Long-term outcomes of neoadjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy in patients with early-stage triple-negative breast cancer: an extracted individual patient data and trial-level meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant immunotherapy (nIO) has emerged as a treatment option for stage II-III triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). While randomised clinical trials (RCTs) demonstrated pathological complete response rate benefit to nIO added to chemotherapy, additional data on long-term outcomes is warranted. We performed this analysis to evaluate long-term efficacy outcomes of nIO in TNBC. METHODS: We searched databases for RCTs evaluating nIO in early-stage TNBC. A meta-analysis of extracted individual patient data (EIPD) was performed to evaluate EFS and OS, with data from reported Kaplan-Meier plots. Additionally, we conducted a trial-level meta-analysis using fixed and random effects models. RESULTS: The literature search resulted in four included RCTs with available EFS or OS (KEYNOTE-522, IMpassion031, I-SPY2 and GeparNuevo). EIPD showed that the addition of nIO to chemotherapy provides statistically significant benefits in EFS (HR 0.62, 0.50-0.76; p < 0.001) and OS (HR 0.62, 0.46-0.82, p < 0.001). Number needed to treat to avoid one EFS or OS event in 4 years was 9 and 14, respectively. Trial-level meta-analysis yielded similar results (EFS: HR 0.64, 0.51-0.79; OS: 0.57, 0.37-0.89). CONCLUSIONS: Results show that nIO combined with chemotherapy can provide significant EFS and OS benefits, supporting its use as standard treatment for early-stage TNBC.

Abemaciclib plus endocrine therapy for hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, node-positive, high-risk early breast cancer (monarchE): results from a preplanned interim analysis of a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Adjuvant abemaciclib plus endocrine therapy previously showed a significant improvement in invasive disease-free survival and distant relapse-free survival in hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; also known as ERBB2)-negative, node-positive, high-risk, early breast cancer. Here, we report updated results from an interim analysis to assess overall survival as well as invasive disease-free survival and distant relapse-free survival with additional follow-up. METHODS: In monarchE, an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial, adult patients (aged ≥18 years) who had hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, node-positive, early breast cancer at a high risk of recurrence with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1 were recruited from 603 sites including hospitals and academic and community centres in 38 countries. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) by means of an interactive web-based response system (block size of 4), stratified by previous chemotherapy, menopausal status, and region, to receive standard-of-care endocrine therapy of physician's choice for up to 10 years with or without abemaciclib 150 mg orally twice a day for 2 years (treatment period). All therapies were administered in an open-label manner without masking. High-risk disease was defined as either four or more positive axillary lymph nodes, or between one and three positive axillary lymph nodes and either grade 3 disease or tumour size of 5 cm or larger (cohort 1). A smaller group of patients were enrolled with between one and three positive axillary lymph nodes and Ki-67 of at least 20% as an additional risk feature (cohort 2). This was a prespecified overall survival interim analysis planned to occur 2 years after the primary outcome analysis for invasive disease-free survival. Efficacy was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. Safety was assessed in all treated patients. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03155997, and is ongoing. FINDINGS: Between July 17, 2017, and Aug 12, 2019, 5637 patients were randomly assigned (5601 [99·4%] were women and 36 [0·6%] were men). 2808 were assigned to receive abemaciclib plus endocrine therapy and 2829 were assigned to receive endocrine therapy alone. At a median follow-up of 42 months (IQR 37-47), median invasive disease-free survival was not reached in either group and the invasive disease-free survival benefit previously reported was sustained: HR 0·664 (95% CI 0·578-0·762, nominal p<0·0001). At 4 years, the absolute difference in invasive disease-free survival between the groups was 6·4% (85·8% [95% CI 84·2-87·3] in the abemaciclib plus endocrine therapy group vs 79·4% [77·5-81·1] in the endocrine therapy alone group). 157 (5·6%) of 2808 patients in the abemaciclib plus endocrine therapy group died compared with 173 (6·1%) of 2829 patients in the endocrine therapy alone group (HR 0·929, 95% CI 0·748-1·153; p=0·50). The most common grade 3-4 adverse events were neutropenia (in 548 [19·6%] of 2791 patients receiving abemaciclib plus endocrine therapy vs 24 [0·9%] of 2800 patients in the endocrine therapy alone group), leukopenia (318 [11·4%] vs 11 [0·4%]), and diarrhoea (218 [7·8%] vs six [0·2%]). Serious adverse events occurred in 433 (15·5%) of 2791 patients receiving abemaciclib plus endocrine therapy versus 256 (9·1%) of 2800 receiving endocrine therapy. There were two treatment-related deaths in the abemaciclib plus endocrine therapy group (diarrhoea and pneumonitis) and none in the endocrine therapy alone group. INTERPRETATION: Adjuvant abemaciclib reduces the risk of recurrence. The benefit is sustained beyond the completion of treatment with an absolute increase at 4 years, further supporting the use of abemaciclib in patients with high-risk hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative early breast cancer. Further follow-up is needed to establish whether overall survival can be improved with abemaciclib plus endocrine therapy in these patients. FUNDING: Eli Lilly.

