CytoSaLPs score: a promising new tool for the detection and screening of extrauterine high grade serous carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: A recent theory supports that high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer derives from the fimbrial end of the fallopian tube and during the last decade, a few studies have examined the fallopian tube cytology. Our study aims to determine the cytomorphological characteristics of both benign and non-benign salpingeal samples, in order to establish fallopian cytology as a valuable diagnostic test for women with high risk for development of ovarian/fallopian/peritoneal cancer. METHODS: Our study included patients undergoing salpingoophorectomy or total hysterectomy and salpingoophorectomy for any gynecological pathology. Using a soft brush, fallopian tube smears from the fimbrial end were collected ex vivo. The Cytologists of our Institution described the morphological characteristics of the fallopian cells by adopting a proposed Table, which had a calibration system ranging from 3 to 29. This Table is referred to as the CytoSaLPs Score. Our study compared the two diagnostic cytological methods, the one of the conventional cytology and the other using the CytoSaLPs Score, having as gold standard the tubal's pathological findings. RESULTS: A total of 230 tubal specimens from 144 patients were included in this study. The Score's mean for the benign and non-benign arm was 12.8 and 18.7 respectively. The cut-off point for both arms was 16.5. The CytoSaLPs Score tool showed significantly higher specificity (87.50% vs. 75.96, p-value < 0.001) and positive predictive value PPV (40.91% vs. 26.47%, p-value < 0.001) compared to conventional cytology. Regarding the accuracy, the Score's superiority is highlighted (86.96% vs. 76.52%, p-value < 0.001). CONCLUTIONS: The evaluation of tubal cytology using the CytoSaLPs Score could be used as a reliable diagnostic method. Further evaluation with larger studies is warranted.

gamma-H2AX: A potential biomarker in breast cancer.

Histone H2AX undergoes phosphorylation as an answer to DNA double-strand breaks, which in turn are part of the oncogenic procedure. The detection of gamma-H2AX can potentially serve as a biomarker for transformation of normal tissue to premalignant and consequently to malignant tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical significance of gamma-H2AX expression in breast cancer. Gamma-H2AX expression in tissues from 110 breast cancer patients was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinicopathological variables. Greater tumor size, higher grade, and the number of affected lymph nodes are significantly associated with greater values of gamma-H2AX. In addition, gamma-H2AX differs significantly among patients' International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage. Higher values of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor are significantly associated with lower gamma-H2AX values. In conclusion, a positive association between gamma-H2AX expression and infaust histopathological parameters was observed.

Primary thyroid lymphoma: The two ends of the spectrum.

We describe two different cases of prinary thyroid lymphoma (PTL). PTL is a rare malignancy. Nevertheless, it frequently presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The first patient, a 79-year-old female, presented with a large, painless thyroid mass accompanied by severe obstructive symptoms of the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal track. The second patient (67-year-old female) presented with nodular goiter. Thyroidectomy - performed on the first patient for alleviation of obstructive symptoms - revealed the presence of a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Although she was administered standard chemotherapy she deceased four months later. In the second patient, primary thyroid lymphoma was an incidental finding following thyroidectomy performed for nodular goiter. These two cases illustrate the variable course of PTL, the possibility of which should be kept into consideration in clinical practice.

Ten-year clinical outcome, toxicity and compliance of dose-dense sequential adjuvant administration of cyclophosphamide & epirubicin followed by docetaxel in patients with early breast cancer: A hellenic cooperative oncology group observational study (HE 10/10) with concurrent investigation of significance of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes.

