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1.
Anal Chem ; 87(15): 7575-82, 2015 Aug 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26146882

RESUMEN

On the basis of an infrared femtosecond Cr:forsterite laser, we developed a semiquantitative method to analyze the microscopic distribution of bilirubins. Using 1230 nm femtosecond pulses, we selectively excited the two-photon red fluorescence of bilirubin dimers around 660 nm. Autofluorescences from other endogenous fluorophores were greatly suppressed. Using this distinct fluorescence measure, we found that poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues on average showed 3.7 times lower concentration of bilirubins than the corresponding nontumor parts. The corresponding fluorescence lifetime measurements indicated that HCC tissues exhibited a longer lifetime (500 ps) than that of nontumor parts (300 ps). Similarly, oral cancer cell lines had longer lifetimes (>330 ps) than those of nontumor ones (250 ps). We anticipate the developed methods of bilirubin molecular imaging to be useful in diagnosing cancers or studying the dynamics of bilirubin metabolisms in live cells.


Asunto(s)
Bilirrubina/análisis , Bilirrubina/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/química , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/diagnóstico , Línea Celular Tumoral , Dimerización , Humanos , Hígado/química , Hígado/patología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/química , Microscopía de Fluorescencia por Excitación Multifotónica , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Neoplasias de la Boca/diagnóstico
2.
Biomed Opt Express ; 12(5): 2670-2683, 2021 May 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34123496

RESUMEN

A crystalline-fiber-based Mirau-type full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) system utilizing two partially coherent illumination modes is presented. Using a diode-pumped Ti:sapphire crystalline fiber with a high numerical aperture, spatially-incoherent broadband emission can be generated with high radiance. With two modes of different spatial coherence settings, either deeper penetration depth or higher B-scan rate can be achieved. In a wide-field illumination mode, the system functions like FF-OCT with partially coherent illumination to improve the penetration depth. In a strip-field illumination mode, a compressed field is generated on the sample, and a low-speckle B-scan can be acquired by compounding pixel lines within.

3.
J Biomed Opt ; 26(2)2021 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33624460

RESUMEN

SIGNIFICANCE: Melanocytic nevi represent the most common dermal melanocytic lesions in humans. Nevus is typically diagnosed clinically with the naked eye or with dermoscopy. However, it is essential to identify the type of nevus by invasive biopsy for histopathological examination. The use of noninvasive imaging tools can be used to evaluate the types of nevi to reduce unnecessary excisions of benign entities. AIM: To evaluate the feasibility of using en face and cross-sectional full-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) in differentiation of melanocytic nevi that can facilitate the reduction of unnecessary excisions of benign entities. APPROACH: Dual-mode Mirau-type FF-OCT for cross-sectional imaging (B-scan) and en face imaging were used to distinguish the types of nevi. RESULTS: Although the B-scan reveals the distribution of melanosomes, users can set a specific depth of the en face image to explore the morphology of surrounding skin cells instantly. According to the locations of nevus nests, the different types of nevi, including junction nevus and compound nevus, can be identified using this dual-mode FF-OCT system. CONCLUSIONS: Combining B-scan and en face imaging in vivo FF-OCT enables the examination and navigation of skin tissues in real time and in three dimensions.


Asunto(s)
Melanoma , Nevo Pigmentado , Neoplasias Cutáneas , Diferenciación Celular , Humanos , Nevo Pigmentado/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Cutáneas/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía de Coherencia Óptica
4.
Adv Sci (Weinh) ; 8(20): e2102788, 2021 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34414696

RESUMEN

The encapsulation and/or surface modification can stabilize and protect the phosphorescence bio-probes but impede their intravenous delivery across biological barriers. Here, a new class of biocompatible rhenium (ReI ) diimine carbonyl complexes is developed, which can efficaciously permeate normal vessel walls and then functionalize the extravascular collagen matrixes as in situ oxygen sensor. Without protective agents, ReI -diimine complex already exhibits excellent emission yield (34%, λem   = 583 nm) and large two-photon absorption cross-sections (σ2   = 300 GM @ 800 nm) in water (pH 7.4). After extravasation, remarkably, the collagen-bound probes further enhanced their excitation efficiency by increasing the deoxygenated lifetime from 4.0 to 7.5 µs, paving a way to visualize tumor hypoxia and tissue ischemia in vivo. The post-extravasation functionalization of extracellular matrixes demonstrates a new methodology for biomaterial-empowered phosphorescence sensing and imaging.