Neurovascular and hemodynamic responses to mental stress and exercise in severe COVID-19 survivors.

Previous studies show that COVID-19 survivors have elevated muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA), endothelial dysfunction, and aortic stiffening. However, the neurovascular responses to mental stress and exercise are still unexplored. We hypothesized that COVID-19 survivors, compared with age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched control subjects, exhibit abnormal neurovascular responses to mental stress and physical exercise. Fifteen severe COVID-19 survivors (aged: 49 ± 2 yr, BMI: 30 ± 1 kg/m2) and 15 well-matched control subjects (aged: 46 ± 3 yr, BMI: 29 ± 1 kg/m2) were studied. MSNA (microneurography), forearm blood flow (FBF), and forearm vascular conductance (FVC, venous occlusion plethysmography), mean arterial pressure (MAP, Finometer), and heart rate (HR, ECG) were measured during a 3-min mental stress (Stroop Color-Word Test) and during a 3-min isometric handgrip exercise (30% of maximal voluntary contraction). During mental stress, MSNA (frequency and incidence) responses were higher in COVID-19 survivors than in controls (P < 0.001), and FBF and FVC responses were attenuated (P < 0.05). MAP was similar between the groups (P > 0.05). In contrast, the MSNA (frequency and incidence) and FBF and FVC responses to handgrip exercise were similar between the groups (P > 0.05). MAP was lower in COVID-19 survivors (P < 0.05). COVID-19 survivors exhibit an exaggerated MSNA and blunted vasodilatory response to mental challenge compared with healthy adults. However, the neurovascular response to handgrip exercise is preserved in COVID-19 survivors. Overall, the abnormal neurovascular control in response to mental stress suggests that COVID-19 survivors may have an increased risk to cardiovascular events during mental challenge.

Pembrolizumab versus investigator-choice chemotherapy for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (KEYNOTE-119): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial.

BACKGROUND: Pembrolizumab showed durable antitumour activity and manageable safety in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer in the single-arm KEYNOTE-012 and KEYNOTE-086 trials. In this study, we compared pembrolizumab with chemotherapy for second-line or third-line treatment of patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. METHODS: KEYNOTE-119 was a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial done at 150 medical centres (academic medical centres, community cancer centres, and community hospitals) in 31 countries. Patients aged 18 years or older, with centrally confirmed metastatic triple-negative breast cancer, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1, who had received one or two previous systemic treatments for metastatic disease, had progression on their most recent therapy, and had previous treatment with an anthracycline or taxane were eligible. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) using a block method (block size of four) and an interactive voice-response system with integrated web-response to receive intravenous pembrolizumab 200 mg once every 3 weeks for 35 cycles (pembrolizumab group), or to single-drug chemotherapy per investigator's choice of capecitabine, eribulin, gemcitabine, or vinorelbine (60% enrolment cap for each; chemotherapy group). Randomisation was stratified by PD-L1 tumour status (positive [combined positive score (CPS) ≥1] vs negative [CPS <1]) and history of previous neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment versus de-novo metastatic disease at initial diagnosis. Primary endpoints were overall survival in participants with a PD-L1 combined positive score (CPS) of 10 or more, those with a CPS of 1 or more, and all participants; superiority of pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy was tested in all participants only if shown in those with a CPS of one or more. The primary endpoint was analysed in the intention-to-treat population; safety was analysed in the all-subjects-as-treated population. This Article describes the final analysis of the trial, which is now completed. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02555657. FINDINGS: From Nov 25, 2015, to April 11, 2017, 1098 participants were assessed for eligibility and 622 (57%) were randomly assigned to receive either pembrolizumab (312 [50%]) or chemotherapy (310 [50%]). Median study follow-up was 31·4 months (IQR 27·8-34·4) for the pembrolizumab group and 31·5 months (27·8-34·6) for the chemotherapy group. Median overall survival in patients with a PD-L1 CPS of 10 or more was 12·7 months (95% CI 9·9-16·3) for the pembrolizumab group and 11·6 months (8·3-13·7) for the chemotherapy group (hazard ratio [HR] 0·78 [95% CI 0·57-1·06]; log-rank p=0·057). In participants with a CPS of 1 or more, median overall survival was 10·7 months (9·3-12·5) for the pembrolizumab group and 10·2 months (7·9-12·6) for the chemotherapy group (HR 0·86 [95% CI 0·69-1·06]; log-rank p=0·073). In the overall population, median overall survival was 9·9 months (95% CI 8·3-11·4) for the pembrolizumab group and 10·8 months (9·1-12·6) for the chemotherapy group (HR 0·97 [95% CI 0·82-1·15]). The most common grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events were anaemia (three [1%] patients in the pembrolizumab group vs ten [3%] in the chemotherapy group), decreased white blood cells (one [<1%] vs 14 [5%]), decreased neutrophil count (one [<1%] vs 29 [10%]), and neutropenia (0 vs 39 [13%]). 61 (20%) patients in the pembrolizumab group and 58 (20%) patients in the chemotherapy group had serious adverse events. Three (<1%) of 601 participants had treatment-related adverse events that led to death (one [<1%] in the pembrolizumab group due to circulatory collapse; two [1%] in the chemotherapy group, one [<1%] due to pancytopenia and sepsis and one [<1%] haemothorax). INTERPRETATION: Pembrolizumab did not significantly improve overall survival in patients with previously treated metastatic triple-negative breast cancer versus chemotherapy. These findings might inform future research of pembrolizumab monotherapy for selected subpopulations of patients, specifically those with PD-L1-enriched tumours, and inform a combinatorial approach for the treatment of patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. FUNDING: Merck Sharp & Dohme.

