varying degrees of effectiveness necessitate further discussion. A scoping review was conducted to identify and explicate the categorization, content elements, and outcomes measures of non-pharmacological interventions utilized to forestall the onset of emergence delirium in children undergoing general anesthesia. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: This review was conducted in accordance with the Arksey and O'Malley's methodology framework and PRISMA-ScR. It encompassed experimental and quasi-experimental studies that involved any non-pharmacological interventions during the perioperative period to prevent emergence delirium in children aged 0 to 18 years undergoing general anesthesia for elective surgery. SAMPLE: Thirty-two articles met the inclusion criteria, of which 29 were randomized controlled trials. The total sample size of the population was 4633. RESULTS: The scoping review revealed 10 non-pharmacological interventions, that included distraction intervention, visual preconditioning, virtual reality, parental participation, maternal voice, light drinking, acupuncture, auditory stimulation, monochromic light and breathing training. Emergence delirium, preoperative anxiety, and postoperative pain were the primary outcomes, and four assessment instruments were employed to measure the extent and incidence of emergence delirium. CONCLUSION: Numerous non-pharmacological interventions have been employed to prevent emergence delirium. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of some interventions is not yet evident. IMPLICATIONS: The utilization of visual preconditioning and distraction interventions appears to be an emerging area of interest.

Network Pharmacology and Transcriptomics to Explore the Pharmacological Mechanisms of 20(S)-Protopanaxatriol in the Treatment of Depression.

Depression is one of the most common psychological disorders nowadays. Studies have shown that 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) can effectively improve depressive symptoms in mice. However, its mechanism needs to be further explored. In this study, we used an integrated approach combining network pharmacology and transcriptomics to explore the potential mechanisms of PPT for depression. First, the potential targets and pathways of PPT treatment of depression were screened through network pharmacology. Secondly, the BMKCloud platform was used to obtain brain tissue transcription data of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model mice and screen PPT-altered differential expression genes (DEGs). Gene ontology (GO) analysis and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were performed using network pharmacology and transcriptomics. Finally, the above results were verified by molecular docking, Western blotting, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). In this study, we demonstrated that PPT improved depression-like behavior and brain histopathological changes in CUMS mice, downregulated nitric oxide (NO) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, and elevated serum levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) after PPT treatment compared to the CUMS group. Eighty-seven potential targets and 350 DEGs were identified by network pharmacology and transcriptomics. Comprehensive analysis showed that transthyretin (TTR), klotho (KL), FOS, and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-AKT) signaling pathway were closely associated with the therapeutic effects of PPT. Molecular docking results showed that PPT had a high affinity for PI3K, AKT, TTR, KL, and FOS targets. Gene and protein level results showed that PPT could increase the expression of PI3K, phosphorylation of PI3K (p-PI3K), AKT, phosphorylation of AKT (p-AKT), TTR, and KL and inhibit the expression level of FOS in the brain tissue of depressed mice. Our data suggest that PPT may achieve the treatment of depression by inhibiting the expression of FOS, enhancing the expression of TTR and KL, and modulating the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway.

Kinetics, mechanism, and application of sodium persulfate activated by sodium hydroxide for removing 1,2-dichloroethane from groundwater.

1,2-Dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) is a common compound found in groundwater contaminated with organics. This compound is difficult to remove from groundwater and has the potential to inflict significant harm on human health and the environment. This study used sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8) activated by sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to remove 1,2-DCA from aqueous solutions. Density functional theory was employed to calculate the potential energy surface of the reactants, intermediates, transient states, and products to thoroughly analyze the degradation pathways. The computations were performed in combination with in situ remediation of a 1,2-DCA plume from a point source to verify the industrial applicability of the technology. The results showed the 1,2-DCA removal efficiency was impacted considerably by the Na2S2O8 dosage and the dosing sequence of Na2S2O8 and NaOH, with the mean removal ratio reaching 96.24%. A free radical reaction was the main pathway of 1,2-DCA degradation; superoxide radical (O2•-) existed stably and played a key role in the reaction, and the main transformation proceeded via a vinyl chloride intermediate. The maximum removal of 1,2-DCA reached 91.79% in the in situ remediation. The developed technology exhibits important advantages in enabling flexible control over chemical dosages, long durations of effective activity, and rapid full-cycle remediation.

Helper-Polymer Based Five-Element Nanoparticles (FNPs) for Lung-Specific mRNA Delivery with Long-Term Stability after Lyophilization.

