Is Lobectomy Actually Worse Than Segmentectomy for All Stage I Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer?

INTRODUCTION: The recent results of the JCOG 0802 and CALGB 140503 studies suggest that segmentectomy should be considered instead of lobectomy for patients with peripheral <2 cm node-negative non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aimed to test this hypothesis in a retrospective analysis of a larger dataset of patients with stage I NSCLC recorded in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. METHODS: Patients with all stage I NSCLC (≤4 cm in size) who underwent either segmentectomy or lobectomy from 2000 to 2017 were analyzed. The primary endpoints were overall survival and lung cancer-specific survival, while the secondary endpoints were the 30-day and 90-day mortality. RESULTS: Overall, 32,673 patients treated by lobectomy and 2166 patients treated by segmentectomy were included in the initial data collection. After 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM), 2016 patients in each group were enrolled in the final analysis with well-balanced baseline characteristics. After PSM, there was no difference between segmentectomy and lobectomy for all stage IA NSCLC (≤3 cm in size) in both overall survival and lung cancer-specific survival (hazard ratio: 0.87 [0.74-1.02], P value: 0.09 and hazard ratio: 0.81 [0.4-1.03], P value: 0.09, respectively). Furthermore, lobectomy had higher 30-day mortality than segmentectomy: 1.1% versus 2.1%, P value: 0.01. However, this difference was not significant for 90-day mortality, even after PSM (3.9% versus 3.0%, P value: 0.17). CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence to support the use of lobectomy rather than segmentectomy in stage IA NSCLC in terms of either overall or lung cancer-specific long-term survival. The choice of lobectomy may also be detrimental to early postoperative recovery.

Impact of High-Grade Patterns in Early-Stage Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Multicentric Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The presence of micropapillary and solid adenocarcinoma patterns leads to a worse survival and a significantly higher tendency to recur. This study aims to assess the impact of pT descriptor combined with the presence of high-grade components on long-term outcomes in early-stage lung adenocarcinomas. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data of consecutive resected pT1-T3N0 lung adenocarcinoma from nine European Thoracic Centers. All patients who underwent a radical resection with lymph-node dissection between 2014 and 2017 were included. Differences in Overall Survival (OS) and Disease-Free Survival (DFS) and possible prognostic factors associated with outcomes were evaluated also after performing a propensity score matching to compare tumors containing non-high-grade and high-grade patterns. RESULTS: Among 607 patients, the majority were male and received a lobectomy. At least one high-grade histological pattern was seen in 230 cases (37.9%), of which 169 solid and 75 micropapillary. T1a-b-c without high-grade pattern had a significant better prognosis compared to T1a-b-c with high-grade pattern (p = 0.020), but the latter had similar OS compared to T2a (p = 0.277). Concurrently, T1a-b-c without micropapillary or solid patterns had a significantly better DFS compared to those with high-grade patterns (p = 0.034), and it was similar to T2a (p = 0.839). Multivariable analysis confirms the role of T descriptor according to high-grade pattern both for OS (p = 0.024; HR 1.285 95% CI 1.033-1.599) and DFS (p = 0.003; HR 1.196, 95% CI 1.054-1.344, respectively). These results were confirmed after the propensity score matching analysis. CONCLUSIONS: pT1 lung adenocarcinomas with a high-grade component have similar prognosis of pT2a tumors.

Accuracy of 18F-FDG in Detecting Stage I Lung Adenocarcinomas According to IASLC/ATS/ERS Classification.

