Preparation of cyclohexene isotopologues and stereoisotopomers from benzene.

The hydrogen isotopes deuterium (D) and tritium (T) have become essential tools in chemistry, biology and medicine1. Beyond their widespread use in spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and mechanistic and pharmacokinetic studies, there has been considerable interest in incorporating deuterium into drug molecules1. Deutetrabenazine, a deuterated drug that is promising for the treatment of Huntington's disease2, was recently approved by the United States' Food and Drug Administration. The deuterium kinetic isotope effect, which compares the rate of a chemical reaction for a compound with that for its deuterated counterpart, can be substantial1,3,4. The strategic replacement of hydrogen with deuterium can affect both the rate of metabolism and the distribution of metabolites for a compound5, improving the efficacy and safety of a drug. The pharmacokinetics of a deuterated compound depends on the location(s) of deuterium. Although methods are available for deuterium incorporation at both early and late stages of the synthesis of a drug6,7, these processes are often unselective and the stereoisotopic purity can be difficult to measure7,8. Here we describe the preparation of stereoselectively deuterated building blocks for pharmaceutical research. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate a four-step conversion of benzene to cyclohexene with varying degrees of deuterium incorporation, via binding to a tungsten complex. Using different combinations of deuterated and proteated acid and hydride reagents, the deuterated positions on the cyclohexene ring can be controlled precisely. In total, 52 unique stereoisotopomers of cyclohexene are available, in the form of ten different isotopologues. This concept can be extended to prepare discrete stereoisotopomers of functionalized cyclohexenes. Such systematic methods for the preparation of pharmacologically active compounds as discrete stereoisotopomers could improve the pharmacological and toxicological properties of drugs and provide mechanistic information related to their distribution and metabolism in the body.

Delta-5 elongase knockout reduces docosahexaenoic acid and lipid synthesis and increases heat sensitivity in a diatom.

Recent global marine lipidomic analysis reveals a strong relationship between ocean temperature and phytoplanktonic abundance of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are essential for human nutrition and primarily sourced from phytoplankton in marine food webs. In phytoplanktonic organisms, EPA may play a major role in regulating the phase transition temperature of membranes, while the function of DHA remains unexplored. In the oleaginous diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, DHA is distributed mainly on extraplastidial phospholipids, which is very different from the EPA enriched in thylakoid lipids. Here, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9-mediated knockout of delta-5 elongase (ptELO5a), which encodes a delta-5 elongase (ELO5) catalyzing the elongation of EPA to synthesize DHA, led to a substantial interruption of DHA synthesis in P. tricornutum. The ptELO5a mutants showed some alterations in transcriptome and glycerolipidomes, including membrane lipids and triacylglycerols under normal temperature (22 °C), and were more sensitive to elevated temperature (28 °C) than wild type. We conclude that PtELO5a-mediated synthesis of small amounts of DHA has indispensable functions in regulating membrane lipids, indirectly contributing to storage lipid accumulation, and maintaining thermomorphogenesis in P. tricornutum. This study also highlights the significance of DHA synthesis and lipid composition for environmental adaptation of P. tricornutum.

Resting-state EEG dynamic functional connectivity distinguishes non-psychotic major depression, psychotic major depression and schizophrenia.