Adjuvant Treatment with 5-Fluorouracil and Oxaliplatin Does Not Influence Cardiac Function, Neurovascular Control, and Physical Capacity in Patients with Colon Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin increases recurrence-free and overall survival in patients with colon adenocarcinoma. It is known that these drugs have been associated with cardio- and neurotoxicity. We investigated the effects of 5-FU ± oxaliplatin on cardiac function, vascular responses, neurovascular control, and physical capacity in patients with colon cancer. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with prior colectomy for stage II-III adenocarcinoma and clinical indication for adjuvant chemotherapy were allocated to receive 5-FU (n = 12) or 5-FU + oxaliplatin (n = 17), according to the oncologist's decision. All the analyses were performed just before and after the end of chemotherapy. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography and speckle tracking, and cardiac autonomic control was assessed by heart rate variability (HRV). Vascular endothelial function was assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD). Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) was directly recorded by microneurography technique, and muscle blood flow by venous occlusion plethysmography. Physical capacity was evaluated by cardiopulmonary exercise test. RESULTS: Chemotherapy (pooled data) did not significantly change left ventricular ejection fraction (58 ± 1 vs. 55 ± 2%, p = .14), longitudinal strain (-18 ± 1 vs. -18 ± 1%, p = .66), and HRV. Likewise, chemotherapy did not significantly change FMD, muscle blood flow, and MSNA (33 ± 2 vs. 32 ± 1 bursts/min, p = .31). Physical capacity was not significantly changed in both groups. Similar findings were observed when the patients were subdivided in 5-FU and 5-FU + oxaliplatin treatment groups. 5-FU and 5-FU + oxaliplatin did not significantly change cardiac function, HRV, vascular responses, MSNA, and physical capacity. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence that adjuvant treatment with 5-FU ± oxaliplatin is well tolerated and does not promote changes compatible with long-term cardiotoxicity. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin increases recurrence-free and overall survival in patients with colon adenocarcinoma; however, these drugs have been associated with cardio- and neurotoxicity. This study investigated the effects of these drugs on cardiac function, vascular responses, neurovascular control, and physical capacity in patients with colon cancer. It was found that 5-FU and oxaliplatin did not significantly change cardiac function, cardiac autonomic control, vascular endothelial function, muscle sympathetic nerve activity, and physical capacity. This study provides evidence that adjuvant treatment with 5-FU ± oxaliplatin is well tolerated and does not promote changes compatible with long-term cardiotoxicity.

Chemotherapy acutely impairs neurovascular and hemodynamic responses in women with breast cancer.

The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that doxorubicin (DX) and cyclophosphamide (CY) adjuvant chemotherapy (CHT) acutely impairs neurovascular and hemodynamic responses in women with breast cancer. Sixteen women (age: 47.0 ± 2.0 yr; body mass index: 24.2 ± 1.5 kg/m) with stage II-III breast cancer and indication for adjuvant CHT underwent two experimental sessions, saline (SL) and CHT. In the CHT session, DX (60 mg/m2) and CY (600 mg/m2) were administered over 45 min. In the SL session, a matching SL volume was infused in 45 min. Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) from peroneal nerve (microneurography), calf blood flow (CBF; plethysmography) and calf vascular conductance (CVC), heart rate (HR; electrocardiography), and beat-to-beat blood pressure (BP; finger plethysmography) were measured at rest before, during, and after each session. Venous blood samples (5 ml) were collected before and after both sessions for assessment of circulating endothelial microparticles (EMPs; flow cytometry), a surrogate marker for endothelial damage. MSNA and BP responses were increased (P < 0.001), whereas CBF and CVC responses were decreased (P < 0.001), during and after CHT session when compared with SL session. Interestingly, the vascular alterations were also observed at the molecular level through an increased EMP response to CHT (P = 0.03, CHT vs. SL session). No difference in HR response was observed (P > 0.05). Adjuvant CHT with DX and CY in patients treated for breast cancer increases sympathetic nerve activity and circulating EMP levels and, in addition, reduces muscle vascular conductance and elevates systemic BP. These responses may be early signs of CHT-induced cardiovascular alterations and may represent potential targets for preventive interventions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY It is known that chemotherapy regimens increase the risk of cardiovascular events in patients treated for cancer. Here, we identified that a single cycle of adjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide in women treated for breast cancer dramatically increases sympathetic nerve activity and circulating endothelial microparticle levels, reduces the muscle vascular conductance, and elevates systemic blood pressure.