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) carrying therapeutic mRNAs hold great promise in treating lung-associated diseases like viral infections, tumors, and genetic disorders. However, because of their thermodynamically unstable nature, traditional LNPs carrying mRNAs need to be stored at low temperatures, which hinders their prevalence. Herein, an efficient lung-specific mRNA delivery platform named five-element nanoparticles (FNPs) is developed in which helper-polymer poly(ß-amino esters) (PBAEs) and DOTAP are used in combination. The new strategy endows FNPs with high stability by increasing the charge repulsion between nanoparticles and the binding force of the aliphatic chains within the nanoparticles. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) shows that PBAEs with E1 end-caps, higher degrees of polymerization, and longer alkyl side chains exhibit higher hit rates. Lyophilized FNP formulations can be stably stored at 4 °C for at least 6 months. Overall, a novel delivery platform with high efficiency, specificity, and stability was developed for advancing mRNA-based therapies for lung-associated diseases.

RanBP2/Nup358 Mediates Sumoylation of STAT1 and Antagonizes Interferon-α-Mediated Antiviral Innate Immunity.

Type I interferon (IFN-I)-induced signaling plays a critical role in host antiviral innate immune responses. Despite this, the mechanisms that regulate this signaling pathway have yet to be fully elucidated. The nucleoporin Ran Binding Protein 2 (RanBP2) (also known as Nucleoporin 358 KDa, Nup358) has been implicated in a number of cellular processes, including host innate immune signaling pathways, and is known to influence viral infection. In this study, we documented that RanBP2 mediates the sumoylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) and inhibits IFN-α-induced signaling. Specifically, we found that RanBP2-mediated sumoylation inhibits the interaction of STAT1 and Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), as well as the phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of STAT1 after IFN-α stimulation, thereby antagonizing the IFN-α-mediated antiviral innate immune signaling pathway and promoting viral infection. Our findings not only provide insights into a novel function of RanBP2 in antiviral innate immunity but may also contribute to the development of new antiviral therapeutic strategies.

Poly(beta-amino ester)-Based Nanoparticles Enable Nonviral Delivery of Base Editors for Targeted Tumor Gene Editing.

Base editing is an emerging genome editing technology with the advantages of precise base corrections, no double-strand DNA breaks, and no need for templates, which provides an alternative treatment option for tumors with point mutations. However, effective nonviral delivery systems for base editors (BEs) are still limited. Herein, a series of poly(beta-amino esters) (PBAEs) with varying backbones, side chains, and end caps were synthesized to deliver plasmids of BEs and sgRNA. Efficient transfection and base editing were achieved in HEK-293T-sEGFP and U87-MG-sEGFP reporter cell lines by using lead PBAEs, which were superior to PEI and lipo3k. A single intratumor injection of PBAE/pDNA nanoparticles induced the robust conversion of stopped-EGFP into EGFP in mice bearing xenograft glioma tumors, indicating successful gene editing by ABEmax-NG. Overall, these results demonstrated that PBAEs can efficiently deliver BEs for tumor gene editing both in vitro and in vivo.

miR-126-5p Targets SP1 to Inhibit the Progression of Parkinson's Disease.

BACKGROUND: At present, symptomatic treatment may improve the life quality of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients to a certain extent but cannot completely cure PD. Therefore, it is urgent medical problem to be solved for improving the efficacy and safety of PD treatment. METHODS: SH-SY5Y and SK-N-SH cells were treated with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) to establish PD model cells. miR-126-5p and specific protein-1 (SP1) expression levels were detected by quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR). Western blot was applied to measure protein levels of SP1, Bax, and Bcl-2. The viabilities and apoptosis rates of treated cells were measured using cell counting kit-8 assay and flow cytometry analysis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to measure TNF-α and IL-1ß releases. Interaction between miR-126-5p and SP1 was examined by dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS: MPP+ treatment greatly downregulated miR-126-5p expression while upregulated SP1 expression in SH-SY5Y and SK-N-SH cells in a time- and does-dependent manner. Overexpression of miR-126-5p facilitated cell viability, while reduced cell apoptosis and inflammatory responses induced by MPP+ treatment. Moreover, SP1 was a target of miR-126-5p and could be negatively regulated by miR-126-5p. Overexpression of SP1 could reverse the effects of miR-126-5p on MPP+-administrated cells. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that miR-126-5p attenuated the neurotoxicity induced by MPP+ in vitro through targeting SP1 (Graphical abstract), which further enhanced our understanding of the pathological mechanism of PD.

Antidepressant effects of total alkaloids of Fibraurea recisa on improving corticosterone-induced apoptosis of HT-22 cells and chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depressive-like behaviour in mice.