This study aims to identify dynamic patterns within the spatiotemporal feature space that are specific to nonpsychotic major depression (NPMD), psychotic major depression (PMD), and schizophrenia (SCZ). The study also evaluates the effectiveness of machine learning algorithms based on these network manifestations in differentiating individuals with NPMD, PMD, and SCZ. A total of 579 participants were recruited, including 152 patients with NPMD, 45 patients with PMD, 185 patients with SCZ, and 197 healthy controls (HCs). A dynamic functional connectivity (DFC) approach was employed to estimate the principal FC states within each diagnostic group. Incremental proportions of data (ranging from 10% to 100%) within each diagnostic group were used for variability testing. DFC metrics, such as proportion, mean duration, and transition number, were examined among the four diagnostic groups to identify disease-related neural activity patterns. These patterns were then used to train a two-layer classifier for the four groups (HC, NPMD, PMD, and SCZ). The four principal brain states (i.e., states 1,2,3, and 4) identified by the DFC approach were highly representative within and across diagnostic groups. Between-group comparisons revealed significant differences in network metrics of state 2 and state 3, within delta, theta, and gamma frequency bands, between healthy individuals and patients in each diagnostic group (p < 0.01, FDR corrected). Moreover, the identified key dynamic network metrics achieved an accuracy of 73.1 ± 2.8% in the four-way classification of HC, NPMD, PMD, and SCZ, outperforming the static functional connectivity (SFC) approach (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that the proposed DFC approach can identify dynamic network biomarkers at the single-subject level. These biomarkers have the potential to accurately differentiate individual subjects among various diagnostic groups of psychiatric disorders or healthy controls. This work may contribute to the development of a valuable EEG-based diagnostic tool with enhanced accuracy and assistive capabilities.

Hydrogen Bonding Analysis of Structural Transition-Induced Symmetry Breaking and Spin Splitting in a Hybrid Perovskite Employing a Synergistic Diffraction-DFT Approach.

Two-dimensional (2D) hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) offer an outstanding opportunity for spin-related technologies owing in part to their tunable structural symmetry breaking and distortions driven by organic-inorganic hydrogen (H) bonds. However, understanding how H-bonds tailor inorganic symmetry and distortions and therefore enhance spin splitting for more effective spin manipulation remains imprecise due to challenges in measuring H atom positions using X-ray diffraction. Here, we report a thermally induced structural transition (at ∼209 K) for a 2D HOIP, (2-BrPEA)2PbI4 [2-BrPEA = 2-(2-bromophenyl)ethylammonium], which induces inversion asymmetry and a strong spin splitting (ΔE > 30 meV). While X-ray diffraction generally establishes heavy atom coordinates, we utilize neutron diffraction for accurate H atom position determination, demonstrating that the structural transition-induced rearrangement of H-bonds with distinct bond strengths asymmetrically shifts associated iodine atom positions. Consequences of this shift include an increased structural asymmetry, an enhanced difference between adjacent interoctahedra distortions (i.e., Pb-I-Pb bond angles), and therefore significant spin splitting. We further show that H-only density-functional theory (DFT) relaxation of the X-ray structure shifts H atoms to positions that are consistent with the neutron experimental data, validating a convenient pathway to more generally improve upon HOIP H-bonding analyses derived from quicker/less-expensive X-ray data.

Composition Determination of Heterometallic Trinuclear Clusters via Anomalous X-ray and Neutron Diffraction.

Anomalous X-ray diffraction (AXD) and neutron diffraction can be used to crystallographically distinguish between metals of similar electron density. Despite the use of AXD for structural characterization in mixed metal clusters, there are no benchmark studies evaluating the accuracy of AXD toward assessing elemental occupancy in molecules with comparisons with what is determined via neutron diffraction. We collected resonant diffraction data on several homo and heterometallic clusters and refined their anomalous scattering components to determine metal site occupancies. Theoretical resonant scattering terms for Fe0, Co0, and Zn0 were compared against experimental values, revealing theoretical values are ill-suited to serve as references for occupancy determination. The cluster featuring distinct cation and anion metal compositions [CoCp2*][(tbsL)Fe3(µ3-NAr)] was used to assess the accuracy of different f' references for occupancy determination (f'theoretical ± 15-17%; f'experimental ± 10%). This methodology was applied toward calculating the occupancy of three different clusters: (tbsL)Fe2Zn(py) (6), (tbsL)Fe2Zn(µ3-NAr)(py) (7), and [CoCp*2][(tbsL)Fe2Zn(µ3-NAr)] (8). The first two clusters maintain 100% Fe/Zn site isolation, whereas 8 showed metal mixing within the sites. The large crystal size of 8 enabled collection of neutron diffraction data which was compared against the results found with AXD. The ability of AXD to replicate the metal occupancies as determined by neutron diffraction supports the AXD occupancy methodology developed herein. Furthermore, the advantages innate to AXD (e.g., smaller crystal sizes, shorter collection times, and greater availability of synchrotron resources) versus neutron diffraction further support the need for its development as a standard technique.