Asunto(s)
Vasos Sanguíneos/diagnóstico por imagen , Colágeno/metabolismo , Sustancias Luminiscentes/farmacología , Oxígeno/metabolismo , Vasos Sanguíneos/efectos de los fármacos , Vasos Sanguíneos/metabolismo , Vasos Sanguíneos/patología , Colágeno/genética , Humanos , Iridio/farmacología , Microscopía Confocal , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/patología , Fotones , Renio/química , Hipoxia Tumoral/genética , Microambiente Tumoral/efectos de los fármacos , Microambiente Tumoral/genética
5.
Opt Express ; 18(23): 24085-91, 2010 Nov 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21164755

RESUMEN

Without cavity dumping or external amplification, we report a femtosecond Cr:forsterite laser with a 1.4 W output power and 2 W in continuous wave (CW) operated with a crystal temperature of 267 K. In the femtosecond regime, the oscillator generates Kerr-lens-mode-locked 84 fs pulses with a repetition rate of 85 MHz, corresponding to a high 16.5 nJ pulse energy directly from a single Cr:forsterite resonator. This intense femtosecond Cr:forsterite laser is ideal to pump varieties of high power fiber light sources and could be thus ideal for many biological and spectroscopy applications.


Asunto(s)
Cromo/química , Electricidad , Rayos Láser , Compuestos de Silicona/química , Análisis Espectral , Factores de Tiempo
6.
J Phys Condens Matter ; 21(1): 015503, 2009 Jan 07.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21817224

RESUMEN

We suggest a better mathematical method, fractional calculus, for studying the behavior of the atom-field interaction in photonic crystals. By studying the spontaneous emission of an atom in a photonic crystal with a one-band isotropic model, we found that the long-time inducing memory of the spontaneous emission is a fractional phenomenon. This behavior could be well described by fractional calculus. The results show no steady photon-atom bound state for the atomic resonant transition frequency lying in the proximity of the allowed band edge which was encountered in a previous study (Woldeyohannes and John 2003 J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt. 5 R43). The correctness of this result is validated by the 'cut-off smoothing' density of photon states (DOS) with fractional calculus. By obtaining a rigorous solution without the multiple-valued problem for the system, we show that the method of fractional calculus has a logically concise property.

7.
J Biomed Opt ; 21(7): 76009, 2016 07 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27424606

RESUMEN

Morphology and distribution of melanocytes are critical imaging information for the diagnosis of melanocytic lesions. However, how to image intratumoral melanocytes noninvasively in pigmented skin tumors is seldom investigated. Third-harmonic generation (THG) is shown to be enhanced by melanin, whereas high accuracy has been demonstrated using THG microscopy for in vivo differential diagnosis of nonmelanocytic pigmented skin tumors. It is thus desirable to investigate if label-free THG microscopy was capable to in vivo identify intratumoral melanocytes. In this study, histopathological correlations of label-free THG images with the immunohistochemical images stained with human melanoma black (HMB)-45 and cluster of differentiation 1a (CD1a) were made. The correlation results indicated that the intratumoral THG-bright dendritic-cell-like signals were endogenously derived from melanocytes rather than Langerhans cells (LCs). The consistency between THG-bright dendritic-cell-like signals and HMB-45 melanocyte staining showed a kappa coefficient of 0.807, 84.6% sensitivity, and 95% specificity. In contrast, a kappa coefficient of −0.37, 21.7% sensitivity, and 30% specificity were noted between the THG-bright dendritic-cell-like signals and CD1a staining for LCs. Our study indicates the capability of noninvasive label-free THG microscopy to differentiate intratumoral melanocytes from LCs, which is not feasible in previous in vivo label-free clinical-imaging modalities.