BACKGROUND: Dose-dense sequential (dds) chemotherapy has changed the clinical outcome of patients with early breast cancer (BC). To investigate the impact of dose intensity (DI) in the adjuvant setting of BC, this observational trial (HE 10/10) was conducted assessing the long-term survival outcome, safety and toxicity of a currently widely used chemotherapeutic regimen. In addition, the prognostic significance of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes were also evaluated in the same cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Totally, 1054 patients were prospectively enrolled in the current study with 1024 patients being eligible, while adequate tissue was available for 596 of them. TILs, CD8+ lymphocytes in intratumoral areas in contact with malignant cells (iCD8), CD8+ lymphocytes in tumor stroma (sCD8) as well as the total number of CD8+ lymphocytes within the tumor area (total CD8) were assessed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Within a median follow-up of 125.18 months, a total of 200 disease-free survival (DFS) events (19.5%) were reported. Importantly, the 10-year DFS and OS rates were 78.4% (95% CI 75.0-81.5) and 81.7% (95% CI 79.0-84.1), respectively. Interestingly, higher CD8+ T cells as well as TILs in the tumor microenvironment were associated with an improved long-term survival outcome. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, this study confirms the significance of dds adjuvant chemotherapeutic regimen in terms of long-term survival outcome, safety and toxicity as well as the prognostic significance of TILs and infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes in BC patients with early-stage disease.

Diminutive Colon Metastasis From Breast Cancer: An Unexpected Finding in a Patient Undergoing Ulcerative Colitis Surveillance.

Metastatic lesions to the colon are far less common than primary tumors. Breast cancer metastasis to the colon is rarely reported, and it is often atypical in presentation and difficult to diagnose. We present a case of a diminutive asymptomatic breast cancer metastasis to the colon found during surveillance colonoscopy in a patient with long-lasting ulcerative colitis, which was initially regarded as a colitis-associated dysplastic lesion. Because early detection of metastatic disease plays a key role in the treatment of patients with breast cancer, a high index of suspicion must be maintained for atypical metastatic presentations to the gastrointestinal tract.

Fallopian tube cytology as a diagnostic tool for adnexal malignancy: the CytoSaLPs score.

INTRODUCTION: During the past decade, the theory that high-grade extrauterine pelvic tumors originate from the fallopian tube has been strongly suggested. Our study aims to illuminate the possible role of tubal cytology as an accessory identification tool for gynecologic extrauterine malignancies, allowing in the long term the implementation of population-level cytologic tube evaluation during all benign gynecologic surgeries that do not result in salpingectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We ex vivo collect salpingeal epithelial cells from the fibria directly from fresh fallopian tube specimens from women undergoing salpingectomy for any indication. The cytomorphologic characteristics of the salpingeal cells are subsequently evaluated and categorized into malignant and non-malignant. Finally, the ipsilateral adnexa are examined with the SEE-FIM (Sectioning and Extensively Examining the FIMbriated End) protocol and the pathology reports are corelated with the cytologic findings. Our research protocol is ongoing and is designed to include a total of 300 patients in order to confirm the sensitivity and specificity of salpingeal cytology as a method in the early diagnosis of extrauterine gynecologic malignancies. RESULTS: So far, we have obtained 343 salpingeal brushings from a total of 214 patients. The sensitivity of cytology regarding distinguishing malignant from non-malignant tumors is 69.64% (95% CI: 55.90%-81.22%), and its specificity 75.96% (95% CI: 70.59%-80.79%). Cytology's positive predictive value (PPV) is 16.33% (95% CI: 12.57%-20.67%), while the negative predictive value (NPP) reached 92.77% (95% CI: 89.56%-95.04%). In general, the diagnostic accuracy of the cytologic evaluation reaches 74.93% (95% CI: 66.99%-79.43%). CONCLUSIONS: Salpingeal cytomorphologic evaluation appears to be a promising method for early detection of adnexal cancer.

The Utility of Fallopian Tube Cytology in the Early Detection of Extrauterine Serous Gynecological Malignancies: A Narrative Literature Review.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to analyze the published evidence for the use of fallopian tube brush cytology for the early detection of extrauterine serous gynecological cancer. METHODS: We systematically searched the literature and, additionally, cross-checked on the bibliographies of selected articles. The inclusion criteria involved studies assessing the utility of fallopian tube brush cytology and its applications in the diagnosis, screening, or follow-up of extrauterine serous gynecological cancer. RESULTS: The search strategy resulted in 21 abstracts or full-text articles, 5 of which met the inclusion criteria. The year of publication ranged from 2016 to 2022, and a total of 193 fallopian tube samples were investigated. Cytobrush, Tubebrush©, and Cytuity™ were used to obtain salpingeal samples for liquid-based cytology evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that, at present, there is a lack of satisfying evidence-based data in the literature which would support the implementation of fallopian tube brush cytology as an adjunctive tool for early detection of extrauterine serous gynecological cancer. Thus, we believe that there is need for well-designed clinical studies to assess the effectiveness and diagnostic accuracy of the method as well as to validate the cytological criteria for the diagnosis and prediction of gynecological malignancies.