Profiling of the gene expression and alternative splicing landscapes of Eucalyptus grandis.

Eucalyptus is a widely planted hardwood tree species due to its fast growth, superior wood properties and adaptability. However, the post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms controlling tissue development and stress responses in Eucalyptus remain poorly understood. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the gene expression profile and the alternative splicing (AS) landscape of E. grandis using strand-specific RNA-Seq, which encompassed 201 libraries including different organs, developmental stages, and environmental stresses. We identified 10 416 genes (33.49%) that underwent AS, and numerous differentially expressed and/or differential AS genes involved in critical biological processes, such as primary-to-secondary growth transition of stems, adventitious root formation, aging and responses to phosphorus- or boron-deficiency. Co-expression analysis of AS events and gene expression patterns highlighted the potential upstream regulatory role of AS events in multiple processes. Additionally, we highlighted the lignin biosynthetic pathway to showcase the potential regulatory functions of AS events in the KNAT3 and IRL3 genes within this pathway. Our high-quality expression atlas and AS landscape serve as valuable resources for unravelling the genetic control of woody plant development, long-term adaptation, and understanding transcriptional diversity in Eucalyptus. Researchers can conveniently access these resources through the interactive ePlant browser (https://bar.utoronto.ca/eplant_eucalyptus).

Hydride-Containing Pt-doped Cu-rich Nanoclusters: Synthesis, Structure, and Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution.

A structurally precise hydride-containing Pt-doped Cu-rich nanocluster [PtH2 Cu14 {S2 P(Oi Pr)2 }6 (CCPh)6 ] (1) has been synthesized. It consists of a bicapped icosahedral Cu14 cage that encapsulates a linear PtH2 unit. Upon the addition of two equivalents of CF3 COOH to 1, two hydrido clusters are isolated. These clusters are [PtHCu11 {S2 P(Oi Pr)2 }6 (CCPh)4 ] (2), which is a vertex-missing Cu11 cuboctahedron encaging a PtH moiety, and [PtH2 Cu11 {S2 P(Oi Pr)2 }6 (CCPh)3 ] (3), a distorted 3,3,4,4,4-pentacapped trigonal prismatic Cu11 cage enclosing a PtH2 unit. The electronic structure of 2, analyzed by Density Functional Theory, is a 2e superatom. The electrocatalytic activities of 1-3 for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) were compared. Notably, Cluster 2 exhibited an exceptionally excellent HER activity within metal nanoclusters, with an onset potential of -0.03 V (at 10 mA cm-2 ), a Tafel slope of 39 mV dec-1 , and consistent HER activity throughout 3000 cycles in 0.5 M H2 SO4 . Our study suggests that the accessible central Pt site plays a crucial role in the remarkable HER activity and may provide valuable insights for establishing correlations between catalyst structure and HER activity.

Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Michael Addition of 3-Fluorooxindole to Vinylidene Bisphosphonates.

Both the 3-fluorooxindole and germinal bisphosphonate structural motifs are prevalent in bioactive molecules because of their associated biological activities. We describe an approach to accessing 3,3-disubstituted 3-fluorooxindoles bearing a geminal bisphosphate fragment through a highly enantioselective Michael addition reaction between 3-fluorooxindoles and vinylidene bisphosphonates. These reactions are catalyzed by a commercially available cinchona alkaloid catalyst, have a broad substrate scope concerning 3-fluorooxindoles, and provide the corresponding addition products in a yield of up to 95% with an enantiomeric excess of up to 95%. A reasonable reaction pathway to explain the observed stereochemistry is also proposed.

In Situ Characterization of Metastable Pb3O5 and Pb2O3 Phases During Thermal Decomposition of PbO2 to PbO.

