Multiple transgressions of Wallace's Line explain diversity of flightless Trigonopterus weevils on Bali.

The fauna of Bali, situated immediately west of Wallace's Line, is supposedly of recent Javanese origin and characterized by low levels of endemicity. In flightless Trigonopterus weevils, however, we find 100% endemism for the eight species here reported for Bali. Phylogeographic analyses show extensive in situ differentiation, including a local radiation of five species. A comprehensive molecular phylogeny and ancestral area reconstruction of Indo-Malayan-Melanesian species reveals a complex colonization pattern, where the three Balinese lineages all arrived from the East, i.e. all of them transgressed Wallace's Line. Although East Java possesses a rich fauna of Trigonopterus, no exchange can be observed with Bali. We assert that the biogeographic picture of Bali has been dominated by the influx of mobile organisms from Java, but different relationships may be discovered when flightless invertebrates are studied. Our results highlight the importance of in-depth analyses of spatial patterns of biodiversity.

Integrative taxonomy on the fast track - towards more sustainability in biodiversity research.

BACKGROUND: A so called "taxonomic impediment" has been recognized as a major obstacle to biodiversity research for the past two decades. Numerous remedies were then proposed. However, neither significant progress in terms of formal species descriptions, nor a minimum standard for descriptions have been achieved so far. Here, we analyze the problems of traditional taxonomy which often produces keys and descriptions of limited practical value. We suggest that phylogenetics and phenetics had a subtle and so far unnoticed effect on taxonomy leading to inflated species descriptions. DISCUSSION: The term "turbo-taxonomy" was recently coined for an approach combining cox1 sequences, concise morphological descriptions by an expert taxonomist, and high-resolution digital imaging to streamline the formal description of larger numbers of new species. We propose a further development of this approach which, together with open access web-publication and automated pushing of content from journal into a wiki, may create the most efficient and sustainable way to conduct taxonomy in the future. On demand, highly concise descriptions can be gradually updated or modified in the fully versioned wiki-framework we use. This means that the visibility of additional data is not compromised, while the original species description -the first version- remains preserved in the wiki, and of course in the journal version. A DNA sequence database with an identification engine replaces an identification key, helps to avoid synonyms and has the potential to detect grossly incorrect generic placements. We demonstrate the functionality of a species-description pipeline by naming 101 new species of hyperdiverse New Guinea Trigonopterus weevils in the open-access journal ZooKeys. SUMMARY: Fast track taxonomy will not only increase speed, but also sustainability of global species inventories. It will be of great practical value to all the other disciplines that depend on a usable taxonomy and will change our perception of global biodiversity. While this approach is certainly not suitable for all taxa alike, it is the tool that will help to tackle many hyperdiverse groups and pave the road for more sustainable comparative studies, e.g. in community ecology, phylogeography and large scale biogeographic studies.

Macroevolution of hyperdiverse flightless beetles reflects the complex geological history of the Sunda Arc.

The Sunda Arc forms an almost continuous chain of islands and thus a potential dispersal corridor between mainland Southeast Asia and Melanesia. However, the Sunda Islands have rather different geological histories, which might have had an important impact on actual dispersal routes and community assembly. Here, we reveal the biogeographical history of hyperdiverse and flightless Trigonopterus weevils. Different approaches to ancestral area reconstruction suggest a complex east to west range expansion. Out of New Guinea, Trigonopterus repeatedly reached the Moluccas and Sulawesi transgressing Lydekker's Line. Sulawesi repeatedly acted as colonization hub for different segments of the Sunda Arc. West Java, East Java and Bali are recognized as distinct biogeographic areas. The timing and diversification of species largely coincides with the geological chronology of island emergence. Colonization was not inhibited by traditional biogeographical boundaries such as Wallace's Line. Rather, colonization patterns support distance dependent dispersal and island age limiting dispersal.

Revision of the cricket genus Cardiodactylus (Orthoptera, Eneopterinae, Lebinthini): the species from both sides of the Wallace line, with description of 25 new species.

The genus Cardiodactylus is the most speciose and widely distributed genus of the cricket subfamily Eneopterinae and of the Lebinthini tribe. Along with diverse acoustic features, this genus is also characterized by a wide distribution area running from Japan to Southeast Asia, Northern Australia and in many archipelagos in the Western Pacific, with a high contrast in species distributions. In this paper we start revising Cardiodactylus by focusing on the western region of its wide distribution and the Novaeguineae species group. We describe 25 new species of Cardiodactylus, redescribe 3 species and bring new signalizations for 5 species. Whenever possible, information is provided about species distribution, male calling song and male and female genitalia, forewing venation and habitat. 

Ninety-eight new species of Trigonopterus weevils from Sundaland and the Lesser Sunda Islands.

