Synthesis and Identification of Biologically Active Mono-Labelled FITC-Insulin Conjugate.

Fluorescently labelling proteins such as insulin have wide ranging applications in a pharmaceutical research and drug delivery. Human insulin (Actrapid®) was labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and the synthesised conjugate identified using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) on a C18 column and a gradient method with mobile phase A containing 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in Millipore water and mobile phase B containing 90% Acetonitrile, 10% Millipore water and 0.1% TFA. Syntheses were carried out at varying reaction times between 4 and 20 h. Mono-labelled FITC-insulin conjugate was successfully synthesised with labelling at the B1 position on the insulin chain using a molar ratio of 2:1 (FITC:insulin) at a reaction time of 18 h and confirmed by electrospray mass spectroscopy. Reactions were studied across a pH range of 7-9.8 and the quantities switch from mono-labelled to di-labelled FITC-insulin conjugates at a reaction time of 2 h (2:1 molar ratio) at pH > 8. The conjugates isolated from the studies had biological activities in comparison to native insulin of 99.5% monoB1, 78% monoA1, 51% diA1B1 and 0.06% triA1B1B29 in HUVEC cells by examining AKT phosphorylation levels. MonoB1 FITC-insulin conjugate was also compared to native insulin by examining cell surface GLUT4 in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. No significant difference in the cellular response was observed for monoB1 produced in-house compared to native insulin. Therefore mono-labelled FITC-insulin at the B1 position showed similar biological activity as native insulin and can potentially be used for future biomedical applications.

Morphological and molecular characterization of Iotonchus lotilabiatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Iotonchidae) from Lao Cai Province, Vietnam.

The new species Iotonchus lotilabiatus n. sp. from Bat Xat Nature reserve in Lao Cai Province, Vietnam is described and the molecular data (18S and 28S rDNA) are given. Females of the new species are characterized by large body size (L = 3.8-5.2 mm); barrel shaped buccal cavity of large size (41-54×70-89 µm) with dorsal tooth apex located 22 to 23.5% of buccal cavity length from its base; reproductive system didelphic-amphidelphic, vagina long, corresponding almost half of body width at the vulva with distinct parrefringens vaginae, sclerotized and triangulated pieces in optical section; tail long filiform, ventrally arcuate, with three small caudal glands in tandem and prominent terminal spinneret. Males with spicules 119 to 148 µm in length, and slender, slightly curved gubernaculum, 39 to 44 µm long and with 13 to 14 ventromedian supplements. The new species Iotonchus lotilabiatus n. sp. is closest to I. miamaensis (Khan and Araki, 2002), but differs by having larger size of body length and buccal cavity, lower position of dorsal tooth apex; longer female tail with lower c but higher c' ratios and the presence of advulval cuticular structures.

Descriptions of two new and one known species of Parkellus Jairajpuri, Tahseen and Choi, 2001 (Nematoda: Mononchidae) and their phylogenetic position among Mononchida.

Two new species of Parkellus (Jairajpuri et al., 2001) from Vietnam and a population of Parkellus zschokkei (Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 2010; Menzel, 1913) from Ukraine are described, illustrated and their phylogenetic position among the Mononchida is presented. The molecular data (18S and 28S rDNA) are given for the three investigated species - first time for the genus Parkellus. Parkellus hagiangensis sp. nov. is characterized by a medium-sized buccal cavity, posterior position of the dorsal tooth located below the beginning of the pharynx, males having the ventromedian cuticular pores above and below the excretory pore, short spicules with conical proximal part; females with very faint pars refringens vaginae and small teardrop-shaped pieces, short pars distalis vaginae, the presence of small ventromedian vulval papillae. Parkellus tuyenquangensis sp. nov. is characterized by a medium-sized buccal cavity, posterior position of the dorsal tooth located above the beginning of the pharynx, males having the ventromedian cuticular pores above and below the excretory pore, medium-sized spicules with a cylindrical proximal part, very short lateral guiding pieces, females with very strongly sclerotized pars refringens vaginae, medium size teardrop-shaped pieces, short pars distalis vaginae thickened at the junction with pars refringens vaginae. The newly described species are morphologically most similar to P. parkus and P. zschokkei. An identification key to Parkellus species is presented.