Return to work after breast cancer diagnosis: An observational prospective study in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: In North America and Europe, return-to-work (RTW) rates vary among breast cancer (BC) survivors, from 24% to 66% and from 53% to 82% at 6 and 36 months after diagnosis, respectively. To date, there is a lack of data on RTW rates after BC diagnosis in Latin America. Therefore, the primary objectives of this study were to define RTW rates at 12 and 24 months after BC diagnosis and to identify the factors associated with RTW in this population. METHODS: In total, 125 employed women from a single institution with newly diagnosed BC were interviewed by telephone at 6, 12, and 24 months after diagnosis. Those who had inoperable or metastatic disease were excluded. RESULTS: Overall, RTW rates were 30.3% and 60.4% at 12 and 24 months after BC diagnosis, respectively. Most women reported that they received support from their employer, but only 29.1% reported having been offered work adjustments. In multivariate analysis, the factors associated with positive RTW outcomes included higher household income (odds ratio [OR], 17.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.33-94.75; P = .001), breast-conserving surgery (OR, 9.77; 95% CI, 2.03-47.05; P = .004), and work adjustments (OR, 37.62; 95% CI, 2.03-47.05; P = .004). The factors associated with negative RTW outcomes included adjuvant endocrine therapy (OR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.02-0.74; P = .023), and depression diagnosed after BC (OR, 0.07; 95% CI, 0.01-0.63; P = .017). CONCLUSIONS: RTW rates in the current study were lower than those observed in developed countries but similar to the rates among low-income Americans. Workplace adjustments, higher income, breast-conserving surgery, endocrine therapy, and depression after BC played an important role in the RTW decision.

Multiagent chemotherapy for metastatic adenocarcinoma of the seminal vesicle.

Adenocarcinoma of the seminal vesicle is a rare condition, with fewer than 60 cases described in the literature. Most reports highlight the histopathological characteristics of the tumor; however, the role of chemotherapy, especially in the metastatic setting, is poorly described. In this paper, we describe a patient with metastatic disease, who sustained a response to modified FOLFOX6 as first-line therapy. This platinum-based combination therapy seems effective in this scenario and may provide an opportunity for extended survival and relief of symptoms.

Visceral crisis in metastatic breast cancer: an old concept with new perspectives.

Visceral Crisis (VC) in breast cancer is a critical scenario when the burden of metastatic disease results in rapid deterioration of organ functions. There are no widely accepted objective clinical criteria for the definition of VC, and different studies have reported diverse clinical conditions such as visceral crises. Diagnosis of VC is associated with a dismal prognosis and the management of this condition is currently based on limited retrospective evidence and expert opinions. International guidelines have recommended cytotoxic polychemotherapy in the management of VC, to achieve rapid symptomatic control and preserve organ function. Nevertheless, in the case of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, the role of chemotherapy as the treatment of choice for VC has been recently questioned, since endocrine therapy plus CDK4/6 inhibitors yielded similar response rates, with better quality of life. For HER2-positive and triple-negative breast cancer, combined chemotherapy (plus HER2-directed therapy for HER2-positive) remains a standard option for VC, but novel effective drugs such as antibody-drug conjugates are emerging and their role in the VC context shall soon be elucidated. This review aims to critically discuss the definition, prognosis, management, and future directions regarding the visceral crisis in metastatic breast cancer.

Is my patient an appropriate candidate for sentinel node biopsy? Less axillary surgery, for the right patients. Critical review and grades of recommendation.