The genus Trigonopterus Fauvel, 1862 is highly diverse in Melanesia. Only one species, Trigonopterusamphoralis Marshall, 1925 was so far recorded West of Wallace's Line (Eastern Sumatra). Based on focused field-work the fauna from Sundaland (Sumatra, Java, Bali, Palawan) and the Lesser Sunda Islands (Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores) is here revised. We redescribe Trigonopterusamphoralis Marshall and describe an additional 98 new species: Trigonopterusacuminatus sp. n., Trigonopterusaeneomicans sp. n., Trigonopterusalaspurwensis sp. n., Trigonopterusallopatricus sp. n., Trigonopterusallotopus sp. n., Trigonopterusangulicollis sp. n., Trigonopterusargopurensis sp. n., Trigonopterusarjunensis sp. n., Trigonopterusasper sp. n., Trigonopterusattenboroughi sp. n., Trigonopterusbaliensis sp. n., Trigonopterusbatukarensis sp. n., Trigonopterusbawangensis sp. n., Trigonopterusbinodulus sp. n., Trigonopterusbornensis sp. n., Trigonopteruscahyoi sp. n., Trigonopteruscostipennis sp. n., Trigonopteruscuprescens sp. n., Trigonopteruscupreus sp. n., Trigonopterusdacrycarpi sp. n., Trigonopterusdelapan sp. n., Trigonopterusdentipes sp. n., Trigonopterusdiengensis sp. n., Trigonopterusdimorphus sp. n., Trigonopterusdisruptus sp. n., Trigonopterusdua sp. n., Trigonopterusduabelas sp. n., Trigonopterusechinatus sp. n., Trigonopterusempat sp. n., Trigonopterusenam sp. n., Trigonopterusfissitarsis sp. n., Trigonopterusflorensis sp. n., Trigonopterusfoveatus sp. n., Trigonopterusfulgidus sp. n., Trigonopterusgedensis sp. n., Trigonopterushalimunensis sp. n., Trigonopterushonjensis sp. n., Trigonopterusijensis sp. n., Trigonopterusjavensis sp. n., Trigonopteruskalimantanensis sp. n., Trigonopteruskintamanensis sp. n., Trigonopterusklatakanensis sp. n., Trigonopteruslampungensis sp. n., Trigonopteruslatipes sp. n., Trigonopteruslima sp. n., Trigonopteruslombokensis sp. n., Trigonopterusmerubetirensis sp. n., Trigonopterusmesehensis sp. n., Trigonopterusmicans sp. n., Trigonopterusmisellus sp. n., Trigonopteruspalawanensis sp. n., Trigonopteruspangandaranensis sp. n., Trigonopterusparaflorensis sp. n., Trigonopteruspararugosus sp. n., Trigonopterusparasumbawensis sp. n., Trigonopteruspauxillus sp. n., Trigonopteruspayungensis sp. n., Trigonopterusporcatus sp. n., Trigonopteruspseudoflorensis sp. n., Trigonopteruspseudosumbawensis sp. n., Trigonopteruspunctatoseriatus sp. n., Trigonopterusranakensis sp. n., Trigonopterusrelictus sp. n., Trigonopterusrinjaniensis sp. n., Trigonopterusroensis sp. n., Trigonopterusrugosostriatus sp. n., Trigonopterusrugosus sp. n., Trigonopterusrutengensis sp. n., Trigonopterussaltator sp. n., Trigonopterussantubongensis sp. n., Trigonopterussasak sp. n., Trigonopterussatu sp. n., Trigonopterusschulzi sp. n., Trigonopterussebelas sp. n., Trigonopterussembilan sp. n., Trigonopterussepuluh sp. n., Trigonopterusseriatus sp. n., Trigonopterusserratifemur sp. n., Trigonopterussetifer sp. n., Trigonopterussilvestris sp. n., Trigonopterussingkawangensis sp. n., Trigonopterussingularis sp. n., Trigonopterussinuatus sp. n., Trigonopterussqualidus sp. n., Trigonopterussumatrensis sp. n., Trigonopterussumbawensis sp. n., Trigonopterussundaicus sp. n., Trigonopterussuturalis sp. n., Trigonopterussyarbis sp. n., Trigonopterustelagensis sp. n., Trigonopterustepalensis sp. n., Trigonopterustiga sp. n., Trigonopterustrigonopterus sp. n., Trigonopterustujuh sp. n., Trigonopterusujungkulonensis sp. n., Trigonopterusvariolosus sp. n., Trigonopterusvulcanicus sp. n., Trigonopteruswallacei sp. n.. All new species are authored by the taxonomist-in-charge, Alexander Riedel. Most species belong to the litter fauna of primary wet evergreen forests. This habitat has become highly fragmented in the study area and many of its remnants harbor endemic species. Conservation measures should be intensified, especially in smaller and less famous sites to minimize the number of species threatened by extinction.