Peptides of neuron specific enolase as potential ASD biomarkers: From discovery to epitope mapping.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an important health issue and affects 1 in 59 children in the US. Prior studies determined that maternal autoantibody related (MAR) autism is thought to be associated with ~23% of ASD cases. We previously identified seven MAR-specific autoantigens including CRMP1, CRMP2, GDA, LDHA, LDHB, STIP1, and YBX1. We subsequently described the epitope peptide sequences recognized by maternal autoantibodies for each of the seven ASD-specific autoantigens. The aim of the current study was to expand upon our previous work and identify additional antigens recognized by the ASD-specific maternal autoantibodies, as well as to map the unique ASD-specific epitopes using microarray technology. Fetal Rhesus macaque brain tissues were separated by molecular weight and a fraction containing bands between 37 and 45 kDa was analyzed using 2-D gel electrophoresis, followed by peptide mass mapping using MALDI-TOF MS and TOF/TOF tandem MS/MS. Using this methodology, Neuron specific enolase (NSE) was identified as a target autoantigen and selected for epitope mapping. The full NSE sequence was translated into 15-mer peptides with an overlap of 14 amino acids onto microarray slides and probed with maternal plasma from mothers with an ASD child and from mothers with a Typically Developing child (TD) (ASD = 27 and TD = 21). The resulting data were analyzed by T-test. We found 16 ASD-specific NSE-peptide sequences for which four sequences were statistically significant (p < 0.05) using both the t-test and SAM t-test: DVAASEFYRDGKYDL (p = 0.047; SAM score 1.49), IEDPFDQDDWAAWSK (p = 0.049; SAM score 1.49), ERLAKYNQLMRIEEE (p = 0.045; SAM score 1.57), and RLAKYNQLMRIEEEL (p = 0.017; SAM score 1.82). We further identified 5 sequences that were recognized by both ASD and TD antibodies suggesting a large immunodominant epitope (DYPVVSIEDPFDQDDWAAW). While maternal autoantibodies against the NSE protein are present both in mothers with ASD and mothers of TD children, there are several ASD-specific epitopes that can potentially be used as MAR ASD biomarkers. Further, studies including analysis of NSE as a target protein in combination with the previously identified MAR ASD autoantigens are currently underway.

Identification of the antigenic epitopes of maternal autoantibodies in autism spectrum disorders.

Several groups have described the presence of fetal brain-reactive maternal autoantibodies in the plasma of some mothers whose children have autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We previously identified seven autoantigens targeted by these maternal autoantibodies, each of which is expressed at significant levels in the developing brain and has demonstrated roles in typical neurodevelopment. To further understand the binding repertoire of the maternal autoantibodies, as well as the presence of any meaningful differences with respect to the recognition and binding of these ASD-specific autoantibodies to each of these neuronal autoantigens, we utilized overlapping peptide microarrays incubated with maternal plasma samples obtained from the Childhood Autism Risk from Genetics and Environment (CHARGE) Study. In an effort to identify the most commonly recognized (immunodominant) epitope sequences targeted by maternal autoantibodies for each of the seven ASD-specific autoantigens, arrays were screened with plasma from mothers with children across diagnostic groups (ASD and typically developing (TD)) that were positive for at least one antigen by western blot (N = 67) or negative control mothers unreactive to any of the autoantigens (N = 18). Of the 63 peptides identified with the discovery microarrays, at least one immunodominant peptide was successfully identified for each of the seven antigenic proteins using subsequent selective screening microarrays. Furthermore, while limited by our relatively small sample size, there were peptides that were distinctly recognized by autoantibodies relative to diagnosis For example, reactivity was observed exclusively in mothers of children of ASD towards several peptides, including the LDH-B peptides DCIIIVVSNPVDILT (9.1% ASD vs. 0% TD; odds ratio (95% CI) = 6.644 (0.355-124.384)) and PVAEEEATVPNNKIT (5.5% ASD vs. 0% TD; odds ratio (95% CI) = 4.067 (0.203-81.403)).These results suggest that there are differences in the binding repertoire between the antigen positive ASD and TD maternal samples. Further, the autoantibodies in plasma from mothers of children with ASD bound to a more diverse set of peptides, and there were specific peptide binding combinations observed only in this group. Future studies are underway to determine the critical amino acids necessary for autoantibody binding, which will be essential in developing a potential therapeutic strategy for maternal autoantibody related (MAR) ASD.