Nonstoichiometric lead oxides play a key role in the formation and cycling of the positive electrodes in a lead acid battery. These phases have been linked to the underutilization of the positive active material but also play a key role in the battery's cycle life, providing interparticle adhesion and the connection to the underlying lead grid. Similar phases have previously been identified by mass loss or color change during thermal annealing of PbO2 to PbO, suggesting that at least two intermediate PbOx phases exist. Using multiple, in situ analysis techniques (powder diffraction, X-ray absorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) and ex situ nuclear magnetic resonance measurements, the structural conversion and changes in the lead oxidation state were identified during this process. Isolation of the PbOx phases enabled confirmation of Pb3O5 and Pb2O3 by diffraction and the first 207Pb NMR measurement of these intermediates. The thermodynamic and kinetic stability of these intermediates and other reported polymorphs were determined by density functional theory, providing key insight into their origins and variation of PbOx structures found in previous studies.

Awakening: Potential Release of Dormant Chemicals from Thawing Permafrost Soils under Climate Change.

Permafrost is a crucial part of the Earth's cryosphere. These millennia-old frozen soils not only are significant carbon reservoirs but also store a variety of chemicals. Accelerated permafrost thaw due to global warming leads to profound consequences such as infrastructure damage, hydrological changes, and, notably, environmental concerns from the release of various chemicals. In this perspective, we metaphorically term long-preserved substances as "dormant chemicals" that experience an "awakening" during permafrost thaw. We begin by providing a comprehensive overview and categorization of these chemicals and their potential transformations, utilizing a combination of field observations, laboratory studies, and modeling approaches to assess their environmental impacts. Following this, we put forward several perspectives on how to enhance the scientific understanding of their ensuing environmental impacts in the context of climate change. Ultimately, we advocate for broader research engagement in permafrost exploration and emphasize the need for extensive environmental chemical studies. This will significantly enhance our understanding of the consequences of permafrost thaw and its broader impact on other ecosystems under rapid climate warming.

Attributing Atmospheric Phosphorus in the Himalayas: Biomass Burning vs Mineral Dust.

Atmospheric phosphorus is a vital nutrient for ecosystems whose sources and fate are still debated in the fragile Himalayan region, hindering our comprehension of its local ecological impact. This study provides novel insights into atmospheric phosphorus based on the study of total suspended particulate matter at the Qomolangma station. Contrary to the prevailing assumptions, we show that biomass burning (BB), not mineral dust, dominates total dissolved phosphorus (TDP, bioavailable) deposition in this arid region, especially during spring. While total phosphorus is mainly derived from dust (77% annually), TDP is largely affected by the transport of regional biomass-burning plumes from South Asia. During BB pollution episodes, TDP causing springtime TDP fluxes alone accounts for 43% of the annual budget. This suggests that BB outweighs dust in supplying bioavailable phosphorus, a critical nutrient, required to sustain Himalayas' ecological functions. Overall, this first-hand field evidence refines the regional and global phosphorus budget by demonstrating that BB emission, while still unrecognized, is a significant source of P, even in the remote mountains of the Himalayas. It also reveals the heterogeneity of atmospheric phosphorus deposition in that region, which will help predict changes in the impacted ecosystems as the deposition patterns vary.

Schizophrenia and risk preference: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study.

Increasing evidence shows that risk preference is associated with schizophrenia. However, the causality and direction of this association are not clear; Therefore, we used Mendelian randomization (MR) to examine the potential bidirectional relationship between risk preference and schizophrenia. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary data on risk preference of 939,908 participants from the UK Biobank and 23andMe were used to identify general risk preference. Data from 320,404 subjects (76,755 cases and 243,649 controls) from The Psychiatric Genomics Consortium were used to identify schizophrenia. The weighted median (WM), the inverse variance weighted (IVW), and the Mendelian randomization-Egger (MR-Egger) methods were used for the MR analysis to estimate the causal effect and detect the directional pleiotropy. The GWAS summary data were respectively from two combined samples, containing 939,908 and 320,404 subjects of European ancestry. Mendelian randomization evidence suggested that risk preference was associated with increased onset of schizophrenia (OR = 2.84, 95CI%: 1.77-4.56, P = 1.58*10 - 5) and that schizophrenia was also associated with raised risk preference (OR = 1.11, 95CI%: 1.07-1.15, P = 7.98*10 - 8). With the use of large-scale GWAS data, robust evidence suggests an interaction between risk preference and schizophrenia. This also indicates that early identification of and intervention for increased risk preference may improve the prognosis of schizophrenia.

