Assessment of H2S in vivo using the newly developed mitochondria-targeted mass spectrometry probe MitoA.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is produced endogenously in vivo and has multiple effects on signaling pathways and cell function. Mitochondria can be both an H2S source and sink, and many of the biological effects of H2S relate to its interactions with mitochondria. However, the significance of mitochondrial H2S is uncertain, in part due to the difficulty of assessing changes in its concentration in vivo Although a number of fluorescent H2S probes have been developed these are best suited to cells in culture and cannot be used in vivo To address this unmet need we have developed a mitochondria-targeted H2S probe, MitoA, which can be used to assess relative changes in mitochondrial H2S levels in vivo MitoA comprises a lipophilic triphenylphosphonium (TPP) cation coupled to an aryl azide. The TPP cation leads to the accumulation of MitoA inside mitochondria within tissues in vivo There, the aryl azido group reacts with H2S to form an aryl amine (MitoN). The extent of conversion of MitoA to MitoN thus gives an indication of the levels of mitochondrial H2S in vivo Both compounds can be detected sensitively by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of the tissues, and quantified relative to deuterated internal standards. Here we describe the synthesis and characterization of MitoA and show that it can be used to assess changes in mitochondrial H2S levels in vivo As a proof of principle we used MitoA to show that H2S levels increase in vivo during myocardial ischemia.

Biosynthesis and Reactivity of Cysteine Persulfides in Signaling.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) elicits pleiotropic physiological effects ranging from modulation of cardiovascular to CNS functions. A dominant method for transmission of sulfide-based signals is via posttranslational modification of reactive cysteine thiols to persulfides. However, the source of the persulfide donor and whether its relationship to H2S is as a product or precursor is controversial. The transsulfuration pathway enzymes can synthesize cysteine persulfide (Cys-SSH) from cystine and H2S from cysteine and/or homocysteine. Recently, Cys-SSH was proposed as the primary product of the transsulfuration pathway with H2S representing a decomposition product of Cys-SSH. Our detailed kinetic analyses demonstrate a robust capacity for Cys-SSH production by the human transsulfuration pathway enzymes, cystathionine beta-synthase and γ-cystathionase (CSE) and for homocysteine persulfide synthesis from homocystine by CSE only. However, in the reducing cytoplasmic milieu where the concentration of reduced thiols is significantly higher than of disulfides, substrate level regulation favors the synthesis of H2S over persulfides. Mathematical modeling at physiologically relevant hepatic substrate concentrations predicts that H2S rather than Cys-SSH is the primary product of the transsulfuration enzymes with CSE being the dominant producer. The half-life of the metastable Cys-SSH product is short and decomposition leads to a mixture of polysulfides (Cys-S-(S)n-S-Cys). These in vitro data, together with the intrinsic reactivity of Cys-SSH for cysteinyl versus sulfur transfer, are consistent with the absence of an observable increase in protein persulfidation in cells in response to exogenous cystine and evidence for the formation of polysulfides under these conditions.

Does perthionitrite (SSNO(-)) account for sustained bioactivity of NO? A (bio)chemical characterization.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO) are important signaling molecules that regulate several physiological functions. Understanding the chemistry behind their interplay is important for explaining these functions. The reaction of H2S with S-nitrosothiols to form the smallest S-nitrosothiol, thionitrous acid (HSNO), is one example of physiologically relevant cross-talk between H2S and nitrogen species. Perthionitrite (SSNO(-)) has recently been considered as an important biological source of NO that is far more stable and longer living than HSNO. In order to experimentally address this issue here, we prepared SSNO(-) by two different approaches, which lead to two distinct species: SSNO(-) and dithionitric acid [HON(S)S/HSN(O)S]. (H)S2NO species and their reactivity were studied by (15)N NMR, IR, electron paramagnetic resonance and high-resolution electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry, as well as by X-ray structure analysis and cyclic voltammetry. The obtained results pointed toward the inherent instability of SSNO(-) in water solutions. SSNO(-) decomposed readily in the presence of light, water, or acid, with concomitant formation of elemental sulfur and HNO. Furthermore, SSNO(-) reacted with H2S to generate HSNO. Computational studies on (H)SSNO provided additional explanations for its instability. Thus, on the basis of our data, it seems to be less probable that SSNO(-) can serve as a signaling molecule and biological source of NO. SSNO(-) salts could, however, be used as fast generators of HNO in water solutions.

Working with "H2S": facts and apparent artifacts.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important signaling molecule with physiological endpoints similar to those of nitric oxide (NO). Growing interest in its physiological roles and pharmacological potential has led to large sets of contradictory data. The principle cause of these discrepancies can be the common neglect of some of the basic H2S chemistry. This study investigates how the experimental outcome when working with H2S depends on its source and dose and the methodology employed. We show that commercially available NaHS should be avoided and that traces of metal ions should be removed because these can reduce intramolecular disulfides and change protein structure. Furthermore, high H2S concentrations may lead to a complete inhibition of cell respiration, mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization and superoxide generation, which should be considered when discussing the biological effects observed upon treatment with high concentrations of H2S. In addition, we provide chemical evidence that H2S can directly react with superoxide. H2S is also capable of reducing cytochrome c(3+) with the concomitant formation of superoxide. H2S does not directly react with nitrite but with NO electrodes that detect H2S. In addition, H2S interferes with the Griess reaction and should therefore be removed from the solution by Cd(2+) or Zn(2+) precipitation prior to nitrite quantification. 2-Phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide (PTIO) is reduced by H2S, and its use should be avoided in combination with H2S. All these constraints must be taken into account when working with H2S to ensure valid data.