HER2 and TOP2A in high-risk early breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant epirubicin-based dose-dense sequential chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: HER2 and TOP2A parameters (gene status, mRNA and protein expression) have individually been associated with the outcome of patients treated with anthracyclines. The aim of this study was to comprehensively evaluate the prognostic/predictive significance of the above parameters in early, high-risk breast cancer patients treated with epirubicin-based, dose-dense sequential adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: In a series of 352 breast carcinoma tissues from patients that had been post-operatively treated with epirubicin-CMF with or without paclitaxel, we assessed HER2 and TOP2A gene status (chromogenic in situ hybridization), mRNA expression (quantitative reverse transcription PCR), as well as HER2 and TopoIIa protein expression (immunohistochemistry). RESULTS: HER2 and TOP2A amplification did not share the same effects on their downstream molecules, with consistent patterns observed in HER2 mRNA and protein expression according to HER2 amplification (all parameters strongly inter-related, p values < 0.001), but inconsistent patterns in the case of TOP2A. TOP2A gene amplification (7% of all cases) was not related to TOP2A mRNA and TopoIIa protein expression, while TOP2A mRNA and TopoIIa protein were strongly related to each other (p < 0.001). Hence, TOP2A amplified tumors did not correspond to tumors with high TOP2A mRNA or TopoIIa protein expression, while the latter were characterized by high Ki67 scores (p = 0.003 and p < 0.001, respectively). Multivariate analysis adjusted for nodal involvement, hormone receptor status, Ki67 score and HER2/TOP2A parameters revealed HER2/TOP2A co-amplification (21.2% of HER2 amplified tumors) as an independent favorable prognostic factor for DFS (HR = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.02-0.96, p = 0.046); in contrast, increased HER2/TOP2A mRNA co-expression was identified as an independent adverse prognostic factor for both DFS (HR = 2.41, 95% CI: 1.31-4.42, p = 0.005) and OS (HR = 2.83, 95% CI: 1.42-5.63, p = 0.003), while high TOP2A mRNA expression was an independent adverse prognostic factor for OS (HR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.23-3.46, p = 0.006). None of the parameters tested was associated with response to paclitaxel. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the favorable prognostic value of HER2/TOP2A co-amplification and the adverse prognostic value of high TOP2A mRNA expression extending it to the adjuvant treatment setting in early high-risk breast cancer. The strong adverse prognostic impact of high HER2/TOP2A mRNA co-expression needs further validation in studies designed to evaluate markers predictive for anthracyclines. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12611000506998.

Extramedullary Leukemia, Presenting at the Cervix of the Uterus.

Extramedullary relapse of leukemia is encountered more often than in the past. The reason is that leukemia survival rates increase with improved treatment schemes. We present a rare case of involvement of the cervix of the uterus in an adult B Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (B-ALL) survivor. Relapses affect various organs but rarely the female genital tract. Nevertheless, in this case, a woman with a history of induced amenorrhea due to treatment for leukemia presented to the gynecologist because of vaginal spotting. Colposcopy evaluation of the vagina/cervix, sonography and cytological and histological sampling established the diagnosis of leukemia relapse in the cervix of the uterus. Under these circumstances, our study highlights the rare extramedullary presentation of leukemia in the cervix of the uterus of a young lady considered to be disease-free and listed for bone marrow transplantation. In this rare case of relapse in the cervix of the uterus, Pap smears alarmed physicians, and radiology examinations assisted the diagnostic workup. Still, only biopsy, microscopic evaluation, and immunohistochemistry studies established the exact diagnosis. Prognosis in the situation of extramedullary disease relapse in the female genital tract was poor, but gynecologists' high suspicion led to a prompt diagnosis. Survival is in general limited, but together with high suspicion, multidisciplinary team involvement is imperative to improve the reduced chances of survival.