Symptom clusters and symptom network analysis during immunotherapy in lung cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: This study analyzes symptoms in lung cancer patients undergoing immunotherapy to identify core symptom clusters through network analysis and lay a foundation for effective symptom management programs. METHODS: The sample comprised 240 lung cancer patients receiving immunotherapy. Participants were assessed using the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale. Exploratory factor analysis was used to extract symptom clusters, and network analysis using JASP 0.17.3 was performed to explore the centrality indices and density of the symptom network. RESULTS: Five symptom clusters were identified, i.e., emotion-related, lung cancer-related, physical, skin, and neural symptom clusters, with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 55.819%. Network analysis revealed that sadness was the most intense symptom (rs = 2.189), dizziness was the most central symptom (rc = 1.388), and fatigue was the most significant bridging symptom (rb = 2.575). CONCLUSION: This study identified five symptom clusters and a symptom network among lung cancer patients during immunotherapy. The network analysis's centrality indices and network density results can assist healthcare professionals in devising more precise symptom management strategies.

Brain structural alterations associated with impulsiveness in male violent patients with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Violence in schizophrenia (SCZ) is a phenomenon associated with neurobiological factors. However, the neural mechanisms of violence in patients with SCZ are not yet sufficiently understood. Thus, this study aimed to explore the structural changes associated with the high risk of violence and its association with impulsiveness in patients with SCZ to reveal the possible neurobiological basis. METHOD: The voxel-based morphometry approach and whole-brain analyses were used to measure the alteration of gray matter volume (GMV) for 45 schizophrenia patients with violence (VSC), 45 schizophrenia patients without violence (NSC), and 53 healthy controls (HC). Correlation analyses were used to examine the association of impulsiveness and brain regions associated with violence. RESULTS: The results demonstrated reduced GMV in the right insula within the VSC group compared with the NSC group, and decreased GMV in the right temporal pole and left orbital part of superior frontal gyrus only in the VSC group compared to the HC group. Spearman correlation analyses further revealed a positive correlation between impulsiveness and GMV of the left superior temporal gyrus, bilateral insula and left medial orbital part of the superior frontal gyrus in the VSC group. CONCLUSION: Our findings have provided further evidence for structural alterations in patients with SCZ who had engaged in severe violence, as well as the relationship between the specific brain alterations and impulsiveness. This work provides neural biomarkers and improves our insight into the neural underpinnings of violence in patients with SCZ.

Safety and efficacy of a novel transbronchial radiofrequency ablation system for lung tumours: One year follow-up from the first multi-centre large-scale clinical trial (BRONC-RFII).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an emerging treatment of lung cancer, yet it is accompanied by certain safety concerns and operational limitations. This first multi-centre, large-scale clinical trial aimed to investigate the technical performance, efficacy and safety of an innovative transbronchial RFA system for lung tumours. METHODS: The study enrolled patients with malignant lung tumours who underwent transbronchial RFA using an automatic saline microperfusion system between January 2021 and December 2021 across 16 medical centres. The primary endpoint was the complete ablation rate. The performance and safety of the technique, along with the 1-year survival rates, were evaluated. RESULTS: This study included 126 patients (age range: 23-85 years) with 130 lung tumours (mean size: 18.77 × 14.15 mm) who had undergone 153 transbronchial RFA sessions, with a technique success rate of 99.35% and an average ablation zone size of 32.47 mm. At the 12-month follow-up, the complete ablation rate and intrapulmonary progression-free survival rates were 90.48% and 88.89%, respectively. The results of patients with ground-glass nodules (GGNs) were superior to those of the patients with solid nodules (12-month complete ablation rates: solid vs. pure GGN vs. mixed GGN: 82.14% vs. 100% vs. 96.08%, p = 0.007). No device defects were reported. Complications such as pneumothorax, haemoptysis, pleural effusion, pulmonary infection and pleural pain were observed in 3.97%, 6.35%, 8.73%, 11.11% and 10.32% of patients, respectively. Two subjects died during the follow-up period. CONCLUSION: Transbronchial RFA utilizing an automatic saline microperfusion system is a viable, safe and efficacious approach for the treatment for lung tumours, particularly for patients with GGNs.