Asunto(s)
Diagnóstico por Imagen/instrumentación , Diagnóstico por Imagen/métodos , Células de Langerhans/citología , Melanocitos/citología , Microscopía , Neoplasias Cutáneas/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Neoplasias Cutáneas/patología
8.
Biomaterials ; 85: 54-64, 2016 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26854391

RESUMEN

A single nanomaterial with multiple imaging contrasts and functions is highly desired for multiscale theragnosis. Herein, we demonstrate single 1-1.9 µm infrared-active FePt alloy nanoparticles (FePt NPs) offering unprecedented four-contrast-in-one molecular imaging - computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), photoacoustic (PA) imaging, and high-order multiphoton luminescence (HOMPL) microscopy. The PA response of FePt NPs outperforms that of infrared-active gold nanorods by 3- to 5.6-fold under identical excitation fluence and particle concentrations. HOMPL (680 nm) of an isolated FePt NP renders spatial full-width-at-half-maximum values of 432 nm and 300 nm beyond the optical diffraction limit for 1230-nm and 920-nm excitation, respectively. The in vivo targeting function was successfully visualized using HOMPL, PA imaging, CT, and MRI, thereby validating FePt as a single nanomaterial system covering up to four types (Optical/PA/CT/MRI) of molecular imaging contrast, ranging from the microscopic level to whole-body scale investigation.


Asunto(s)
Medios de Contraste/química , Hierro/química , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Imagen Molecular , Platino (Metal)/química , Animales , Línea Celular Tumoral , Luminiscencia , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Nanotubos/química , Técnicas Fotoacústicas , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X
9.
J Biomed Opt ; 19(3): 36001, 2014 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24589985

RESUMEN

In vivo harmonic generation microscopy (HGM) has been applied successfully in healthy human skin and can achieve a submicron resolution, similar to histopathologic examination, even at a penetration depth up to 270 µm. This study aims to investigate the clinical applicability of HGM imaging for differential diagnosis of nonmelanoma pigmented skin lesions. A total of 42 pigmented skin tumors, including pigmented basal cell carcinoma, melanocytic nevus, and seborrheic keratosis were evaluated by HGM ex vivo or in vivo. Based on the standard histopathologic characteristics, we established the corresponding HGM imaging criteria for each pigmented tumor. Diagnostic performance of HGM for differentiating nonmelanoma pigmented skin tumors was evaluated through the observers' direct general assessment (overall evaluation) or the presence of two imaging criteria with the highest sensitivity and specificity (major criteria evaluation). Our results show that, based on the direct general assessment, the sensitivity is 92% [95% confidence interval (CI): 67 to 97%] and the specificity is 96% (95% CI: 83 to 99%); by major criteria evaluation, 94% sensitivity (95% CI: 70 to 99%) and 100% specificity (95% CI: 87 to 100%) are achieved. Our study indicates that HGM serves as a promising histopathological examination tool for noninvasive differential diagnostics of nonmelanoma pigmented skin tumors.


Asunto(s)
Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/métodos , Microscopía/métodos , Imagen Óptica/métodos , Enfermedades de la Piel/diagnóstico , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Carcinoma Basocelular/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Histocitoquímica , Humanos , Queratosis Seborreica/diagnóstico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nevo Pigmentado/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de la Piel/clasificación , Enfermedades de la Piel/patología , Adulto Joven
10.
Biomed Opt Express ; 5(9): 3266-79, 2014 Sep 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25401037

RESUMEN

Chronological skin aging is associated with flattening of the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ), but to date no quantitative analysis focusing on the aging changes in the dermal papillae (DP) has been performed. The aim of the study is to determine the architectural changes and the collagen density related to chronological aging in the dermal papilla zone (DPZ) by in vivo harmonic generation microscopy (HGM) with a sub-femtoliter spatial resolution. We recruited 48 Asian subjects and obtained in vivo images on the sun-protected volar forearm. Six parameters were defined to quantify 3D morphological changes of the DPZ, which we analyzed both manually and computationally to study their correlation with age. The depth of DPZ, the average height of isolated DP, and the 3D interdigitation index decreased with age, while DP number density, DP volume, and the collagen density in DP remained constant over time. In vivo high-resolution HGM technology has uncovered chronological aging-related variations in DP, and sheds light on real-time quantitative skin fragility assessment and disease diagnostics based on collagen density and morphology.