BACKGROUND: Only a small number of studies have explored the clinicopathological features of pulmonary adenocarcinoma (PA) associated with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) false-negative (FN) results. Herein, we investigated the FDG-PET diagnostic performance by stratifying PAs according to International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (IASLC/ATS/ERS) classification. METHODS: From January 2002 to December 2016, all consecutive patients who underwent pulmonary resection for stage I PA at six thoracic surgery institutions were retrospectively reviewed. The diagnostic performance of FDG-PET was analysed according to IASLC/ATS/ERS classification and two validated subclassifications. Univariable and multivariable logistic analysis were used to identify predictors of FDG-PET FN results. RESULTS: Five hundred and fifty (550) patients with stage I PA were included in the analyses. Most of the patients were male (n=354 [64.4%]) and smokers (n=369 [67.1%]). Ninety-seven (n=97 [17.6%]) FN cases were observed at FDG-PET imaging. On multivariable analysis, a lepidic pattern was found to be independently associated with FDG-PET FN results (odds ratio [OR], 3.20; p<0.001), while a solid pattern more commonly presented with a positive finding (OR, 0.40; p=0.066). According to Nakamura's classification, we observed an independent association between lepidic pattern and FDG-PET FN results (OR, 3.17; p<0.001), while solid/micropapillary patterns were independently related with increased FDG uptake (OR, 0.35; p=0.021). According to Yoshizawa's classification, Intermediate-grade tumours were independently correlated with FN FDG-PET results (OR, 2.78; p=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort, histopathological features were significantly associated with FDG uptake. In particular, some adenocarcinoma subtypes (mostly Lepidic pattern) have a tendency towards FN FDG-PET findings. The correlation between computed tomography findings, clinical characteristics, and FDG uptake is mandatory, in order to tailor the precise diagnostic and therapeutic pathway for each patient.

Afatinib therapy in case of EGFR G724S emergence as resistance mechanism to osimertinib.

Osimertinib is a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) used both as the first-line treatment of EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer patients and in second-line after T790M-positive disease progression to first- or second-generation TKIs. Unfortunately, patients unavoidably experience disease progression to osimertinib and the current research is focused on resistance mechanisms and the relative therapeutic strategy. We report the case of a patient with advanced EGFR-mutated (exon 19 deletion and T790M-positive) non-small cell lung cancer who developed disease progression to osimertinib characterized by the loss of T790M concurrently with the emergence of G724S EGFR mutation, which was tackled by subsequent afatinib treatment. Next-generation sequencing molecular study of rebiopsy at time of progression to osimertinib revealed the persistence of EGFR exon 19 deletion, loss of T790M with a new G724S EGFR mutation; other concomitant mechanisms were excluded. Retrospective analysis of cell-free DNA revealed the emergence of G724S EGFR mutation four months before the radiologically-proven disease progression. The patient, after chemotherapy, was treated with afatinib with clinical and radiological benefit. Our case report contributes to increase the knowledge on acquired resistance mechanisms to osimertinib treatment, and it shows, for the first time, the efficacy of afatinib in the case of T790M loss and emergence of G724S EGFR mutation.

Prognostic impact of lung adenocarcinoma second predominant pattern from a large European database.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Adenocarcinoma patterns could be grouped based on clinical behaviors: low- (lepidic), intermediate- (papillary or acinar), and high-grade (micropapillary and solid). We analyzed the impact of the second predominant pattern (SPP) on disease-free survival (DFS). METHODS: We retrospectively collected data of surgically resected stage I and II adenocarcinoma. SELECTION CRITERIA: anatomical resection with lymphadenectomy and pathological N0. Pure adenocarcinomas and mucinous subtypes were excluded. Recurrence rate and factors affecting DFS were analyzed according to the SPP focusing on intermediate-grade predominant pattern adenocarcinomas. RESULTS: Among 270 patients, 55% were male. The mean age was 68.3 years. SPP pattern appeared as follows: lepidic 43.0%, papillary 23.0%, solid 14.4%, acinar 11.9%, and micropapillary 7.8%. The recurrence rate was 21.5% and 5-year DFS was 71.1%. No difference in DFS was found according to SPP (p = .522). In patients with high-grade SPP, the percentage of SPP, age, and tumor size significantly influenced DFS (p = .016). In patients with lepidic SPP, size, male gender, and lymph-node sampling (p = .005; p = .014; p = .038, respectively) significantly influenced DFS. CONCLUSIONS: The impact of SPP on DFS is not homogeneous in a subset of patients with the intermediate-grade predominant patterns. The influence of high-grade SPP on DFS is related to its proportion in the tumor.