Photodegradable hydrogels for capture, detection, and release of live cells.

Cells may be captured and released using a photodegradable hydrogel (photogel) functionalized with antibodies. Photogel substrates were used to first isolate human CD4 or CD8 T-cells from a heterogeneous cell suspension and then to release desired cells or groups of cells by UV-induced photodegradation. Flow cytometry analysis of the retrieved cells revealed approximately 95% purity of CD4 and CD8 T-cells, suggesting that this substrate had excellent specificity. To demonstrate the possibility of sorting cells according to their function, photogel substrates that were functionalized with anti-CD4 and anti-TNF-α antibodies were prepared. Single cells captured and stimulated on such substrates were identified by the fluorescence "halo" after immunofluorescent staining and could be retrieved by site-specific exposure to UV light through a microscope objective. Overall, it was demonstrated that functional photodegradable hydrogels enable the capture, analysis, and sorting of live cells.

The millipede family Polydesmidae Leach, 1816 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida) from Vietnam, with a description of a new cavernicolous species.

The millipede family Polydesmidae Leach, 1816 is reviewed in the scope of the Vietnamese fauna. The distribution of the species, Polydesmusvietnamicus Nguyen, 2009 is extended northward to Ha Giang Province. A new cavernicolous polydesmid, Pacidesmustuachuasp. nov., is described from two caves in northwestern Vietnam, representing the first record of the genus from Vietnam. Extensive illustrations and DNA barcodes are provided for both species, a revised key is presented to all 12 species of Pacidesmus Golovatch, 1991, as well as a key to all eight genera of Asian Polydesmidae.

A new species of Paracortina from a Vietnamese cave, with remarkable secondary sexual characters in males (Callipodida, Paracortinidae).

A new millipede species, Paracortinakyrangsp. nov., is described from a cave in Cao Bang Province, northern Vietnam. The new species is diagnosed by having an extraordinarily long projection on the head of males, reduced eyes, a gonocoxite with two processes, a long and slender gonotelopodite with two long, clavate prefemoroidal processes densely covered with long macrosetae apically, and with a distal, reverse, short spine on mesal side, and a rather sinuous distal part of the telopodite. This is the third species of the genus that is known from Vietnam. A brief comparison of some secondary sexual characters is made.

Efficient symptomatic treatment and viral load reduction for children with influenza virus infection by nasal-spraying Bacillus spore probiotics.

Influenza virus is a main cause of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) in children. This is the first double-blind, randomized, and controlled clinical trial examining the efficacy of nasal-spraying probiotic LiveSpo Navax, which contains 5 billion of Bacillus subtilis and B. clausii spores in 5 mL, in supporting treatment of influenza viral infection in pediatric patients. We found that the nasal-spraying Bacillus spores significantly shortened the recovery period and overall treatment by 2 days and increased treatment effectiveness by 58% in resolving all ARTIs' symptoms. At day 2, the concentrations of influenza virus and co-infected bacteria were reduced by 417 and 1152 folds. Additionally, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-6 in nasopharyngeal samples were reduced by 1.1, 3.7, and 53.9 folds, respectively. Compared to the standard control group, treatment regimen with LiveSpo Navax demonstrated significantly greater effectiveness, resulting in 26-fold reduction in viral load, 65-fold reduction in bacterial concentration, and 1.1-9.5-fold decrease in cytokine levels. Overall, nasal-spraying Bacillus spores can support the symptomatic treatment of influenza virus-induced ARTIs quickly, efficiently and could be used as a cost-effective supportive treatment for respiratory viral infection in general.Clinical trial registration no: NCT05378022 on 17/05/2022.

A comprehensive study on the efficacy of a wearable sleep aid device featuring closed-loop real-time acoustic stimulation.