INTRODUCTION: While general conclusions of historical trials are widely recognized, the nuances regarding precise indications of Sentinel Node Biopsy (SNB) in breast cancer in complex clinical scenarios often remain a source of debate and require further elucidation. METHODS: Two reviewers (JFB and GNM) independently searched electronic databases for studies including SNB as the main intervention. Filters were applied to retrieve only clinical trials (randomized or experimental non-randomized); non-oncological outcomes were excluded. The selected studies were considered to construct a narrative review focused on inclusion criteria and survival outcomes, followed by recommendations. RESULTS: Fourteen (n = 14) trials were selected, including eleven (n = 11) randomized trials for upfront surgery, and three (n = 3) single-group clinical trials for surgery following neoadjuvant therapy. All trials for upfront surgery provided long-term survival data for SNB, that was equivalent or non-inferior to axillary dissection, in tumors without palpable adenopathy (caution for larger T3 and T4 tumors) - Grade of recommendation: A. In tumors up to 5 cm, complete axillary dissection is not necessary if up to two sentinel nodes are positive for macrometastasis, and radiation therapy is planned - Grade of recommendation: A. If there are more than two sentinel nodes positive for macrometastasis, or a positive node other than the sentinel one, complete axillary dissection is recommended - Grade of recommendation: A. Following neoadjuvant chemotherapy, considering 10% as an acceptable false negative rate, SNB might be offered for cN0 patients who have remained negative, and for cN1 (caution for cN2) patients become clinically negative; complete axillary dissection might not be necessary if at least two sentinel lymph nodes are retrieved, and there is no residual disease - Grade of recommendation: B. CONCLUSION: SNB can be performed in most cases of clinically negative nodes. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, SNB is feasible and may have acceptable performance for cN0 and cN1 tumors, although prospective survival data is still awaited.

Global representativeness and impact of funding sources in cost-effectiveness research on systemic therapies for advanced breast cancer: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer (BC) is the most incident tumor and, consequently, any new intervention can potentially promote a considerable budget impact if incorporated. Cost-effectiveness (CE) studies assist in the decision-making process but may be influenced by the country's perspective of analysis and pharmaceutical industry funding. METHODS: A systematic review of Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science from January 1st, 2012 to July 8th, 2022 was conducted to identify CE studies of tumor-targeted systemic-therapies for advanced BC. Articles without incremental cost-effectiveness ratio calculations were excluded. We extracted information on the country and class of drug studied, comparator type, authors' conflicts of interest (COI), pharmaceutical industry funding, and authors' conclusions. RESULTS: 71 studies comprising 204 CE assessments were included. The majority of studies were from the United States and Canada (44%), Asia (32%) and Europe (20%). Only 8% were from Latin America and none from Africa. 31% had pharmaceutical industry funding. The most studied drug classes were cyclin-dependent-kinase inhibitors (29%), anti-HER2 therapy (23%), anti-PD(L)1 (11%) and hormone therapy (11%). Overall, 34% of CE assessments had favorable conclusions. Pharmaceutical industry-funded articles had a higher proportion of at least one favorable conclusion (82% vs. 24%, p-value<0.001), European countries analyzed (45% vs. 9%, p-value = 0.003), and CE assessments with same class drug comparators (56% vs. 33%, p-value = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Breast cancer CE literature scarcely represents low-and-middle-income countries' perspectives and is influenced by pharmaceutical industry funding which targets European countries', frequently utilizes comparisons within same-drug class, and is more likely to have favorable conclusions.

Frequency of Radiation Therapy-Induced Malignancies in Patients With Li-Fraumeni Syndrome and Early-Stage Breast Cancer and the Influence of Radiation Therapy Technique.

PURPOSE: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy in female patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS), a condition associated with an increased risk of various malignancies, including radiation therapy (RT)-induced malignancies (RIM) within previously irradiated areas. Our study aimed to assess the incidence of RIM in patients with LFS and early-stage BC treated with adjuvant RT, including the effect of RT dose and technique. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We examined patients with a germline pathogenic/likely pathogenic TP53 variant diagnosed with early-stage BC and monitored by a hereditary cancer team at a single cancer center. The study endpoints included RIM frequency, the association of RIM with the dose and type of RT (2-dimensional [2D] RT, 3-dimensional [3D] RT, and intensity modulated RT [IMRT]), and BC recurrence. RESULTS: We analyzed 48 patients with a median age of 39 years (range, 21-62). The majority (71%) had the TP53 R337H variant, and 87% were unaware of their LFS diagnosis at the time of BC treatment. Treatment modalities included mastectomy (62%), (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy (66%), and RT (62%), with RT being more common after breast-conserving surgery (87% vs 46% with mastectomy, P = .010). Among the 30 patients treated with RT, 10% developed RIM in the irradiated field, consisting of 3 soft tissue malignancies. RT dose (≤40.8 or >40.8 Gy) did not influence RIM occurrence, but the type of RT did. RIM was observed in 100% of cases with 2D RT (2/2), 50% with IMRT (1/2), and 0% with 3D RT (0/16) (P = .004). CONCLUSIONS: Our study underscores a concerning rate of RIM after adjuvant RT, emphasizing the importance of a thorough risk-benefit evaluation before recommending RT, with preference for its avoidance if possible. Although subgroup sizes were limited, the risk of RIM appeared to be influenced by the RT technique, with higher rates observed with 2D RT and IMRT compared with 3D RT. Early TP53 testing is essential to guide the BC treatment plan.