The role of miRNA-221 and miRNA-126 in patients with benign metastasizing leiomyoma of the lung: an overview with new interesting scenarios.

Benign metastasizing leiomyoma (BML) is a rare disease characterized by extrauterine benign leiomyomatosis in patients with a previous or concomitant history of uterine leiomyoma. Currently, there are no specific criteria to predict the metastasizing ability of the uterine leiomyoma and the risk of malignant degeneration of pulmonary BML, and these are the aims of this study. We analyzed 10 uterine (three leiomyomas, four leiomyomas that gave rise to lung BML, three healthy tissues) and 11 pulmonary tissue samples (eight lung BML, three healthy tissues). Interestingly, one of the BML lesions exceptionally evolved into a leiomyosarcoma (case 2). Uterine leiomyoma microvascular density (MVD) was higher in the patients with uterine leiomyomas that gave rise to lung BML, reaching a peak in case 2. Strong positivity for the estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors and a low proliferation index (Ki67 < 1%) were discovered both in patients with uterine leiomyoma and in patients with BML. Interestingly, in case 2, the last dedifferentiated leiomyosarcoma showed a weaker ER and PR positivity with a higher proliferation index (Ki67:30%). Regarding the uterine miRNA-126, a trend toward a hypo-expression between uterine leiomyoma and uterine leiomyoma that gave rise to lung BML was discovered, reaching the lowest level in case 2. Considering the pulmonary samples, we observed a higher miRNA-221 and a lower miRNA-126 expression in the leiomyosarcoma. We tried to better elucidate the biological behaviour of this rare disease. The analysis of the miRNA-221 and miRNA-126 could offer new diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic perspectives.

Pulmonary Hamartoma Associated With Lung Cancer (PHALC Study): Results of a Multicenter Study.

PURPOSE: Pulmonary hamartoma is the most common benign tumor of the lung. We analyzed a 20-year historical series of patients with pulmonary hamartoma undergoing surgical resection, aiming to evaluate the characteristics, the outcomes, and the association between hamartoma and lung cancer. METHODS: It was a retrospective multicenter study including the data of all consecutive patients with pulmonary hamartoma undergoing surgical resection. The end-points were to evaluate: (i) the characteristics of hamartoma, (ii) outcomes, and (iii) whether hamartoma was a predictive factor for lung cancer development RESULTS: Our study population included 540 patients. Upfront surgical or endoscopic resection was performed in 385 (71%) cases while in the remaining 155 (29%) cases, the lesions were resected 20 ± 3.5 months later due to increase in size. In most cases, lung sparing resection was carried out including enucleation (n = 259; 48%) and wedge resection (n = 230; 43%) while 5 (1%) patients underwent endoscopic resection. Only two patients (0, 2%) had major complications. One patient (0.23%) had recurrence after endoscopic resection, while no cases of malignant degeneration were seen (mean follow-up:103.3 ± 93 months). Seventy-six patients (14%) had associated lung cancer, synchronous in 9 (12%) and metachronous in 67 (88%). Only age > 70-year-old (p = 0.0059) and smokers > 20 cigarettes/day (p < 0.0001) were the significant risk factors for lung cancer. CONCLUSION: PH was a benign tumor, with no evidence of recurrence and/or of malignant degeneration after resection. The association between hamartoma and lung cancer was a spurious phenomenon due to common risk factors.

Sarcoid-like reaction mimicking disease progression in an ALK-positive lung cancer patient receiving lorlatinib.

The administration of target inhibitors is paramount to grant the longest survival in patients with ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The eventual resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) is monitored clinically and radiologically for prompt molecule shift to further generation TKI, if available. However, the early radiological detection of progression pattern (e.g. nodule onset) should be regarded with caution because overlaps exist with non-tumor cell proliferation and/or accumulation. Here we report the case of a stage IV ALK-rearranged NSCLC patient exposed to serial crizotinib, brigatinib, ceritinib, and lorlatinib (this latter brought to complete brain and leptomeningeal disease response), in a period of more than five years. During lorlatinib, the appearance of solid pulmonary nodules was obviously interpreted as disease progression. However, surgical biopsies of the pulmonary nodules revealed features of sarcoid-like granulomatous lymphadenitis, namely without tumor cell. This invasive approach, besides documenting for the first time a sarcoid-like reaction to ALK inhibitors, allowed to revert the radiological diagnosis and maintain lorlatinib, for the best patient outcome. The pragmatic relevance of these findings suggests a careful attitude towards the interpretation of radiologic patterns of disease progression in patients under TKI.

