Dyslipidaemias and their treatment in high complexity centres in Colombia. / Las dislipidemias y su tratamiento en centros de alta complejidad en Colombia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Data is scarce on the distribution of different types of dyslipidaemia in Colombia. The primary objective was to describe the frequency of dyslipidaemias. The secondary objectives were: frequency of cardiovascular comorbidity, statins and other lipid-lowering drugs use, frequency of statins intolerance, percentage of patients achieving c-LDL goals, and distribution of cardiovascular risk (CVR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection from 461 patients diagnosed with dyslipidaemia and treated in 17 highly specialised centres distributed into six geographic and economic regions of Colombia. RESULTS: Mean (SD) age was 66.4 (±12.3) years and 53.4% (246) were women. Dyslipidaemias were distributed as follows in order of frequency: mixed dyslipidaemia (51.4%), hypercholesterolaemia (41.0%), hypertriglyceridaemia (5.4%), familial hypercholesterolaemia (3.3%), and low c-HDL (0.7%). The most prescribed drugs were atorvastatin (75.7%) followed by rosuvastatin (24.9%). As for lipid control, 55% of all patients, and 28.6% of those with coronary heart disease, did not achieve their personal c-LDL goal despite treatment. The frequency of statin intolerance was 2.6% in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Mixed dyslipidaemia and hypercholesterolaemia are the most frequent dyslipidaemias in Colombia. A notable percentage of patients under treatment with lipid-lowering drugs, including those with coronary heart disease, did not achieve specific c-LDL goals. This poor lipid control may worsen patient's CVR, so that therapeutic strategies need to be changed, either with statin intensification or addition of new drugs in patients with higher CVR.

Aneurisma coronario de localización inusual asociado a infarto agudo de miocardio / A coronary aneurysm in an unusual location associated with acute myocardial infarction

Resumen Se presenta un caso clínico de difícil abordaje terapéutico. Paciente masculino joven con obesidad tipo II, quien ingresa por síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST, se realiza coronariografía que pone en evidencia un aneurisma ubicado en el tronco coronario con imagen sugestiva de trombo en su interior que se trató con inhibidor de glicoproteína IIb/IIIa. En la evolución presenta falla cardiaca aguda manejada con inotrópicos y vasopresores. En segunda coronariografía se observó desaparición completa del componente trombótico. Como prevención secundaria se deja tratamiento antiagregante plaquetario y antitrombótico. El manejo de estos pacientes a la fecha es un reto ante la posibilidad de presentar un nuevo evento trombótico por la alteración en el flujo laminar intracoronario.

Abstract We present a clinical case with difficult treatment. A young male patient with type II obesity was admitted due to acute coronary syndrome with ST elevation. Coronariography showed an aneurysm on the coronary trunk suggestive of having a thrombus inside. It was treated with a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist. The patient progressed to acute heart failure managed with inotropes and vasopressors. A second coronariography showed complete disappearance of the thrombotic component. He was prescribed antiplatelet and antithrombotic treatment as secondary prevention. To date, the management of these patients has been a challenge, given the possibility of experiencing a new thrombotic event due to altered intracoronary laminar flow.

Síndrome coronario agudo en pacientes jóvenes del oriente colombiano sin enfermedad coronaria obstructiva entre 2009 y 2014 / Acute coronary syndrome in young patients from western Colombia without obstructive coronary artery disease between 2009 and 2014

Resumen Introducción: a pesar de que cada vez existen más casos de síndromes coronarios agudos en pacientes jóvenes sin enfermedad coronaria obstructiva, no existen datos al respecto en nuestra región, por lo que se plantea este estudio. Objetivos: evaluar las características demográficas, clínicas, de factores de riesgo y angiográficas de los pacientes entre 18 y 50 años con síndrome coronario agudo y en quienes no se identifica enfermedad coronaria obstructiva. Metodología: estudio retrospectivo, de corte transversal. Se revisaron historias clínicas buscando pacientes entre 18 y 50 años, con síndrome coronario agudo, y a quienes se hubiera realizado arteriografía coronaria. Resultados: de 128 adultos jóvenes con síndrome coronario agudo, 50 no tenían enfermedad coronaria. Predominó el sexo masculino (74%), con una mediana de edad de 43 años. El síntoma más frecuente fue el dolor torácico típico (88%) con una mediana a la consulta de seis horas. El factor de riesgo más frecuente fue el exceso de peso (57,7%), 34% de los pacientes tuvieron elevación del segmento ST. Siete de los pacientes tuvieron trombosis coronaria sin lesiones obstructivas. La mediana al egreso fue de dos días. Discusión: la elevada prevalencia de factores de riesgo, encabezada por el exceso de peso hacen llamar la atención sobre la oportunidad de intervenciones de prevención primaria. Conclusiones: el principal factor de riesgo fue el exceso de peso. El comportamiento clínico inicial y durante la hospitalización fue benigno por las escasas complicaciones y ausencia de mortalidad temprana. Se requieren más estudios de diseño prospectivo para poder evaluar el comportamiento a largo plazo. MÉD.UIS. 2018;31(3):13-19.