Impact of dose reductions on adjuvant abemaciclib efficacy for patients with high-risk early breast cancer: analyses from the monarchE study.

In monarchE, adjuvant abemaciclib significantly improved invasive disease-free survival (IDFS) and distant relapse-free survival (DRFS), with sustained benefit beyond the 2-year treatment period. Abemaciclib dose reductions were allowed to proactively manage adverse events. Exploratory analyses to investigate the impact of dose reductions on efficacy were conducted. Across the three patient subgroups as defined by relative dose intensity (≤66%, 66-93%, ≥93%), the estimated 4-year IDFS rates were generally consistent (87.1%, 86.4%, and 83.7%, respectively). In the time-dependent Cox proportional hazard model, the effect of abemaciclib was consistent at the full dose compared to being reduced to a lower dose (IDFS hazard ratio: 0.905; 95% confidence interval: 0.727, 1.125; DRFS hazard ratio: 0.942; 95% confidence interval: 0.742, 1.195). These analyses showed that the efficacy of adjuvant abemaciclib was not compromised by protocol mandated dose reductions for patients with node positive, hormone receptor positive, human epidermal growth factor 2-negative, high-risk early breast cancer.

TROPION-Breast03: a randomized phase III global trial of datopotamab deruxtecan ± durvalumab in patients with triple-negative breast cancer and residual invasive disease at surgical resection after neoadjuvant therapy.

Background: Despite advances in the treatment of early triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), patients with residual invasive disease after neoadjuvant therapy have a high risk of disease recurrence and worse survival outcomes than those who have pathological complete response (pCR). Improving outcomes in early TNBC remains an unmet need requiring new adjuvant treatment approaches. Datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd) is an antibody-drug conjugate comprising a humanized anti-trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody attached via a plasma-stable, cleavable linker to a potent topoisomerase I inhibitor payload, with activity observed in advanced TNBC. Objectives: TROPION-Breast03 is an ongoing phase III study evaluating the efficacy and safety of Dato-DXd alone or combined with durvalumab versus standard-of-care therapy as adjuvant treatment in patients with stage I-III TNBC with residual invasive disease at surgical resection following neoadjuvant treatment. Methods and design: Eligible patients, aged ⩾18 years, will be randomized in a 2:1:2 ratio to receive Dato-DXd [6 mg/kg intravenously (IV) every 3 weeks (Q3W); eight cycles] and durvalumab (1120 mg IV Q3W; nine cycles), Dato-DXd monotherapy (6 mg/kg IV Q3W), or investigator's choice of therapy (ICT; capecitabine, pembrolizumab, or capecitabine and pembrolizumab). The primary endpoint is invasive disease-free survival (iDFS) for Dato-DXd and durvalumab versus ICT. Key secondary endpoints include safety, distant disease-free survival, and overall survival for Dato-DXd and durvalumab versus ICT and iDFS for Dato-DXd monotherapy versus ICT. Ethics: TROPION-Breast03 will be approved by the independent ethics committees or institutional review boards at each study site. All study participants will provide written informed consent. Discussion: TROPION-Breast03 will help define the potential role of Dato-DXd in the treatment of patients with early-stage TNBC who do not have pCR after neoadjuvant therapy. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05629585 (registration date: 29 November 2022).

TROPION-Breast03: a clinical trial designed to assess the effectiveness and safety of Dato-DXd, alone or in combination with durvalumab, in patients with triple-negative breast cancer who have cancer cells remaining at the time of surgery after initial systemic therapy Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), in which cells do not have estrogen or progesterone receptors or high levels of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype. TNBC is difficult to treat and associated with high risk of recurrence despite standard systemic therapy (treatment targeting the entire body), which can include chemotherapy alone or in combination with immunotherapy (treatment targeting the immune system). To reduce the risk of recurrence, standard systemic treatment is often followed by surgical removal of the patient's tumors and additional systemic treatment. Dato-DXd is an antibody-drug conjugate, which is an anticancer drug (DXd) connected to an antibody (datopotamab) by a stable linker. Datopotamab binds to TROP2, a protein found on breast cancer cells, and is taken into the tumor cell where the linker breaks, releasing DXd to kill the cell. By delivering DXd directly to cancer cells, Dato-DXd reduces exposure in the rest of the body, reducing the risk of side effects. Since Dato-DXd can recruit immune cells to cancer sites, it may work better combined with durvalumab, a drug that blocks the activity of a protein called PD-L1, making cancer cells more susceptible to being killed by immune cells. The TROPION-Breast03 study will compare Dato-DXd, alone or combined with durvalumab, with standard-of-care therapy in patients with TNBC that has not spread to parts of the body away from the original tumor site(s), but with cancer cells remaining at the time of surgery after initial systemic therapy. It will assess how well each treatment works and describe any side effects. We plan to recruit 1,075 eligible adults who will be randomly assigned in a 2:1:2 ratio to: • Dato-DXd + durvalumab • Dato-DXd alone • Standard-of-care therapy • Patients will receive treatment until they complete the planned course of therapy (8 or 9 cycles), their cancer returns, side effects become unacceptable, or they choose to stop.