Evaluation of the prognostic and predictive value of HER-1/EGFR in breast cancer patients participating in a randomized study with dose-dense sequential adjuvant chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: To assess the prognostic and predictive significance of HER-1/EGFR protein levels in high-risk patients with breast cancer treated with dose-dense sequential adjuvant chemotherapy. METHODS: 595 high-risk breast cancer patients were treated with adjuvant anthracycline-based dose-dense sequential chemotherapy (E-CMF vs. E-T-CMF). Disease-free survival (DFS) was the primary end point. HER-1/EGFR was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 312 patients. RESULTS: HER-1/EGFR expression was detected in 54 of 312 patients (17%). Positive expression of HER-1/EGFR was significantly associated with negative receptor status (52 vs. 17%, p < 0.001), worse histological grade (70 vs. 45%, p = 0.001), HER-2 overexpression (46 vs. 27%, p = 0.01) and positive p53 expression (48 vs. 19%, p < 0.001). With a median follow-up of 7 years, the total number of relapses was 105 (34%), and the total number of deaths 69 (22%). The analysis for DFS provides significant evidence that the HER-1/EGFR effect on the risk of disease progression was different according to treatment (interaction p = 0.02). Regarding overall survival, a trend towards a significant difference for an interaction of HER-1/EGFR and treatment was found (p = 0.07). CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated a differential effect of positive HER-1/EGFR expression in the two treatment groups, with HER-1/EGFR being a negative prognostic marker in the absence of paclitaxel.

Male breast cancer originating in an ectopic breast tissue in the umbilicus A Case Report.

INTRODUCTION: Accessory breast tissue is a rare finding in the general population with an incidence of 1-2%. Carcinomas of accessory breast tissue account for ∼0.3% of breast cancers, 5% of which are arising within a supernumerary breast. They are usually diagnosed at a later stage compared with breast cancer, due to their rarity and low clinical suspicion. CASE PRESENTATION: We present the case of a 58 years old male who was admitted to our hospital for an umbilical hernia, surgical repair. During surgery a small skin biopsy was excised and sent for pathological examination as routine procedure. The histological report revealed the presence of a poorly differentiated carcinoma. Immunochemical analysis confirmed adenocarcinoma of breast origin. CONCLUSION: Carcinomas of accessory breast tissue are rare and therefore they are usually of advanced stage in time of diagnosis. Few cases have been reported in literature of accessory breast tissue carcinomas in men. To the best of our knowledge, this is the only case in the literature, of ectopic breast tissue cancer in the umbilicus. KEY WORDS: Ectopic breast, Male breast cancer, Umbilicus.

Malignant myoepithelioma of the breast: A case report and review of the literature.

Malignant myoepithelioma of the breast is an extremely rare tumor composed entirely or almost entirely of malignant spindle cells with myoepithelial differentiation. Only a limited number of case reports have been descibed to date; therefore the biological behavior and treatment outcomes of this rare tumor have not been clearly determined. Herein, we present a case of a 74-year-old woman who was admitted with inflammatory-like cancer of the breast, presenting with invasion of the chest wall and axillary lymph node metastasis at the time of diagnosis. The histological examination revealed a tumor composed of epithelioid and spindle cells with moderate to marked nuclear atypia, with foci of hemorrhage and necrosis. The tumor cells were immunoreactive for vimentin, p63, p53, CD10, cytokeratin (CK)8/18, CKAE1-3 and S-100. Finally, a diagnosis of myoepithelial carcinoma of the breast was established. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was first administered and proved to be ineffective. Due to locoregional progression that was associated with the development of an abscess and subsequent excessive bleeding, a palliative mastectomy was performed. Postoperatively, one more cycle of systemic chemotherapy was administered. However, the patient experienced an early relapse to the chest wall and succumbed to septic shock due to persistent local infection. The aggressiveness and chemoresistance of the tumor in this case was consistent with the existing bibliography.