Abstract Introduction: there is a growing number of acute coronary syndromes in young patients without obstructive coronary artery disease. There are no published studies from our region, so we performed this study. Objectives: to evaluate demographic and clinical characteristics, risk factors and angiography characteristics of patients of 18-50 years of age presenting acute coronary syndromes and in whom no obstructive coronary artery disease is detected. Methodology: this is a retrospective, cross sectional study. Clinical charts were evaluated searching for patients between 18 and 50 years of age, with acute coronary syndrome, in whom a coronary angiography was performed. Results: of 128 young adults with acute coronary syndrome, 50 of them had no obstructive coronary artery disease. Male gender predominated (74%), with a median age of 43 years. The most common symptom was typical chest pain (88%), with a median time to the first medical contact of six hours. The most common risk factor was excess of weight (57,7%). 34% of patients had ST segment elevation. Seven of the patients had coronary thrombosis without obstructive lesions. Median time to discharge was two days. Discussion: The high prevalence of risk factors, mainly excess weight, brings attention into the opportunity for primary prevention interventions. Conclusions: The main risk factor was excess weight. Clinical course at presentation and during the hospitalization was benign, since there were few complications and no early mortality. More studies are required with a prospective design for assessing long term clinical behavior. MÉD.UIS. 2018;31(3):13-19.

Las dislipidemias y su tratamiento en centros de alta complejidad en Colombia / Dyslipidaemias and their treatment in high complexity centres in Colombia

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO: Los datos sobre la distribución de las dislipidemias en Colombia son limitados. El objetivo primario de este estudio fue describir la frecuencia de las dislipidemias; los objetivos secundarios fueron: la frecuencia de comorbilidades cardiovasculares, el uso de estatinas y otros hipolipemiantes, la frecuencia de intolerancia a estatinas, el porcentaje de pacientes en metas de c-LDL, y estimar la distribución del riesgo cardiovascular (RCV). MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal con recolección de datos retrospectiva que incluyó a 461 pacientes con diagnóstico de dislipidemia tratados en 17 centros cardiovasculares de alta complejidad en las 6 principales áreas geográficas y económicas de Colombia. RESULTADOS: La media (DE) de edad de los pacientes incluidos fue de 66,4 (±12,3) años. El 53,4% (246) eran mujeres. Las dislipidemias se distribuyeron así: dislipidemia mixta (51,4%), hipercolesterolemia (41,0%), hipertrigliceridemia (5,4%), hipercolesterolemia familiar (3,3%) y c-HDL bajo (0,7%). El medicamento más prescrito fue atorvastatina (75,7%), seguido de rosuvastatina (24,9%). El 55% del total de pacientes y el 28,6% de aquellos con enfermedad coronaria no estaban en metas de c-LDL a pesar del tratamiento. La frecuencia de intolerancia a estatinas fue del 2,6%. CONCLUSIONES: La dislipidemia mixta y la hipercolesterolemia son las dislipidemias más frecuentes. Un porcentaje considerable de pacientes en tratamiento, incluidos aquellos con enfermedad coronaria, no lograron sus objetivos de c-LDL. Este inadecuado control lipídico influye en el RCV y requiere un cambio en las estrategias terapéuticas, intensificando el tratamiento con estatinas o adicionando nuevos fármacos en los pacientes con mayor RCV

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Data is scarce on the distribution of different types of dyslipidaemia in Colombia. The primary objective was to describe the frequency of dyslipidaemias. The secondary objectives were: frequency of cardiovascular comorbidity, statins and other lipid-lowering drugs use, frequency of statins intolerance, percentage of patients achieving c-LDL goals, and distribution of cardiovascular risk (CVR). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection from 461 patients diagnosed with dyslipidaemia and treated in 17 highly specialised centres distributed into six geographic and economic regions of Colombia. RESULTS: Mean (SD) age was 66.4 (±12.3) years and 53.4% (246) were women. Dyslipidaemias were distributed as follows in order of frequency: mixed dyslipidaemia (51.4%), hypercholesterolaemia (41.0%), hypertriglyceridaemia (5.4%), familial hypercholesterolaemia (3.3%), and low c-HDL (0.7%). The most prescribed drugs were atorvastatin (75.7%) followed by rosuvastatin (24.9%). As for lipid control, 55% of all patients, and 28.6% of those with coronary heart disease, did not achieve their personal c-LDL goal despite treatment. The frequency of statin intolerance was 2.6% in this study. CONCLUSIONS: Mixed dyslipidaemia and hypercholesterolaemia are the most frequent dyslipidaemias in Colombia. A notable percentage of patients under treatment with lipid-lowering drugs, including those with coronary heart disease, did not achieve specific c-LDL goals. This poor lipid control may worsen patient's CVR, so that therapeutic strategies need to be changed, either with statin intensification or addition of new drugs in patients with higher CVR