11.
J Biomed Opt ; 18(2): 26012, 2013 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23389681

RESUMEN

Third-harmonic generation (THG) microscopy has been reported to provide intrinsic contrast in elastic fibers, cytoplasmic membrane, nucleus, actin filaments, lipid bodies, hemoglobin, and melanin in human skin. For advanced molecular imaging, exogenous contrast agents are developed for a higher structural or molecular specificity. We demonstrate the potential of the commonly adopted tattoo dye as a THG contrast agent for in vivo optical biopsy of human skin. Spectroscopy and microscopy experiments were performed on cultured cells with tattoo dyes, in tattooed mouse skin, and in tattooed human skin to demonstrate the THG enhancement effect. Compared with other absorbing dyes or nanoparticles used as exogenous THG contrast agents, tattoo dyes are widely adopted in human skin so that future clinical biocompatibility evaluation is relatively achievable. Combined with the demonstrated THG enhancement effect, tattoo dyes show their promise for future clinical imaging applications.


Asunto(s)
Colorantes , Microscopía/métodos , Imagen Óptica/métodos , Piel/patología , Tatuaje , Animales , Biopsia/métodos , Línea Celular , Medios de Contraste , Femenino , Humanos , Ratones , Fenómenos Ópticos , Interfaz Usuario-Computador
12.
Biomed Opt Express ; 4(1): 77-88, 2013 Jan 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23304649

RESUMEN

Skin aging is an important issue in geriatric and cosmetic dermatology. To quantitatively analyze changes in keratinocytes related to intrinsic aging, we exploited a 1230 nm-based in vivo harmonic generation microscopy, combining second- and third-harmonic generation modalities. 52 individuals (21 men and 31 women, age range 19-79) were examined on the sun-protected volar forearm. Through quantitative analysis by the standard algorithm provided, we found that the cellular and nuclear size of basal keratinocytes, but not that of granular cells, was significantly increased with advancing age. The cellular and nuclear areas, which have an increase of 0.51 µm(2) and 0.15 µm(2) per year, respectively, can serve as scoring indices for intrinsic skin aging.

13.
IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst ; 7(2): 158-68, 2013 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23853298

RESUMEN

Traditional biopsy procedures require invasive tissue removal from a living subject, followed by time-consuming and complicated processes, so noninvasive in vivo virtual biopsy, which possesses the ability to obtain exhaustive tissue images without removing tissues, is highly desired. Some sets of in vivo virtual biopsy images provided by healthy volunteers were processed by the proposed cell segmentation approach, which is based on the watershed-based approach and the concept of convergence index filter for automatic cell segmentation. Experimental results suggest that the proposed algorithm not only reveals high accuracy for cell segmentation but also has dramatic potential for noninvasive analysis of cell nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio (NC ratio), which is important in identifying or detecting early symptoms of diseases with abnormal NC ratios, such as skin cancers during clinical diagnosis via medical imaging analysis.