Difficulty falling asleep is one of the typical insomnia symptoms. However, intervention therapies available nowadays, ranging from pharmaceutical to hi-tech tailored solutions, remain ineffective due to their lack of precise real-time sleep tracking, in-time feedback on the therapies, and an ability to keep people asleep during the night. This paper aims to enhance the efficacy of such an intervention by proposing a novel sleep aid system that can sense multiple physiological signals continuously and simultaneously control auditory stimulation to evoke appropriate brain responses for fast sleep promotion. The system, a lightweight, comfortable, and user-friendly headband, employs a comprehensive set of algorithms and dedicated own-designed audio stimuli. Compared to the gold-standard device in 883 sleep studies on 377 subjects, the proposed system achieves (1) a strong correlation (0.89 ± 0.03) between the physiological signals acquired by ours and those from the gold-standard PSG, (2) an 87.8% agreement on automatic sleep scoring with the consensus scored by sleep technicians, and (3) a successful non-pharmacological real-time stimulation to shorten the duration of sleep falling by 24.1 min. Conclusively, our solution exceeds existing ones in promoting fast falling asleep, tracking sleep state accurately, and achieving high social acceptance through a reliable large-scale evaluation.

Gender differences in quality of life outcomes of HIV/AIDS treatment in the latent feminization of HIV epidemics in Vietnam.

Understanding gender-specific predictors of Health-related Quality of Life (HRQL) outcomes of HIV/AIDS treatment is necessary in the latent feminization of HIV epidemics in Vietnam. This study assessed HRQL and its predictors among men and women with HIV/AIDS. We conducted a cross-sectional study of 155 patients (36.8% women, mean age=31.4) registering for antiretroviral treatment (ART) at Vietnam-Sweden Uong Bi General Hospital, Quang Ninh Province. The Vietnamese version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life HIV brief version (WHOQOL-HIV BREF) was developed. Factor analysis was applied to assess the construct validity of the measurement. Six major domains of the Vietnamese WHOQOL-HIV BREF were determined, namely physical; performance; morbidity; environment; psychological; and social support. Internal consistency reliability of the six domains ranged from 0.52 to 0.71. Multivariate linear regression models, constructed using step-wise forward selection, determined different predictors of HRQL domain scores in men and women with HIV/AIDS. The results showed that men reported higher scores or better in Morbidity (p=0.02), Environment (p=0.07) and Psychological dimensions (p=0.02); meanwhile, women had higher scores in Performance (p=0.09). Alcohol and injection drug use negatively predicted HRQL outcomes in both men and women. Employment was associated with better performance in men, and better physical but poorer environment status in women. Female patients who have a child experienced decrements in social support, psychological, environment, and performance. Findings of this study highlight the need to develop comprehensive interventions for HIV/AIDS patients, including HIV/AIDS treatment support and gender-specific impact mitigation interventions strategies.

Electrochemical release of hepatocyte-on-hydrogel microstructures from ITO substrates.

This paper describes a novel platform that utilizes micropatterning and electrochemistry to release cells-on-hydrogel microstructures from conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates. In this approach, UV photopolymerization was employed to micropattern heparin-based hydrogels onto glass substrates containing ITO electrodes. ITO/glass substrates were first functionalized with acrylated silane to promote attachment of hydrogel structures. The surfaces containing hydrogel micropatterns were further functionalized with poly(ethylene glycol) thiol, rendering the regions around the hydrogel structures non-fouling to proteins and cells. After incubating surfaces with collagen (I), primary rat hepatocytes were shown to selectively attach on top of the hydrogel and not on surrounding glass/ITO regions. Electrical activation of specific ITO electrodes (-1.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl reference) was then used to release cells-on-hydrogel microstructures from the substrate. Immunostaining and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis of albumin, an important indicator of hepatic function, showed that the hepatocyte-on-hydrogel microstructures released from the surface maintained their function at levels similar to hepatocytes remaining on the culture substrate. In the future, switchable conductive substrates described here may be to collect cell samples at different time points and may also be used for harvesting cell-carrying vehicles for transplantation studies.

Evaluation of interstitial lung disease: An algorithmic review using ILD-RADS.

Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) may present a diagnostic dilemma due to their many classifications and overlapping imaging findings. In this review, we present an algorithmic approach for assessing ILDs based on identifying and understanding key imaging features to aid in narrowing a differential diagnosis or reaching a specific diagnosis. We use the recently introduced Interstitial Lung Disease Reporting And Data System (ILD-RADS) as a framework for our discussion.