Posterior mediastinal myelolipoma resected by video-assisted thoracic surgery.

Myelolipoma (ML) is a benign tumour composed of haematopoietic and mature adipose tissue commonly found in adrenal glands. Prognosis is usually good with an indolent clinical course. The occurrence of an ML in the extra-adrenal site is very rare. Herein, we report a very interesting and unusual case of ML located in the posterior mediastinum successfully resected by video-assisted thoracic surgery. The clinical and histological features are largely discussed.

Sublobar resection versus lobectomy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer: an appropriate choice in elderly patients?

PURPOSES: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether sublobar resection could achieve recurrence and survival rates equivalent to lobectomy in high-risk elderly patients. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective multicenter study that including all consecutive patients (aged >75 years) who underwent operation for clinical stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The clinicopathological data, postoperative morbidity and mortality, recurrence rate and vital status were retrieved. The overall survival, cancer-specific survival and disease-free survival were also assessed. RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty-nine patients (median age 78 years) were enrolled. Lobectomies were performed in 149 (62.3 %) patients and sublobar resections in 90 (39 segmentectomies, 51 wedge resections). There were no differences in the recurrence rates following lobar versus sublobar resections (19 versus 23 %, respectively; p = 0.5) or the overall survival (p = 0.1), cancer-specific survival (p = 0.3) or disease-free survival (p = 0.1). After adjusting for 1:1 propensity score matching and a matched pair analysis, the results remained unchanged. A tumor size >2 cm and pN2 disease were independent negative prognostic factors in unmatched (p = 0.01 and p = 0.0003, respectively) and matched (p = 0.02 and p = 0.005, respectively) analyses. CONCLUSIONS: High-risk elderly patients may benefit from sublobar resection, which provides an equivalent long-term survival compared to lobectomy.

Perspective on Management of Low-Dose Computed Tomography Findings on Low-Dose Computed Tomography Examinations for Lung Cancer Screening. From the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Early Detection and Screening Committee.

Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) carefully implemented has been found to reduce deaths from lung cancer. Optimal management starts with selection of eligibility criteria, counseling of screenees, smoking cessation, selection of the regimen of screening which specifies the imaging protocol, and workup of LDCT findings. Coordination of clinical, radiologic, and interventional teams and ultimately treatment of diagnosed lung cancers under screening determine the benefit of LDCT screening. Ethical considerations of who should be eligible for LDCT screening programs are important to provide the benefit to as many people at risk of lung cancer as possible. Unanticipated diseases identified on LDCT may offer important benefits through early detection of leading global causes of death, such as cardiovascular diseases and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as the latter may result from conditions such as emphysema and bronchiectasis, which can be identified early on LDCT. This report identifies the key components of the regimen of LDCT screening for lung cancer which include the need for a management system to provide data for continuous updating of the regimen and provides quality assurance assessment of actual screenings. Multidisciplinary clinical management is needed to maximize the benefit of early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of lung cancer. Different regimens have been evolving throughout the world as the resources and needs may be different, for countries with limited resources. Sharing of results, further knowledge, and incorporation of technologic advances will continue to accelerate worldwide improvements in the diagnostic and treatment approaches.

Perioperative discordance in mesothelioma cell type after pleurectomy/decortication-a possible detrimental effect of neoadjuvant chemotherapy due to epithelial to mesenchymal transition?