Nitrosopersulfide (SSNO-) decomposes in the presence of sulfide, cyanide or glutathione to give HSNO/SNO-: consequences for the assumed role in cell signalling.

The emergence of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as a new signalling molecule able to control vasodilation, neurotransmission and immune response, prompted questions about its possible cross-talk with the other gasontransmitter, nitric oxide (NO). It has been shown that H2S reacts with NO and its metabolites and several potentially biologically active species have been identified. Thionitrous acid (HSNO) was proposed to be an intermediate product of the reaction of S-nitrosothiols with H2S capable of crossing the membranes and causing further trans-nitrosation of proteins. Alternatively, formation of nitrosopersulfide (SSNO-) has been proposed in this reaction. SSNO- was claimed to be particularly stable and inert to H2S, thiols and cyanides. It is suggested that this putative SSNO- slowly decomposes to give NO, HNO and polysulfides. However, the chemical studies with pure SSNO- salts showed some conflicting observations. In this study, we work with pure PNP+SSNO- to show that contrary to everything that is claimed for the yellow reaction product of GSNO with H2S, pure SSNO- decomposes readily in the presence of cyanide, H2S and glutathione to form SNO-. Based on literature overview and chemical data about the structures of HSNO/SNO- and SSNO- we discuss the biological role these two species could have.

Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel Adenine-Hydrogen Sulfide Slow Release Hybrids Designed as Multitarget Cardioprotective Agents.

This work deals with the design, synthesis, and evaluation of the cardioprotective properties of a number of novel hybrid compounds combining the adenine nucleus with a suitable H2S slow-releasing moiety, coupled via a stable ether bond. The H2S release rate of the hybrids and their ability to increase cGMP were estimated in vitro. The most promising derivatives 4 and 11, both containing 4-hydroxythiobenzamide moiety as H2S donor, were selected for further in vivo evaluation. Their ability to release H2S in vivo was recorded using a new fully validated UPLC-DAD method. Both compounds reduced significantly the infarct size when administered at the end of sustained ischemia. Mechanistic studies showed that they conferred enhanced cardioprotection compared to adenine or 4-hydroxythiobenzamide. They activate the PKG/PLN pathway in the ischemic myocardium, suggesting that the combination of both pharmacophores results in synergistic cardioprotective activity through the combination of both molecular pathways that trigger cardioprotection.

Improved tag-switch method reveals that thioredoxin acts as depersulfidase and controls the intracellular levels of protein persulfidation.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has emerged as a signalling molecule capable of regulating several important physiological functions such as blood pressure, neurotransmission and inflammation. The mechanisms behind these effects are still largely elusive and oxidative posttranslational modification of cysteine residues (protein persulfidation or S-sulfhydration) has been proposed as the main pathway for H2S-induced biological and pharmacological effects. As a signalling mechanism, persulfidation has to be controlled. Using an improved tag-switch assay for persulfide detection we show here that protein persulfide levels are controlled by the thioredoxin system. Recombinant thioredoxin showed an almost 10-fold higher reactivity towards cysteine persulfide than towards cystine and readily cleaved protein persulfides as well. This reaction resulted in H2S release suggesting that thioredoxin could be an important regulator of H2S levels from persulfide pools. Inhibition of the thioredoxin system caused an increase in intracellular persulfides, highlighting thioredoxin as a major protein depersulfidase that controls H2S signalling. Finally, using plasma from HIV-1 patients that have higher circulatory levels of thioredoxin, we could prove depersulfidase role in vivo.

Insights into the mechanism of the reaction between hydrogen sulfide and peroxynitrite.

Hydrogen sulfide and peroxynitrite are endogenously generated molecules that participate in biologically relevant pathways. A revision of the kinetic features of the reaction between peroxynitrite and hydrogen sulfide revealed a complex process. The rate constant of peroxynitrite decay, (6.65 ± 0.08) × 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) in 0.05 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 37°C), was affected by the concentration of buffer. Theoretical modeling suggested that, as in the case of thiols, the reaction is initiated by the nucleophilic attack of HS(-) on the peroxide group of ONOOH by a typical bimolecular nucleophilic substitution, yielding HSOH and NO2(-). In contrast to thiols, the reaction then proceeds to the formation of distinct products that absorb near 408 nm. Experiments in the presence of scavengers and carbon dioxide showed that free radicals are unlikely to be involved in the formation of these products. The results are consistent with product formation involving the reactive intermediate HSSH and its fast reaction with a second peroxynitrite molecule. Mass spectrometry and UV-Vis absorption spectra predictions suggest that at least one of the products is HSNO2 or its isomer HSONO.