Comparison of Lower and Upper Extremity Arteriovenous Graft: A Retrospective Clinical Analysis with 5-Year Follow-Up.

BACKGROUND: For patients in whom an upper extremity (UE) vascular access cannot be established, the lower extremity (LE) arteriovenous graft (AVG) could be selected. However, the application of LE AVG is limited owing to its high infection rate, uncertain patency time, and technical difficulties. This study aimed to compare the long-term patency rates and the incidence of vascular access complications of AVG in the LE and UE to provide a reference for the applications of AVG, especially in the LEs. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of patients who successfully underwent LE or UE AVG placement from March 2016 to October 2021. Patient characteristics were collected and compared using parameter or nonparameter tests according to data type. Postoperative patency was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier test. Postoperative complication incidence density and intergroup comparison were estimated using the Poisson distribution. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients with LE AVG and 120 patients with UE AVG were included. The 1-year primary patency rate was 67.4% (±11.0% standard error [SE]) in the LE group and 30.1% (±4.5% SE) in the UE group (P = 0.031). The assisted primary patency rate at postoperative months 12, 24, and 36 was respectively 78.6% (±9.6% SE), 65.5% (±14.4% SE), and 49.1% (±17.8% SE) in the LE group and 63.3% (±4.6% SE), 47.5% (±5.4% SE), and 30.4% (±6.1% SE) in the UE group (P = 0.137). The secondary patency rate at postoperative months 12, 24, and 36 remains 95.5% (±4.4% SE) in the LE group and 89.3% (±2.9% SE), 83.7% (±3.9% SE), and 73.0% (±6.2% SE), respectively, in the UE group (P = 0.200). Postoperative complications included stenosis, occlusion/thrombosis, infection, steal syndrome, pseudoaneurysm, severe postoperative serum swelling, and AVG exposure. The total incidence rates of postoperative complications were 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59-1.23) versus 1.61 (95% CI 1.45-1.79) (P = 0.001) cases/person-year, the incidence rates of stenosis were 0.45 (95% CI 0.26-0.73) versus 0.92 (95% CI 0.80-1.06) (P = 0.005) cases/person-year and the incidence rates of occlusion/thrombosis were 0.34 (95% CI 0.17-0.59) versus 0.62 (95% CI 0.52-0.74) cases/person-year in the LE group compared to those in the UE group (P = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: LE AVG had higher primary patency rate and lower postoperative complication incidence than UE AVG. With the development of interventional technology, both LE AVG and UE AVG exhibited high secondary patency rates. LE AVG can be a reliable and long-term alternative for appropriately selected patients with unusable UE vessels.

The impact of workplace violence on job burnout among Chinese correctional officers: the chain mediating effects of stress and insomnia.

BACKGROUND: The risk of workplace violence and job burnout among Chinese correctional officers is high. Stress and insomnia may influence the relationship between workplace violence and job burnout; however, this influence has been rarely studied. This study aimed to explore the effect of workplace violence on job burnout among Chinese correctional officers and to assess the contribution of stress and insomnia to this effect. METHODS: In this study, the workplace violence scale, the Assens insomnia scale, the 21-item Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey scale were used to assess the workplace violence, insomnia, stress, and job burnout experienced by the 472 correctional officers, respectively. RESULTS: The results showed that (1) workplace violence was significantly and positively predictive of job burnout, (2) workplace violence affected job burnout through the mediation of stress, (3) workplace violence affected job burnout through the mediation of insomnia, and (4) stress and insomnia played fully interlocking mediating roles in the effect of workplace violence on job burnout. CONCLUSION: Stress and insomnia may play a full mediating role in the relationship between workplace violence and job burnout. This suggested that correctional officers may take measures to reduce stress and improve insomnia, thereby reducing their job burnout. Further research may focus on the development of effective interventions to reduce stress and improve insomnia among correctional officers.