Contribution of tumour and immune cells to PD-L1 expression as a predictive biomarker in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: exploratory analysis from KEYNOTE-119.

The efficacy of pembrolizumab monotherapy versus chemotherapy increased with increasing programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, as quantified by combined positive score (CPS; PD-L1 expression on both tumour cells and immune cells) in patients with previously treated metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC) in the phase 3 KEYNOTE-119 study. This exploratory analysis was conducted to determine whether the expression of PD-L1 on tumour cells contributes to the predictive value of PD-L1 CPS in mTNBC. PD-L1 expression in tumour samples was assessed using PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx and quantified using both CPS and tumour proportion score (TPS; PD-L1 expression on tumour cells alone). Calculated immune cell density (CID) was defined as CPS minus TPS. The ability of each scoring method (CPS, TPS, and CID) to predict clinical outcomes with pembrolizumab was evaluated. With pembrolizumab, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.69 (95% CI = 0.58-0.80) for CPS, 0.55 (95% CI = 0.46-0.64) for TPS, and 0.67 (95% CI = 0.56-0.77) for CID. After correction for cutoff prevalence, CPS performed as well as, if not better than, CID with respect to predicting objective response rate, progression-free survival, and overall survival. Data from this exploratory analysis suggest that, although PD-L1 expression on immune cells alone is predictive of response to programmed death 1 blockade in mTNBC, adding tumour PD-L1 expression assessment (i.e. CPS, which combines immune cell and tumour cell PD-L1 expression) may improve prediction. PD-L1 CPS thus remains an effective and broadly applicable uniform scoring system for enriching response to programmed death 1 blockade with pembrolizumab in mTNBC as well as other tumour types.

Adjuvant Abemaciclib Plus Endocrine Therapy for Hormone Receptor-Positive, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Negative, High-Risk Early Breast Cancer: Results From a Preplanned monarchE Overall Survival Interim Analysis, Including 5-Year Efficacy Outcomes.

Clinical trials frequently include multiple end points that mature at different times. The initial report, typically based on the primary end point, may be published when key planned co-primary or secondary analyses are not yet available. Clinical trial updates provide an opportunity to disseminate additional results from studies, published in JCO or elsewhere, for which the primary end point has already been reported.Two years of adjuvant abemaciclib combined with endocrine therapy (ET) resulted in a significant improvement in invasive disease-free survival (IDFS) and distant relapse-free survival (DRFS) that persisted beyond the 2-year treatment period in patients with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative, node-positive, high-risk early breast cancer (EBC). Here, we report 5-year efficacy results from a prespecified overall survival (OS) interim analysis. In the intent-to-treat population, with a median follow-up of 54 months, the benefit of abemaciclib was sustained with hazard ratios of 0.680 (95% CI, 0.599 to 0.772) for IDFS and 0.675 (95% CI, 0.588 to 0.774) for DRFS. This persistence of abemaciclib benefit translated to continuous separation of the curves with a deepening in 5-year absolute improvement in IDFS and DRFS rates of 7.6% and 6.7%, respectively, compared with rates of 6% and 5.3% at 4 years and 4.8% and 4.1% at 3 years. With fewer deaths in the abemaciclib plus ET arm compared with the ET-alone arm (208 v 234), statistical significance was not reached for OS. No new safety signals were observed. In conclusion, abemaciclib plus ET continued to reduce the risk of developing invasive and distant disease recurrence beyond the completion of treatment. The increasing absolute improvement at 5 years is consistent with a carryover effect and further supports the use of abemaciclib in patients with high-risk EBC.

A matched case-control study of the prognosis of early breast cancer in patients with Li-Fraumeni syndrome (BREAST TP53).