CONTEXT: Fibraurea recisa Pierre. (Menispermaceae) (FR) is a traditional Chinese medicine known as "Huangteng." The total alkaloids of FR (AFR) are the main active ingredients. However, the pharmacological effects of AFR in the treatment of depression have not been reported. OBJECTIVES: This study investigates the antidepressant effects of AFR by network pharmacology and verification experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Compound-Target-Pathway (C-P-T) network of FR and depression was constructed through network pharmacology. In vitro, HT-22 cells were treated with corticosterone (CORT) solution (0.35 mg/mL), then AFR (0.05 mg/mL) solution and inhibitor AZD6244 (14 µM/mL) or BAY11-7082 (10 µM/mL) were added, respectively. The cell viability was detected by CCK-8. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice were divided into 5 groups, namely the normal group, the CUMS group, the AFR (400 mg/kg) group, and the 2 groups that were simultaneously administered the inhibitory group AZD6244 (8 mg/kg) and BAY11-7082 (5 mg/kg). Western blotting was used to assess the expression level of the proteins. RESULTS: AFR could protect HT-22 cells from CORT-induced damage and increase the cell viability from 49.12 ± 3.4% to 87.26 ± 1.5%. Moreover, AFR significantly increased the levels of BDNF (1.3, 1.4-fold), p-ERK (1.4, 1.2-fold) and p-CERB (1.6, 1.3-fold), and decreased the levels of NLRP3 (11.3%, 31.6%), ASC (19.2%, 34.2%) and caspase-1 (18.0%, 27.6%) in HT-22 cells and the hippocampus, respectively. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: AFR can improve depressive-like behaviours and can develop drugs for depression treatment. Further studies are needed to validate its potential in clinical medicine.

Particulate matter 2.5 induced bronchial epithelial cell injury via activation of 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-mediated autophagy.

The impact of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) on the respiratory system is a worldwide concern. However, the mechanisms by which PM2.5 causes disease are still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of PM2.5 on autophagy and studied the effect of PM2.5-induced autophagy and 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) on cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and airway inflammation using human bronchial epithelial cells 16HBE140 cells. Results showed that exposure of cells to PM2.5 at a concentration of 100 µg/mL for 24 hours was most effective for inhibiting cell viability. PM2.5 induced cell arrest in the G0/G1 phase and increased mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS, and cell apoptosis with increasing concentration. PM2.5 downregulated cyclin D and matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) expression but upregulated tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) expression, significantly promoted interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production, and enhanced the level and activation of AMPK. The levels of autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5), Beclin-1, and LC3II/I were significantly increased by PM2.5. The activation of Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1 was significantly inhibited by PM2.5. Moreover, ATG5 knockdown inhibited PM2.5-induced autophagy, ROS, and cell apoptosis significantly. The expression of cyclin D, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 was reversed by ATG5 suppression. PM2.5-induction of IL-6 and TNF-α was significantly inhibited by knockdown of ATG5. Thus, inhibition of autophagy protected the cells from PM2.5-induced injury. PM2.5 induced injury in human bronchial epithelial cells via activation of AMPK-mediated autophagy, suggesting possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of respiratory diseases.

Construction of small molecular CTLA4 analogs with CD80-binding affinity.

A variety of CTLA4-Fc fusion proteins and anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody have been approved. Given the shortcomings of macromolecular antibodies, recombinant proteins derived from the tenth unit of human type III fibronectin (FN3) termed monobody were studied as CTLA4 analogs in this study. A peptide EL161 derived from CD80-binding domain (MYPPPY motifs) in the complementarity determining region (CDR) 3 of CTLA4 was found to inhibit the interaction of CTLA4 with CD80 significantly. Afterward, the peptide EL16 as well as the CDR1 of CTLA4 which is also critical for its binding to CD80 were grafted onto FN3 and obtained a novel CD80 binding monobody protein CFN13.2 CFN13 showed 80% binding affinity compared to CTLA4. In addition, to increase the half-life, CFN13 was fused to human IgG1 Fc to generate CFN13-Fc fusion protein. As expected, CFN13-Fc bound to CD80 in a dosage-dependent manner as CFN13 did, and displayed 41.0% and 31.4% inhibition on the interaction of CTLA4-Fc with CD80 at 200 µg/ml and 100 µg/ml respectively. Moreover, peptide EL16 could inhibit CFN13-Fc binding to CD80 significantly, with the inhibition ratio of 64.3% and 52.8% at 100 and 50 µg/ml respectively, indicating that the peptide EL16 and CFN13-Fc shared the similar binding sites with CD80 and the CDR3 motif of CTLA4 contributed more than CDR1 in binding to CD80. In summary, our study provides insights into small molecular analogs of CTLA4.