OBJECTIVES: The goal was to evaluate the accuracy of preoperative histological assessment and the factors affecting the accuracy and the subsequent effect on postoperative survival after surgical treatment for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). METHODS: We analysed the perioperative course of patients who underwent surgery for MPM in a single institution over a 5-year period. The primary end point was to evaluate the proportion of histological discordance between preoperative assessment and postoperative histological diagnosis. The secondary end point was to evaluate its prognostic effect on postoperative survival after surgical treatment. RESULTS: One-hundred and twenty-nine patients were included in this study. Histological discordance between preoperative assessment and postoperative histological diagnosis was found in 27 of 129 patients (20.9%): epithelial to biphasic/sarcomatoid (negative discordance) in 24 and biphasic to epithelial (positive discordance) in 3 (P-value < 0.001). All 24 patients who exhibited epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) had received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P-value: 0.006). In the 34 patients who underwent upfront surgery, only 1 case (2.9%) of EMT was identified (P-value: 0.127). EMT was not associated with a less invasive method of biopsy (P-value: 0.058) or with the volume or maximum diameter of the biopsy (P-value: 0.358 and 0.518, respectively), but it was significantly associated with the receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P-value: 0.006). At a median follow-up of 17 months (IQR: 11.0-28.0), 50 (39%) patients are still alive. Overall survival was significantly reduced in those patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and who exhibited discordance (EMT) compared to those who did not: 11 (95% CI: 6.2-15.8) months versus 19 (95% CI: 14.2-23.8) months (P-value < 0.001). In addition, there was no difference in overall survival between those who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy and those who had upfront surgery: 16 (95% CI: 2.5-19.5) months versus 30 (95% CI: 11.6-48.4) months (P-value: 0.203). CONCLUSIONS: The association of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with perioperative histological discordance can be explained by EMT, which leads to worse survival. Therefore, there is an argument for the preferential use of upfront surgery in the treatment of otherwise resectable MPM.

Relationship Between the Diffusing Capacity of the Lung for Carbon Monoxide (DLCO) and Lung Adenocarcinoma Patterns: New Possible Insights.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate a potential relationship between the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and the aggressiveness of lung adenocarcinoma (ADC). METHODS: Patients who underwent radical surgery for lung ADC between 2001 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. DLCO values were dichotomized into DLCOlow (<80% of predicted) and DLCOnormal (≥80%). Relationships between DLCO and ADC histopathological features, clinical features, as well as with overall survival (OS), were evaluated. RESULTS: Four-hundred and sixty patients were enrolled, of which 193 (42%) were included in the DLCOlow group. DLCOlow was associated with smoking status, low FEV1, micropapillary and solid ADC, tumour grade 3, high tumour lymphoid infiltrate and presence of tumour desmoplasia. In addition, DLCO values were higher in low-grade ADC and progressively decreased in intermediate and high-grade ADC (p=0.024). After adjusting for clinical variables, at multivariable logistic regression analysis, DLCOlow still showed a significant correlation with high lymphoid infiltrate (p=0.017), presence of desmoplasia (p=0.065), tumour grade 3 (p=0.062), micropapillary and solid ADC subtypes (p=0.008). To exclude the association between non-smokers and well-differentiated ADC, the relationship between DLCO and histopathological ADC patterns was confirmed in the subset of 377 former and current smokers (p=0.021). At univariate analysis, gender, DLCO, FEV1, ADC histotype, tumour grade, stage, pleural invasion, tumour necrosis, tumour desmoplasia, lymphatic and blood invasion were significantly related with OS. At multivariate analysis, only gender (p<0.001), tumour stage (p<0.001) and DLCO (p=0.050) were significantly related with the OS. CONCLUSIONS: We found a relationship between DLCO and ADC patterns as well as with tumour grade, tumour lymphoid infiltrate and desmoplasia, suggesting that lung damage may be associated with tumour aggressiveness.

Validation of Inflammatory Prognostic Biomarkers in Pleural Mesothelioma.