Asunto(s)
Núcleo Celular/patología , Citoplasma/patología , Interpretación de Imagen Asistida por Computador , Microscopía , Algoritmos , Biopsia , Diseño Asistido por Computadora , Voluntarios Sanos , Humanos , Análisis Multivariante , Reconocimiento de Normas Patrones Automatizadas , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Neoplasias Cutáneas/diagnóstico
14.
J Biomed Opt ; 17(11): 116007, 2012 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23117802

RESUMEN

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an allergic inflammatory disease of skin. It remains unclear that CD207 of Langerhans cells (LCs) plays a central role in the development of allergic sensitization. There is little data on LCs within the microenviroment in vivo. We used a murine model of epicutaneous (EC) ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization inducing an inflammatory skin resembling AD to explore the role of CD207 in the pathogenesis of AD. Cr:forsterite laser-based multimodality nonlinear microscopy was applied for in situ imaging. Peritoneal injections of Alexa Fluor 647-rat anti-mouse CD207 into mice were performed to specifically trace the LCs. Peritoneal injections of OVA-Alexa Fluor 647 conjugate into mice were performed to specifically trace the OVA. We found that combining Alexa Fluor fluorescent probes with multimodality nonlinear microscopy permitted the unequivocal in situ imaging of CD207-expressing LCs. The relevant time-course, expressional, and functional studies reveal that CD207 of LCs plays an essential role during the induction of EC sensitization. We establish and validate that Cr:forsterite laser-based multimodality nonlinear microscopy is applicable for the specific detection of labeled mAb-bound LCs and labeled antigen. We suggest that CD207-expressing LCs initiate the allergic response through the CD207 mediated epicutaneous sensitization associated with the development of AD.


Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Superficie/metabolismo , Dermatitis Atópica/inmunología , Dermatitis Atópica/patología , Células de Langerhans/inmunología , Células de Langerhans/patología , Lectinas Tipo C/metabolismo , Lectinas de Unión a Manosa/metabolismo , Microscopía de Fluorescencia por Excitación Multifotónica/métodos , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales , Carbocianinas , Recuento de Células , Cromo , Dermatitis Atópica/etiología , Femenino , Colorantes Fluorescentes , Inmunización , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Fenómenos Ópticos , Ovalbúmina/inmunología , Ratas , Compuestos de Silicona , Piel/citología , Piel/inmunología
15.
J Biophotonics ; 5(5-6): 415-24, 2012 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22461232

RESUMEN

In vivo higher-harmonic generation microscopy (HGM) performed on healthy human oral mucosa not only provides images with a <500 nm lateral resolution at a 280 µm penetration depth, but also leaves no photodamages in the tissues. These advantages suggest that HGM could serve as an ideal virtual biopsy tool for in vivo, in situ, and immediate histopathological diagnosis of oral cancer. However, translation of such mechanism for clinical cancer diagnosis requires evidence based algorithm capable to differentiate cancerous tissues from normal. It is thus critical to investigate if the endogenous contrast provided by the HGM would be high enough to differentiate cancerous versus normal tissues in human oral mucosa. In this report, ex vivo HGM study was performed on the cancerous mucosa from 10 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Compared with histology, HGM revealed histopathological features including the cytological abnormalities, loss of differentiation, interruption of basement membrane, and irregular epithelial stratification in all 10 specimens. In addition, distinct patterns of collagen fibers and increased distribution area of actin filaments in tumor cells were noted. These results indicate HGM holds great potential for the optical biopsy screening of oral cancer lesions.


Asunto(s)
Microscopía/métodos , Neoplasias de la Boca/patología , Neoplasias de Células Escamosas/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Citoplasma/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad
16.
Biomed Opt Express ; 2(8): 2317-28, 2011 Aug 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21833368

RESUMEN

Recent clinical studies on human skin indicated that in vivo multi-harmonic generation microscopy (HGM) can achieve sub-micron resolution for histopathological analysis with a high penetration depth and leave no energy or photodamages in the interacted tissues. It is thus highly desired to apply HGM for in vivo mucosa histopathological diagnosis. In this paper, the first in vivo optical virtual biopsy of human oral mucosa by using epi-HGM is demonstrated. We modified an upright microscope to rotate the angle of objective for in vivo observation. Our clinical study reveals the capability of HGM to in vivo image cell distributions in human oral mucosa, including epithelium and lamina propria with a high penetration depth greater than 280 µm and a high spatial resolution better than 500 nm. We also found that the third-harmonic-generation (THG) contrast on nucleus depends strongly on its thicknesses, in agreement with a numerical simulation. Besides, 4% acetic acid was found to be able to enhance the THG contrast of nucleus in oral mucosa, while such enhancement was found to decay due to the metabolic clearance of the contrast enhancer by the oral mucosa. Our clinical study indicated that, the combined epi-THG and epi-second-harmonic-generation (SHG) microscopy is a promising imaging tool for in vivo noninvasive optical virtual biopsy and disease diagnosis in human mucosa.