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common type of cancer in premenopausal women with germline TP53 pathogenic variants (mTP53) (Li Fraumeni syndrome - LFS). However, little is known about the BC prognosis in these patients. This study analyzed the BC-related oncologic outcomes of patients with LFS. METHODS: We evaluated a cohort of LFS patients with BC in comparison with a control cohort of BC patients with no pathogenic variant in a hereditary cancer panel. The primary endpoint was recurrence-free survival (RFS). Due to the risk of second malignancies in LFS, only locoregional and distant recurrences were considered events for RFS. Secondary endpoints included rates of contralateral BC, overall survival (OS), and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS). RESULTS: Forty-one patients were evaluated in the mTP53 group and 82 in the control group. Median age at BC diagnosis was 40 and 41 years, respectively. The mTP53 group received less adjuvant radiotherapy than the control group (63.4% vs 93.9%, P < 0.001). Other relevant baseline characteristics and treatment received were similar between groups. 5y-RFS rates were 79.4% in the mTP53 versus 93.6% in the control group (HR 2.43, 95%CI 0.74-8.01, P = 0.143); and were not impacted by the use of adjuvant radiotherapy. 5y-BCSS rates were 92.2% and 98.6%, respectively (HR 1.87, IC95% 0.25-13.48, P = 0.534). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed no statistically significant difference in BC-related RFS and BCSS between patients with mTP53 and a control group with no pathogenic variant. Larger multicentric studies are warranted to confirm these results.

Activity of capecitabine for central nervous system metastases from breast cancer.

Purpose: Central nervous system (CNS) metastases are a significant burden in breast cancer (BC). Capecitabine is a frequent choice in this scenario, but data supporting its single-agent activity are scarce. We aimed to evaluate the intracranial efficacy of capecitabine in CNS metastases from BC. Methods: This retrospective cohort included patients with CNS metastases from BC treated with capecitabine at a single centre. Study endpoints were intracranial CNS objective response rate (CNS-ORR), intracranial CNS disease control rate (CNS-DCR), intracranial CNS progression-free survival (CNS-PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: 209 patients were included; 41.6% hormone receptor-positive HER2-negative (HR + HER2-), 33.9% human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive (HER2+), and 26.4% triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Radiotherapy was performed in 90.4% and CNS surgery in 27.5%. Among patients accessible for intracranial response, 3-month CNS-ORR and CNS-DCR were 41.6% and 81.2%. CNS-ORR was numerically higher among TNBC (61% versus 38% in HR + HER2-BC and 35% in HER2 + BC) (p = 0.194). When considering patients who were not evaluable at 3-month as non-responders, the 3-month CNS-ORR was 19.1% (18.4% in HR + HER2-, 18.3% in HER2+, and 21.6% in TNBC). Nevertheless, TNBC was associated with lower CNS-PFS (p < 0.001) and OS (p < 0.001). Median PFS was 8.3 months in HR + HER2-, 5.0 months in HER2+, and 3.0 months in TNBC. Median OS was 8.7, 9.1 and 4.5 months, respectively. Conclusion: Among patients with BC and CNS metastases accessible for intracranial response at 3 months, intracranial activity was observed with capecitabine. These patients have a poor prognosis regardless of the BC subtype, especially in scenarios where newer therapeutic options are unavailable.

Impact of pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy on health-related quality of life in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: results from the phase 3 randomised KEYNOTE-119 study.

BACKGROUND: In KEYNOTE-119 (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02555657), overall survival (primary end-point) was similar between pembrolizumab and chemotherapy in patients with previously treated metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), although the pembrolizumab treatment effect increased with tumour PD-L1 expression. We report results of prespecified health-related quality of life (HRQoL) analyses from KEYNOTE-119. METHODS: Eligible patients were randomised 1:1 to pembrolizumab 200 mg Q3W intravenously for up to 35 cycles or treatment of physician's choice per local/country guidelines. Prespecified exploratory end-points were the change from baseline in HRQoL (EORTC QLQ-C30, QLQ-BR23) and to characterise utilities (EQ-5D-3L). Time to deterioration (TTD) was the time from start of treatment to first onset of a ≥10-point worsening from baseline. RESULTS: HRQoL analyses included 187 patients with tumour PD-L1 combined positive score (CPS) ≥10. Changes from baseline at 6 weeks (primary analysis time point) were directionally better with pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for QLQ-C30 GHS/QoL (between-group difference in least-squares mean scores of 4.21 [95% CI, -1.38 to 9.80]), QLQ-C30 functional scales (physical, role, cognitive, social), QLQ-C30 symptom scales/items (fatigue, nausea/vomiting, dyspnoea, appetite loss), and QLQ-BR23 symptom scales/items (systemic therapy side-effects, upset by hair loss). Median TTD was directionally longer for pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy for QLQ-C30 QHS/QoL (4.3 versus 1.7 months), QLQ-C30 nausea/vomiting (7.7 versus 4.8 months), and QLQ-BR23 systemic therapy side-effects (6.1 versus 3.4 months). Minimal treatment differences were observed for other HRQoL end-points. CONCLUSIONS: HRQoL results were consistent with clinical outcomes and appeared to be driven by results for patients with tumour PD-L1 CPS ≥10.