Evoked from asbestos-induced inflammation, pleural mesothelioma represents a fatal diagnosis. Therapy ranges from nihilism to aggressive multimodality regimens. However, it is still unclear who ultimately benefits from which treatment. We aimed to re-challenge inflammatory-related biomarkers' prognostic value in times of modern immune-oncology and lung-sparing surgery. The biomarkers (leukocytes, hemoglobin, platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR), platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), C-reactive protein (CRP)) and clinical characteristics (age, sex, histology, therapy) of 98 PM patients were correlated to overall survival (OS). The median OS was 19.4 months. Significant OS advantages (Log-Rank) were observed in multimodal treatment vs. others (26.1 vs. 7.2 months, p < 0.001), surgery (pleurectomy/decortication) vs. no surgery (25.5 vs. 3.8 months, p < 0.001), a high hemoglobin level (cut-off 12 g/dL, 15 vs. 24.2 months, p = 0.021), a low platelet count (cut-off 280 G/L, 26.1 vs. 11.7 months, p < 0.001), and a low PLR (cut-off 194.5, 25.5 vs. 12.3 months, p = 0.023). Histology (epithelioid vs. non-epithelioid, p = 0.002), surgery (p = 0.004), CRP (cut-off 1 mg/dL, p = 0.039), and platelets (p = 0.025) were identified as independent prognostic variables for this cohort in multivariate analysis (Cox regression, covariates: age, sex, histology, stage, CRP, platelets). Our data verified the previously shown prognostic role of systemic inflammatory parameters in patients treated with lung-sparing surgery within multimodality therapy.

The Effects of Preserving the Diaphragm on Early and Late Outcome of Lung-Sparing Radical Surgery for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma.

BACKGROUND: The accepted aim of radical surgery for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is the achievement of macroscopic complete resection (MCR) whilst reducing perioperative morbidity by preserving normal tissue. Whilst preservation of the lung by pleurectomy/decortication (PD) has become widely utilised, there remains debate regarding the management of the diaphragm. Muscle-sparing complete excision of the diaphragmatic pleura is technically challenging; thus, surgeons may proceed to extended PD with phrenectomy and possible increased morbidity or to preserve the diaphragmatic pleura at the expense of MCR with potential survival deficit. We aimed to evaluate the effects of an intentional change in protocol to diaphragm-sparing PD whilst maintaining MCR as the treatment of choice for MPM. METHODS: In a series of 136 patients (111M:25F, median age 68(63-73) years) undergoing radical surgery for MPM, we identified 28 patients (22M:6F, median age 67(60-71) years) in whom MCR was achieved without phrenectomy (PD group). We compared their perioperative outcomes and survival with a historical control group of 18 patients (18M:0F, median age 69(57-78) years) in whom MCR had been achieved with phrenectomy (EPD group) but in whom there was no histological evidence of diaphragm muscle invasion and who, in retrospect, could have undergone muscle-sparing MCR if this procedure had been attempted. RESULTS: There was no significant intergroup difference in demographics or tumour cell type; the majority of both groups were found to be epithelial (PD 85.7%, EPD 77.8%). The EPD group was found to be more locally advanced (T3 55.56%) than the PD group (T1 46.43%) (p = 0.03). All the following parameters were significantly reduced after PD compared to EPD: operative time (188 vs. 220 min, p = 0.007); duration of air leak (5 vs. 10 days, p = 0.001), duration of inotrope (p = 0.009) and post-operative hospital stay (8 vs. 13 days, p = 0.034). There were no significant differences (p = 0.123) in overall survival (OS) between the two groups, but the median survival in the PD group had not been reached at a median follow up of 33.9 (24.2-46) months. CONCLUSIONS: A surgical strategy of attempting to spare the diaphragm whilst still achieving MCR wherever possible is justified by improved perioperative outcomes without compromising OS.

Screening for Lung Cancer in Individuals Who Never Smoked: An International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Early Detection and Screening Committee Report.