17.
J Biomed Opt ; 15(2): 026002, 2010.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20459247

RESUMEN

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common irregular heart rhythm and the mortality rate for patients with AF is approximately twice the mortality rate for patients with normal sinus rhythm (NSR). Some research has indicated that myocardial fibrosis plays an important role in predisposing patients to AF. Therefore, realizing the relationship between myocardial collagen fibrosis and AF is significant. Second-harmonic generation (SHG) is an optically nonlinear coherent process to image the collagen network. We perform SHG microscopic imaging of the collagen fibers in the human atrial myocardium. Utilizing the SHG images, we can identify the differences in morphology and the arrangement of collagen fibers between NSR and AF tissues. We also quantify the arrangement of the collagen fibers using Fourier transform images and calculating the values of angle entropy. We indicate that SHG imaging, a nondestructive and reproducible method to analyze the arrangement of collagen fibers, can provide explicit information about the relationship between myocardial fibrosis and AF.


Asunto(s)
Fibrilación Atrial/patología , Colágenos Fibrilares/ultraestructura , Microscopía Fluorescente/instrumentación , Microscopía Fluorescente/métodos , Miocardio/patología , Diseño de Equipo , Análisis de Falla de Equipo , Humanos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad
18.
PLoS One ; 5(11): e13917, 2010 Nov 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21085489

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrosis creates a vulnerable tissue for atrial fibrillation (AF), but the spatial disarray of collagen fibers underlying atrial fibrosis is not fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE: This study hypothesizes that harmonics optical microscopy can illuminate the spatial mal-alignment of collagen fibers in AF via a layer-by-layer approach. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Atrial tissues taken from patients who underwent open-heart surgery were examined by harmonics optical microscopy. Using the two-dimensional Fourier transformation method, a spectral-energy description of image texture was constituted and its entropy was used to quantify the mal-alignment of collagen fibers. The amount of collagen fiber was derived from its area ratio to total atrial tissue in each image. Serum C-terminal pro-collagen pro-peptide (CICP), pro-matrix metalloproteinase-1 (pro-MMP-1), and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) were also evaluated. RESULTS: 46 patients were evaluated, including 20 with normal sinus rhythm and 26 with AF. The entropy of spectral-energy distribution of collagen alignment was significantly higher in AF than that in sinus rhythm (3.97 ± 0.33 vs. 2.80 ± 0.18, p<0.005). This difference was more significant in the permanent AF group. The amount of collagen was also significantly higher in AF patients (0.39 ± 0.13 vs. 0.18 ± 0.06, p<0.005) but serum markers of cardiac fibrosis were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Harmonics optical microscopy can quantify the spatial mal-alignment of collagen fibers in AF. The entropy of spectral-energy distribution of collagen alignment is a potential tool for research in atrial remodeling.


Asunto(s)
Fibrilación Atrial/metabolismo , Colágeno Tipo I/metabolismo , Imagenología Tridimensional/métodos , Microscopía/métodos , Anciano , Algoritmos , Fibrilación Atrial/sangre , Fibrilación Atrial/patología , Biomarcadores/sangre , Colágeno Tipo I/sangre , Colágeno Tipo I/química , Entropía , Femenino , Fibrosis , Atrios Cardíacos/metabolismo , Atrios Cardíacos/patología , Humanos , Masculino , Metaloproteinasa 1 de la Matriz/sangre , Microscopía/instrumentación , Microscopía Confocal/instrumentación , Microscopía Confocal/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Fragmentos de Péptidos/sangre , Procolágeno/sangre , Inhibidor Tisular de Metaloproteinasa-1/sangre
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