EGFR gene gain and PTEN protein expression are favorable prognostic factors in patients with KRAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer treated with cetuximab.

INTRODUCTION: Cetuximab is a monoclonal epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting antibody, used in the treatment of colon cancer. KRAS mutation status is strongly predictive of cetuximab efficacy, but more predictive factors are needed for better patient selection. PTEN is a downstream inhibitor of the EGFR pathway and has been evaluated as a predictive factor of cetuximab efficacy in colorectal cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue samples were collected from 226 patients with advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer that had been treated with cetuximab. Clinical information was collected retrospectively from the patients' medical records. After central evaluation, 147 cases with adequate material were eligible for further evaluation. EGFR and PTEN status was evaluated with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Data were associated with cetuximab treatment outcome. Additional analysis was performed with previously published data on PIK3CA, BRAF and KRAS mutation status and EGFR ligand amphiregulin (AREG) and epiregulin intratumoral mRNA expression levels. PIK3CA mutation status and PTEN protein expression were also analyzed as a single complex parameter, to evaluate the predictive value of PI3K/PTEN axis dysfunction as one entity. RESULTS: Analysis showed a borderline association of overall response rate (ORR) and time to progression (TTP) with EGFR protein overexpression by IHC (p = 0.059 and p = 0.057, respectively) and a positive association of EGFR gain by FISH (found in only five cases) with longer TTP (p = 0.026). No association was found between ORR or TTP and PTEN IHC or FISH status. Comparative analysis with previously published data showed that PTEN protein expression is associated with longer TTP in patients with wild-type (WT) KRAS (p = 0.036) and especially in the ones with elevated AREG levels (p = 0.046), as well as in patients with both KRAS and BRAF WT (p = 0.019). Patients with both PIK3CA WT and PTEN protein expression had significantly longer TTP (p = 0.010) versus all others, in the absence of BRAF and KRAS mutations, a finding which persisted in the KRAS WT/AREG high subgroup (p = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: In this cetuximab-treated colorectal cancer population, EGFR gain was associated with better outcome and PTEN protein expression with longer TTP in KRAS WT, KRAS WT/AREG high and KRAS/BRAF WT subpopulations. Cetuximab efficacy is greater with intact and activated EGFR signaling, without activating mutations of KRAS/BRAF and in the presence of preserved PTEN inhibitory activity upon the PI3K/AKT pathway. These results reflect a solid biological rationale and warrant further evaluation of the predictive role of PTEN in prospective studies.

Evaluation of routine application of P504S, 34betaE12 and p63 immunostaining on 250 prostate needle biopsy specimens.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to determine whether a standard P504S, 34betaE12 and p63 immunostaining of prostate core needle biopsy specimens can optimize diagnostic accuracy of conventional staining methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The staining properties of all three antibodies were evaluated on 250 prostate biopsies formerly diagnosed as benign. RESULTS: Lack of basal cell staining in more than three glands for 34betaE12 and p63 occurred in 41 (27.5%) and 9 (6%) respective cases from the General Hospital pool. Respective figures from the Uropathology department specimens were 18 (18%) for 34betaE12 and 8 (8%) for p63. With the aid of P504S positivity, a case of prostate cancer as well as another of atypical small acinar proliferation was discovered. CONCLUSION: Despite its potential for important aid in accurate diagnosis, standard application of immunohistochemistry in prostate biopsy is not justified and should be reserved for equivocal cases where conventional pathology fails to be conclusive.

Ultrasonographic evaluation of a uterine malignant melanoma presenting as a large pelvic mass.

The uterus is an extremely rare location for a primary or metastatic melanoma. We describe the ultrasonographic appearance of a malignant melanoma of the uterus presenting clinically as a large mass in a 78-year-old woman. Transabdominal sonography revealed a solid uterine mass measuring 13 x 11.5 x 8.5 cm with inhomogeneous echotexture and bright internal echoes. The tumor showed a diffuse spread inside the uterine corpus, and the endometrium was not demonstrated ultrasonographically.