Nasal-spraying Bacillus spores as an effective symptomatic treatment for children with acute respiratory syncytial virus infection.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of Acute Respiratory Tract Infections (ARTIs) in young children. However, there is currently no vaccine or treatment available for children. Here, we demonstrated that nasal-spraying probiotics containing 5 billion of Bacillus spores (LiveSpo Navax) is an effective symptomatic treatment in a 6-day randomized controlled clinical study for RSV-infected children (n = 40-46/group). Navax treatment resulted in 1-day faster recovery-time and 10-50% better efficacy in relieving ARTI symptoms. At day 3, RSV load and level of pro-inflammatory cytokines in nasopharyngeal samples was reduced by 630 folds and 2.7-12.7 folds respectively. This showed 53-fold and 1.8-3.6-fold more effective than those in the control-standard of care-group. In summary, nasal-spraying Bacillus spores can rapidly and effectively relieve symptoms of RSV-induced ARTIs while exhibit strong impacts in reducing viral load and inflammation. Our nasal-spraying probiotics may provide a basis for simple-to-use, low-cost, and effective treatment against viral infection in general.

Spatial transcriptomics using combinatorial fluorescence spectral and lifetime encoding, imaging and analysis.

Multiplexed mRNA profiling in the spatial context provides new information enabling basic research and clinical applications. Unfortunately, existing spatial transcriptomics methods are limited due to either low multiplexing or complexity. Here, we introduce a spatialomics technology, termed Multi Omic Single-scan Assay with Integrated Combinatorial Analysis (MOSAICA), that integrates in situ labeling of mRNA and protein markers in cells or tissues with combinatorial fluorescence spectral and lifetime encoded probes, spectral and time-resolved fluorescence imaging, and machine learning-based decoding. We demonstrate MOSAICA's multiplexing scalability in detecting 10-plex targets in fixed colorectal cancer cells using combinatorial labeling of five fluorophores with facile error-detection and removal of autofluorescence. MOSAICA's analysis is strongly correlated with sequencing data (Pearson's r = 0.96) and was further benchmarked using RNAscopeTM and LGC StellarisTM. We further apply MOSAICA for multiplexed analysis of clinical melanoma Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissues. We finally demonstrate simultaneous co-detection of protein and mRNA in cancer cells.

A pilot study of the Earable device to measure facial muscle and eye movement tasks among healthy volunteers.

The Earable device is a behind-the-ear wearable originally developed to measure cognitive function. Since Earable measures electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and electrooculography (EOG), it may also have the potential to objectively quantify facial muscle and eye movement activities relevant in the assessment of neuromuscular disorders. As an initial step to developing a digital assessment in neuromuscular disorders, a pilot study was conducted to determine whether the Earable device could be utilized to objectively measure facial muscle and eye movements intended to be representative of Performance Outcome Assessments, (PerfOs) with tasks designed to model clinical PerfOs, referred to as mock-PerfO activities. The specific aims of this study were: To determine whether the Earable raw EMG, EOG, and EEG signals could be processed to extract features describing these waveforms; To determine Earable feature data quality, test re-test reliability, and statistical properties; To determine whether features derived from Earable could be used to determine the difference between various facial muscle and eye movement activities; and, To determine what features and feature types are important for mock-PerfO activity level classification. A total of N = 10 healthy volunteers participated in the study. Each study participant performed 16 mock-PerfOs activities, including talking, chewing, swallowing, eye closure, gazing in different directions, puffing cheeks, chewing an apple, and making various facial expressions. Each activity was repeated four times in the morning and four times at night. A total of 161 summary features were extracted from the EEG, EMG, and EOG bio-sensor data. Feature vectors were used as input to machine learning models to classify the mock-PerfO activities, and model performance was evaluated on a held-out test set. Additionally, a convolutional neural network (CNN) was used to classify low-level representations of the raw bio-sensor data for each task, and model performance was correspondingly evaluated and compared directly to feature classification performance. The model's prediction accuracy on the Earable device's classification ability was quantitatively assessed. Study results indicate that Earable can potentially quantify different aspects of facial and eye movements and may be used to differentiate mock-PerfO activities. Specially, Earable was found to differentiate talking, chewing, and swallowing tasks from other tasks with observed F1 scores >0.9. While EMG features contribute to classification accuracy for all tasks, EOG features are important for classifying gaze tasks. Finally, we found that analysis with summary features outperformed a CNN for activity classification. We believe Earable may be used to measure cranial muscle activity relevant for neuromuscular disorder assessment. Classification performance of mock-PerfO activities with summary features enables a strategy for detecting disease-specific signals relative to controls, as well as the monitoring of intra-subject treatment responses. Further testing is needed to evaluate the Earable device in clinical populations and clinical development settings.