[Study of neurological diseases prevalence in Aratoca, a rural area of eastern Colombia]. / Estudio neuroepidemiológico en Aratoca, una área rural del oriente colombiano.

BACKGROUND: Current health statistics on the prevalence of neurological diseases, in Colombia, are still lacking. AIM: To determine the prevalence of migraine, cerebrovascular disease, movement disorders, peripheral neuropathies, mental retardation and developmental disorders, epilepsy, dementia and sequels of cranial trauma in a rural population of Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 544 subjects in Aratoca, a rural place of Santander, placed at 400 kilometers from Bogota. The world health organization (WHO) protocol for neuroepidemiological studies modified by our group, a survey to determine sequels of cranial trauma and the mini mental state examination were used as instruments. People 12 years-old or more and suspected to have a neurological disease was evaluated by adult neurologists and those less than 12 years-old were evaluated by a neuropediatrician. RESULTS: 223 out of 544 subjects surveyed were evaluated by the clinicians of which 135 had a neurological disorder. The prevalence of neurological diseases, per thousand inhabitants were as follows: migraine 189.3; epilepsy 33; febrile seizures 25.6; peripheral neuropathy 22.1; mental retardation 18.4; developmental and language disorders 11; dementia 10.5; cerebrovascular disease 4.7; and movement disorders 3.7. CONCLUSIONS: These results will allow to define appropriate control measures, as well as to prevent and treat these prevalent neurological disorders in rural places of Colombia as Aratoca and the like.

Estudio neuroepidemiológico en Aratoca, un área rural del oriente colombiano / Prevalence of neurological diseases in Aratoca, a rural area of eastern Colombia

Background: Current health statistics on the prevalence of neurological diseases, in Colombia, are still lacking. Aim: To determine the prevalence of migraine, cerebrovascular disease, movement disorders, peripheral neuropathies, mental retardation and developmental disorders, epilepsy, dementia and sequels of cranial trauma in a rural population of Colombia. Materials and methods: We evaluated 544 subjects in Aratoca, a rural place of Santander, placed at 400 kilometers from Bogota. The world health organization (WHO) protocol for neuroepidemiological studies modified by our group, a survey to determine sequels of cranial trauma and the mini mental state examination were used as instruments. People 12 years-old or more and suspected to have a neurological disease was evaluated by adult neurologists and those less than 12 years-old were evaluated by a neuropediatrician. Results: 223 out of 544 subjects surveyed were evaluated by the clinicians of which 135 had a neurological disorder. The prevalence of neurological diseases, per thousand inhabitants were as follows: migraine 189.3; epilepsy 33; febrile seizures 25.6; peripheral neuropathy 22.1; mental retardation 18.4; developmental and language disorders 11; dementia 10.5; cerebrovascular disease 4.7; and movement disorders 3.7. Conclusions: These results will allow to define appropriate control measures, as well as to prevent and treat these prevalent neurological disorders in rural places of Colombia as Aratoca and the like

Electrocardiografía en las arritmias cardíacas supraventriculares auriculares / Electrocardiography in cardiac supraventricular atrial arrhythmias

En esta segunda publicación sobre el uso de electrocardiograma de superficie como medio diagnóstico, se discutirán los principales hallazgos sobre las arritmias, específicamente las ubicadas en el plano supraventricular auricular

Electrocardiografía en las arritmias supraventriculares, nodales y ventriculares / Electrocardiography in supraventricular, nodal, and ventricular arrhythmias

En esta tercera publicación sobre el uso del electrocardiograma de superficie como medio diagnóstico, se discutirán los principales hallazgos sobre las arritmias, específicamente las ubicadas en el plano supraventricular nodal y en el plano ventricular

Fundamentos de electrocardiografía clínica / Basics of clinical electrocardiography

El presente artículo es parte de una serie de publicaciones sobre el uso del electrocardiograma de superficie como medio diagnóstico. En esta primera parte estamos presentando las bases fundamentales para la interpretación del electrocardiograma normal (ECG), partiendo del conocimiento de la ubicación de los electrodos de las derivaciones, la estandarización en el uso del papel electrocardiográfico y un algoritmo para la interpretación inicial