Spike-Based Winner-Take-All Computation: Fundamental Limits and Order-Optimal Circuits.

Winner-take-all (WTA) refers to the neural operation that selects a (typically small) group of neurons from a large neuron pool. It is conjectured to underlie many of the brain's fundamental computational abilities. However, not much is known about the robustness of a spike-based WTA network to the inherent randomness of the input spike trains. In this work, we consider a spike-based k-WTA model wherein n randomly generated input spike trains compete with each other based on their underlying firing rates and k winners are supposed to be selected. We slot the time evenly with each time slot of length 1 ms and model the n input spike trains as n independent Bernoulli processes. We analytically characterize the minimum waiting time needed so that a target minimax decision accuracy (success probability) can be reached. We first derive an information-theoretic lower bound on the waiting time. We show that to guarantee a (minimax) decision error ≤δ (where δ∈(0,1)), the waiting time of any WTA circuit is at least [Formula: see text]where R⊆(0,1) is a finite set of rates and TR is a difficulty parameter of a WTA task with respect to set R for independent input spike trains. Additionally, TR is independent of δ, n, and k. We then design a simple WTA circuit whose waiting time is [Formula: see text]provided that the local memory of each output neuron is sufficiently long. It turns out that for any fixed δ, this decision time is order-optimal (i.e., it matches the above lower bound up to a multiplicative constant factor) in terms of its scaling in n, k, and TR.

The impact of outdoor air pollutants on outpatient visits for respiratory diseases during 2012-2016 in Jinan, China.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated the associations between outdoor air pollution and outpatient visits for respiratory diseases (RDs) in general population. METHODS: We collected daily outpatient data of primary RDs from five hospitals in Jinan during January 2012 and December 2016, as well as daily measurements of air pollutants from the Jinan Environmental Monitoring Center and daily meteorological variables from the China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System. A generalized additive model (GAM) with quasi-Poisson regression was constructed to estimate the associations between daily average concentrations of outdoor air pollutants (PM2.5,PM10, SO2, NO2, CO and O3) and daily outpatient visits of RDs after adjusting for long-time trends, seasonality, the "day of the week" effect, and weather conditions. Subgroup analysis stratified by gender, age group and the type of RDs was conducted. RESULTS: A total of 1,373,658 outpatient visits for RDs were identified. Increases of 10 µg/m3 in PM2.5, PM10, NO2, CO and O3 were associated with0.168% (95% CI, 0.072-0.265%), 0.149% (95% CI, 0.082-0.215%), 0.527% (95% CI, 0.211-0.843%), 0.013% (95% CI, 0.003-0.023%), and 0.189% (95% CI, 0.032-0.347%) increases in daily outpatient visits for RDs, respectively. PM2.5 and PM10 showed instant and continuous effects, while NO2, CO and O3 showed delayed effects on outpatient visits for RDs. In stratification analysis, PM2.5 and PM10 were associated with acute RDs only. CONCLUSIONS: Exposure to outdoor air pollutants including PM2.5, PM10, NO2, CO and O3 associated with increased risk of outpatient visits for RDs.

Physical Stability of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: a Physicochemical Perspective with Thermodynamic, Kinetic and Environmental Aspects.

PURPOSE: Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have been widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for solubility enhancementof poorly water-soluble drugs. The physical stability, however, remainsone of the most challenging issues for the formulation development.Many factors can affect the physical stability via different mechanisms, and therefore an in-depth understanding on these factors isrequired. METHODS: In this review, we intend to summarize the physical stability of ASDsfrom a physicochemical perspective whereby factors that can influence the physical stability areclassified into thermodynamic, kinetic and environmental aspects. RESULTS: The drug-polymer miscibility and solubility are consideredas the main thermodynamicfactors which may determine the spontaneity of the occurrence of the physical instabilityof ASDs. Glass-transition temperature,molecular mobility, manufacturing process,physical stabilityof amorphous drugs, and drug-polymerinteractionsareconsideredas the kinetic factors which areassociated with the kinetic stability of ASDs on aging. Storage conditions including temperature and humidity could significantly affect the thermodynamicand kineticstabilityof ASDs. CONCLUSION: When designing amorphous solid dispersions, it isrecommended that these thermodynamic, kinetic and environmental aspects should be completely investigatedand compared to establish rationale formulations for amorphous solid dispersions with high physical stability.