Relationship between work-family conflict and anxiety/depression among Chinese correctional officers: a moderated mediation model of burnout and resilience.

BACKGROUND: Correctional officers tend to have high levels of work-family conflict (WFC). WFC has been found associated with various forms of psychological distress and to affect the overall well-being of correctional officers. Burnout and resilience may affect the relationship between WFC and psychological distress, however, this association still remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the mediating effect of burnout on the relationship between WFC and anxiety/depression and the moderating role of resilience, within the context of correctional officers. METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in China from October 2021 to January 2022. WFC, burnout, resilience, anxiety, and depression were evaluated using the Work-Family Conflict Scale (WFCS), Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS), 10-item Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC-10), and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS). Mediation and moderation models were then tested using the PROCESS macro in SPSS, with burnout being a mediator and resilience playing a moderating role in the relationship between WFC and anxiety/depression. RESULTS: A total of 472 correctional officers were included. Burnout was found to mediate the relationship between WFC and anxiety (b = 0.14, 95%CI [0.10, 0.19]) and the relationship between WFC and depression (b = 0.23, 95%CI [0.18, 0.28]). Additionally, resilience played a moderating role in the direct effect of WFC on anxiety (b = - 0.02, p < 0.01) and the first half of the indirect effect of WFC on anxiety (b = - 0.007, p < 0.05). Furthermore, resilience was also found to moderate the first half of the indirect effect of WFC on depression (b = - 0.02, p < 0.01), but not the direct effect of WFC on depression (b = - 0.005, p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study may improve our understanding by elucidating the fundamental mechanisms of the connection between WFC and psychological distress among correctional officers. The results have significant implications for policymakers and individuals, as they suggest that diverse interventions may help promote the mental well-being of correctional officers.

Differences in the depression and burnout networks between doctors and nurses: evidence from a network analysis.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated a strong association between depression and job burnout among healthcare professionals, but the results have been inconsistent, and there is a lack of in-depth exploration of such a relationship among different healthcare professions. The present study aims to investigate the interrelationships between depression and burnout among Chinese healthcare professionals and whether there are differences in the networks of these symptoms between doctors and nurses. METHODS: The Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey and the 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire were employed to assess job burnout and depression among 3,684 healthcare professionals. The translation has been refined to ensure accuracy and academic suitability. Subsequently, network analysis was conducted on 2,244 participants with a higher level of job burnout to identify core symptoms and explore the associations between job burnout and depression. RESULTS: The present study showed a network association between lack of interest and pleasure in things and being exhausted from work, excessive tiredness facing work, tendency to collapse at work, and lack of passion for work than before among healthcare professionals, as well as a notable difference in the network association between lack of interest and pleasure in things and lack of passion for work than before between nurses and doctors. CONCLUSIONS: The depression-burnout network structures differ between doctors and nurses, highlighting the need for targeted intervention measures for both groups.

Neutron Instruments for Research in Coordination Chemistry.

Neutron diffraction and spectroscopy offer unique insight into structures and properties of solids and molecular materials. All neutron instruments located at the various neutron sources are distinct, even if their designs are based on similar principles, and thus, they are usually less familiar to the community than commercial X-ray diffractometers and optical spectrometers. Major neutron instruments in the USA, which are open to scientists around the world, and examples of their use in coordination chemistry research are presented here, along with a list of similar instruments at main neutron facilities in other countries. The reader may easily and quickly find from this minireview an appropriate neutron instrument for research. The instruments include single-crystal and powder diffractometers to determine structures, inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectrometers to probe magnetic and vibrational excitations, and quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) spectrometers to study molecular dynamics such as methyl rotation on ligands. Key and unique features of the diffraction and neutron spectroscopy that are relevant to inorganic chemistry are reviewed.