A new species of a rare genus, Truxonchus quangi sp. n. (Mononchida, Anatonchidae) from bat xat nature reserve in Lao Cai Province, Vietnam.

Truxonchus quangi sp. n. is described and illustrated from Vietnam. Females of the new species are characterized by large body size (L = 4.8-5.8 mm); barrel shaped buccal cavity of large size (105-113 x 66-73 µm) with one dorsal tooth and two subventral teeth posteriorly directed, of equal shape, size and apex position; dorsal tooth apex located 36-39% of buccal cavity length from its base; reproductive system didelphic-amphidelphic, vagina long, 39-45% of corresponding body width, with distinct par refringens vaginae, sclerotized pieces rounded in optical section; tail long, filiform, ventrally arcuate, with three small caudal glands in tandem and prominent subventral spinneret. The new species is close to T. dolichurus but differs by the larger buccal cavity, more anterior position of the dorsal tooth apex, more anterior vulval position and presence of advulval pores.

Description of a new species, Actus hagiangensis (Mononchida, Mylonchulidae) from Ha Giang province, Vietnam.

Actus hagiangensis sp. nov. is described and illustrated from Vietnam. Females of the new species are characterized by medium body size (L = 1.1-1.4 mm), barrel shaped buccal cavity of medium size (26-31 x 13-15 µm) with dorsal tooth apex located 75-81% of buccal cavity length from base and two longitudinal subventral rows, each with four rasp-like denticles; reproductive system didelphic-amphidelphic, vagina short with distinct par refringens vaginae, sclerotized pieces globular in optical section; tail elongate-conoid, slightly ventrally arcuate, with three caudal glands and prominent spinneret. Male with spicules 46 µm in length, and slender, slightly curved gubernaculum, 12 µm long, without accessory piece. This is the first report of a male specimen of the genus Actus. The new species is close to A. salvadoricus but differs by the larger buccal cavity, more anterior position of the dorsal tooth apex and more rounded vaginal sclerotized pieces.

Epileptic Seizure Detection and Experimental Treatment: A Review.

One-fourths of the patients have medication-resistant seizures and require seizure detection and treatment continuously to cope with sudden seizures. Seizures can be detected by monitoring the brain and muscle activities, heart rate, oxygen level, artificial sounds, or visual signatures through EEG, EMG, ECG, motion, or audio/video recording on the human head and body. In this article, we first discuss recent advances in seizure sensing, signal processing, time- or frequency-domain analysis, and classification algorithms to detect and classify seizure stages. Then, we show a strong potential of applying recent advancements in non-invasive brain stimulation technology to treat seizures. In particular, we explain the fundamentals of brain stimulation approaches, including (1) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), (2) transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), (3) transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (tFUS), and how to use them to treat seizures. Through this review, we intend to provide a broad view of both recent seizure diagnoses and treatments. Such knowledge would help fresh and experienced researchers to capture the advancements in sensing, detection, classification, and treatment seizures. Last but not least, we provide potential research directions that would attract seizure researchers/engineers in the field.

Rapid isolation of rare targets from large fluid volumes.

Rapidly isolating rare targets from larger, clinically relevant fluid volumes remains an unresolved problem in biomedicine and diagnosis. Here, we describe how 3D particle sorting can enrich targets at ultralow concentrations over 100-fold within minutes not possible with conventional approaches. Current clinical devices based on biochemical extraction and microfluidic solutions typically require high concentrations and/or can only process sub-milliliter volumes in time. In a proof-of-concept application, we isolated bacteria from whole blood as demanded for rapid sepsis diagnosis where minimal numbers of bacteria need to be found in a 1-10 mL blood sample. After sample encapsulation in droplets and target enrichment with the 3D particle sorter within a few minutes, downstream analyses were able to identify bacteria and test for antibiotic susceptibility, information which is critical for successful treatment of bloodstream infections.