RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Concentrations of the neonicotinoid insecticides clothianidin, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid were determined in honey collected in Spring 2013 from a variety of locations in England. The honey was produced before the moratorium in the EU on the use of neonicotinoids in pollinator-attractive crops became effective. RESULTS: Neither imidacloprid nor its metabolites were detected in any honey samples. Concentrations of clothianidin ranged from <0.02 to 0.82 µg kg(-1) , and thiamethoxam concentrations were between <0.01 and 0.79 µg kg(-1) . CONCLUSION: Neonicotinoid concentrations were below those likely to cause any chronic mortality. The concentrations detected should provide a useful baseline against which the effectiveness of the moratorium in reducing exposure of honeybees can be measured. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Asunto(s)
Miel/análisis , Insecticidas/análisis , Animales , Abejas , Inglaterra , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Guanidinas/análisis , Imidazoles/análisis , Neonicotinoides , Nitrocompuestos/análisis , Oxazinas/análisis , Residuos de Plaguicidas/análisis , Tiametoxam , Tiazoles/análisisRESUMEN
The United Kingdom Wildlife Incident Investigation Scheme (WIIS) investigates cases of suspected poisoning of wildlife, honey bees, and companion animals by pesticides. Together with field inquiries and veterinary post-mortem examinations, the analytical procedures presented here provide a comprehensive approach to the investigation of these cases. The paper covers selection of animal tissues for analysis and methods suitable for the analysis of honey bees and for various types of bait. Seven multiresidue methods cover around 130 pesticides, and methods are also described for a further 8 compounds. These methods are currently used on samples submitted to the Scheme in England and Wales.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas de Química Analítica/métodos , Cromatografía de Gases/métodos , Cromatografía Liquida/métodos , Cromatografía/métodos , Contaminantes Ambientales/envenenamiento , Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Plaguicidas/envenenamiento , Aluminio/química , Animales , Animales Salvajes , Anticoagulantes/farmacología , Abejas , Carbamatos/análisis , Cromatografía de Gases/instrumentación , Cromatografía en Gel , Cromatografía Liquida/instrumentación , Contaminantes Ambientales/análisis , Molleja No Aviar/efectos de los fármacos , Isoxazoles , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Espectrometría de Masas/instrumentación , Organofosfatos/toxicidad , Organofosfonatos/química , Residuos de Plaguicidas/análisis , Residuos de Plaguicidas/envenenamiento , Intoxicación/diagnóstico , Intoxicación/veterinaria , Gel de Sílice , Dióxido de Silicio/química , Estómago/efectos de los fármacos , Tetrazoles , Reino UnidoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Concentrations of the neonicotinoid insecticides clothianidin, thiamethoxam and imidacloprid were determined in arable soils from a variety of locations in England. RESULTS: In soil samples taken from the central area of fields, concentrations of clothianidin ranged from 0.02 to 13.6 µg kg(-1) . Thiamethoxam concentrations were between <0.02 and 1.50 µg kg(-1) , and imidacloprid concentrations between <0.09 and 10.7 µg kg(-1) . Concentrations of clothianidin and thiamethoxam were lower in soil samples taken from the edges of fields than from the centres of fields, but this difference was less pronounced for imidacloprid. CONCLUSION: This work gives a clear indication of the levels of neonicotinoids in arable soils after typical use of these compounds as seed dressings in the United Kingdom. There was evidence that imidacloprid was more persistent in the soils studied than clothianidin and thiamethoxam. As clothianidin and thiamethoxam have largely superseded imidacloprid in the United Kingdom, neonicotinoid levels were lower than suggested by predictions based on imidacloprid alone.