Screening with low-dose computed tomography of high-risk individuals with a smoking history reduces lung cancer mortality. Current screening guidelines and eligibility criteria can miss more than 50% of lung cancers, and in some geographic areas, such as East Asia, a large proportion of the missed lung cancers are in never-smokers. Although randomized trials revealed the benefits of screening for people who smoke, these trials generally excluded never-smokers. Thus, the feasibility and effectiveness of lung cancer screening of individuals who never smoked are uncertain. Several known and suspected risk factors for lung cancers in never-smokers such as exposure to secondhand smoke, occupational carcinogens, radon, air pollution, and pulmonary diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and interstitial lung diseases, and intrinsic factors, such as age, are well noted. In this regard, knowledge of risk factors may make possible quantification and prediction of lung cancer risk in never smokers. It is worth considering if and how never smokers could be included in population-based screening programs. As the implementation of these programs is challenging in many countries owing to multiple factors and the epidemiologic differences by global regions, these issues will need to be evaluated in each country taking into account various factors, including accuracy of risk assessment and cost-effectiveness of screening in never smokers. This report aims to outline current knowledge on risk factors for lung cancer in never smokers to propose research strategies for this topic and initiate a broader discussion on lung cancer screening of never smokers. Similar considerations can be made in current and ex-smokers, which do not fulfill the current screening inclusion criteria, but otherwise are at increased risk. Although screening of never smokers may in the future be effectively conducted, current evidence to support widespread implementation of this practice is lacking.

Lung Cancer Screening Considerations During Respiratory Infection Outbreaks, Epidemics or Pandemics: An International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Early Detection and Screening Committee Report.

After the results of two large, randomized trials, the global implementation of lung cancer screening is of utmost importance. However, coronavirus disease 2019 infections occurring at heightened levels during the current global pandemic and also other respiratory infections can influence scan interpretation and screening safety and uptake. Several respiratory infections can lead to lesions that mimic malignant nodules and other imaging changes suggesting malignancy, leading to an increased level of follow-up procedures or even invasive diagnostic procedures. In periods of increased rates of respiratory infections from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and others, there is also a risk of transmission of these infections to the health care providers, the screenees, and patients. This became evident with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic that led to a temporary global stoppage of lung cancer and other cancer screening programs. Data on the optimal management of these situations are not available. The pandemic is still ongoing and further periods of increased respiratory infections will come, in which practical guidance would be helpful. The aims of this report were: (1) to summarize the data available for possible false-positive results owing to respiratory infections; (2) to evaluate the safety concerns for screening during times of increased respiratory infections, especially during a regional outbreak or an epidemic or pandemic event; (3) to provide guidance on these situations; and (4) to stimulate research and discussions about these scenarios.

Pathological and clinical features of multiple cancers and lung adenocarcinoma: a multicentre study.

OBJECTIVES: Lung cancer is increasingly diagnosed as a second cancer. Our goal was to analyse the characteristics and outcomes of early-stage resected lung adenocarcinomas in patients with previous cancers (PC) and correlations with adenocarcinoma subtypes. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data of patients radically operated on for stage I-II lung adenocarcinoma in 9 thoracic surgery departments between 2014 and 2017. Overall survival (OS) and time to disease relapse were evaluated between subgroups. RESULTS: We included 700 consecutive patients. PC were present in 260 (37.1%). Breast adenocarcinoma, lung cancer and prostate cancer were the most frequent (21.5%, 11.5% and 11.2%, respectively). No significant differences in OS were observed between the PC and non-PC groups (P = 0.378), with 31 and 75 deaths, respectively. Patients with PC had smaller tumours and were more likely to receive sublobar resection and to be operated on with a minimally invasive approach. Previous gastric cancer (P = 0.042) and synchronous PC (when diagnosed up to 6 months before lung adenocarcinoma; P = 0.044) were related, with a worse OS. Colon and breast adenocarcinomas and melanomas were significantly related to a lower incidence of high grade (solid or micropapillary, P = 0.0039, P = 0.005 and P = 0.028 respectively), whereas patients affected by a previous lymphoma had a higher incidence of a micropapillary pattern (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with PC, we found smaller tumours more frequently treated with minimally invasive techniques and sublobar resection, probably due to a more careful follow-up. The impact on survival is not uniform and predictable; however, breast and colon cancers and melanoma showed a lower incidence of solid or micropapillary patterns whereas patients with lymphomas had a higher incidence of a micropapillary pattern.