[Research in technical regulations for production of pollution-free Chinese herbal medicines].

Aimed to solve the issues of pesticide residue, heavy metal contents and harmful elements in the productive process of Chinese herbal medicines, the research team built the technical regulations for production of pollution-free Chinese herbal medicines. This regulation included the environment of production area, the process of production, quality of products etc., which were the key steps controlled the quality of Chinese herbal medicines. The environment of production area was selected according to the ecological factors which were stipulated by Ecological Suitability Regionalization of Chinese herbal medicines (second edition). The quality of air should be attain the one or two levels of GB/T3095-2012 standard values. The cultivation soils should reach to the one or two levels of GB15618 and NY/T391 standard values. The quality of irrigation water should accord with the stipulation of GB5084-2005. Aimed to the production of Chinese herbal medicines, disease-resistant and superior varieties which were suitable to the local stations should be selected, and the breeding of superior seeds and seedlings should be strengthened. Additionally, rational fertilizer application of pollution-free Chinese herbal medicines should be conformed to the principles, requirements, and the kinds of fertilizers allowed or limited for use, which were stipulated by the standard of DB13/T454. Furthermore, the plant protection policy of priority to prevention and synthetical prevention should be followed; improving ecological environment and strengthening cultivation management should be served as the basics. Agricultural measures, and biological and physical control strategies should be preferred to use; and high toxicity, residue pesticide and its mixture should be inhibited; the use of chemical pesticides should be minimized and then to decrease contamination and residue. Additionally, the quality of products should be reached to the standard of pollution-free Chinese herbal medicines; high toxicity and detection rate of pesticide residues and the contents of heavy metal and harmful elements (e.g. plumbum, cadmium, mercury, arsenic and cuprum) should accord with the common criteria of pollution-free Chinese herbal medicines. Application of technical regulations for production of pollution-free Chinese herbal medicines guarantees significantly social, economic and ecological benefits.

Dysbiosis of the fecal microbiota in the TNBS-induced Crohn's disease mouse model.

Crohn's disease (CD) is characterized by chronic transmural inflammation. The symptom of the mice model induced by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) is closed to human under CD condition, so this kind of animal is widely used in the related researches. Although the dysbiosis of the fecal microbiota has been proved to play an important role in the patients with CD, the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota in the mouse model under disease condition is still unclear. In the current study, male 7-week BALB/c mice were anesthetized and intrarectal administrated by ethanol (ET group), TNBS in ethanol (TN group), and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (CK group) as control. The symptoms of individuals under the CD condition were observed, and the changes of the bacterial taxonomic structure and functional composition were revealed by next-generation sequencing (NGS) 16S sequencing. The BALB/c mice in TN group demonstrated CD-like symptoms and the damages in the intestinal tract. The NGS 16S results exhibited that the diversity and microbial composition under CD condition are significantly different with those in ET group. The KEGG Orthology (KO) profile were generated from PICRUSt, and function modules such as methanogenesis (M00347) and microcin C transport system (M00349) were found enriched in the individuals in the TN group. This study proved that mouse model induced by TNBS could develop the similar symptom to CD patient, and we firstly showed the significant intestinal microbe changes on both taxonomic structure and functional composition in this mouse model.

A potent bioreducible ionizable lipid nanoparticle enables siRNA delivery for retinal neovascularization inhibition.

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is emerging as a promising treatment for retinal neovascularization due to its specific inhibition of the expression of target genes. However, the clinical translation of siRNA drugs is hindered by the efficiency and safety of delivery vectors. Here, we describe the properties of a new bioreducible ionizable lipid nanoparticle (LNP) 2N12H, which is based on a rationally designed novel ionizable lipid called 2N12B. 2N12H exhibited degradation in response to the mimic cytoplasmic glutathione condition and ionization with a pKa value of 6.5, which remaining neutral at pH 7.4. At a nitrogen to phosphorus ratio of 5, 2N12H efficiently encapsulated and protected siRNA from degradation. Compared to the commercial vehicle Lipofectamine 2000, 2N12H demonstrated similar silencing efficiency and improved safety in the in vitro cell experiments. 2N12H/siVEGFA reduced the expression of VEGFA in retinal pigment epithelium cells and mouse retina, consequently suppressing cell migration and retinal neovascularization. In the mouse model, the therapeutic effect of 2N12H/siVEGFA was comparable to that of the clinical drug ranibizumab. Together, these results suggest the potential of this novel ionizable LNP to facilitate the development of nonviral ocular gene delivery systems.