Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 20 de 105
Filtrar
Más filtros

Banco de datos
Tipo del documento
Intervalo de año de publicación
1.
Am J Public Health ; 111(4): 687-695, 2021 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33600256

RESUMEN

Robust data from longitudinal birth cohort studies and experimental studies of perinatally exposed animals indicate that exposure to ortho-phthalates can impair brain development and increase risks for learning, attention, and behavioral disorders in childhood. This growing body of evidence, along with known adverse effects on male reproductive tract development, calls for immediate action.Exposures are ubiquitous; the majority of people are exposed to multiple ortho-phthalates simultaneously. We thus recommend that a class approach be used in assessing health impacts as has been done with other chemical classes. We propose critically needed policy reforms to eliminate ortho-phthalates from products that lead to exposure of pregnant women, women of reproductive age, infants, and children. Specific attention should be focused on reducing exposures among socially vulnerable populations such as communities of color, who frequently experience higher exposures.Ortho-phthalates are used in a vast array of products and elimination will thus necessitate a multipronged regulatory approach at federal and state levels. The fact that manufacturers and retailers have already voluntarily removed ortho-phthalates from a wide range of products indicates that this goal is feasible.


Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Ácidos Ftálicos , Formulación de Políticas , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Niño , Desarrollo Infantil/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Regulación Gubernamental , Humanos , Lactante , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Ácidos Ftálicos/efectos adversos , Ácidos Ftálicos/toxicidad , Embarazo
2.
Environ Res ; 201: 111539, 2021 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34174256

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Organophosphate insecticides and the herbicide, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) are used to protect crops or control weeds. Pyrethroids are used to manage pests both in agriculture and in residences, and to reduce the transmission of insect-borne diseases. Several studies have reported inverse associations between exposure to organophosphates (as a larger class) and birth outcomes but these associations have not been conclusive for pyrethroids or 2,4-D, specifically. We aimed to investigate the association between birth outcomes and urinary biomarkers of pyrethroids, organophosphates and 2,4-D among healthy pregnant women living in New York City. METHODS: We quantified urinary biomarkers of 2,4-D and of organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides from 269 women from two cohorts: a) Thyroid Disruption And Infant Development (TDID) and b) Sibling/Hermanos cohort (S/H). We used weighted quantile sum regression and multivariable linear regression models to evaluate the associations between a mixture of urinary creatinine-adjusted biomarker concentrations and birth outcomes of length, birthweight and head circumference, controlling for covariates. We also used linear regression models and further classified biomarkers concentrations into three categories (i: non-detectable; ii: between the limit of detection and median; and iii: above the median) to investigate single pesticides' association with these birth outcomes. Covariates considered were delivery mode, ethnicity, marital status, education, income, employment status, gestational age, maternal age and pre-pregnancy BMI. Analyses were conducted separately for each cohort and stratified by child sex within each cohort. RESULTS: In TDID cohort, we found a significant inverse association between weighted quantile sum of mixture of pesticides and head circumference among boys. We found that the urinary biomarkers of organophosphate chlorpyrifos, TCPy, and 2,4-D had the largest contribution to the overall mixture effect in the TDID cohort among boys (b = -0.57, 95%CI: -0.92, -0.22) (weights = 0.81 and 0.16 respectively) but not among girls. In the multivariable linear regression models, we found that among boys, for each log unit increase in 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy, metabolite of organophosphate chlorpyrifos) in maternal urine, there was a -0.56 cm decrease in head circumference (95%CI: -0.92, -0.19). Among boys in the TDID cohort, 2,4-D was associated with smaller head circumference in the second (b = -1.57; 95%CI: -2.74, -0.39) and third (b = -1.74, 95%CI: -2.98, -0.49) concentration categories compared to the first. No associations between pyrethroid and organophosphate biomarkers and birth outcomes were observed in girls analyzed in WQS regression or individually in linear regression models in TDID cohort. In the S/H cohort, head circumference increased with higher concentrations of 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA, a biomarker of several pyrethroids) (b = 0.53, 95%CI: 0.03, 1.04) among boys and head circumference was lower among girls in the high compared to low category of 2,4-D (b = -2.27, 95%CI: - 3.98, -0.56). Birth length was also positively associated with the highest concentration of 2,4-D compared to the lowest among boys (b = 4.01, 95%CI: 0.02,8.00). CONCLUSIONS: Weighted quantile sum of pesticides was negatively associated with head circumference among boys in one cohort. Nonetheless, due to directional homogeneity assumption in WQS no positive associations were detected. In linear regression models with individual pesticides, concentrations of TCPy were inversely associated with head circumference in boys and higher concentrations of 2,4-D was inversely associated with head circumference among girls; 2,4-D concentrations were also associated with higher birth length among boys. Concentrations of 3-PBA was positively associated with head circumference among boys.


Asunto(s)
Cloropirifos , Herbicidas , Insecticidas , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Piretrinas , Ácido 2,4-Diclorofenoxiacético , Peso al Nacer , Niño , Cloropirifos/toxicidad , Femenino , Herbicidas/toxicidad , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Masculino , Exposición Materna , Parto , Embarazo , Mujeres Embarazadas , Piretrinas/toxicidad
3.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry ; 60(9): 1010-1020, 2019 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30882909

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The prenatal period is a period of vulnerability during which neurotoxic exposures exert persistent changes in brain development and behavior. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), used as flame retardants in commercial products, are known to be developmental neurotoxicants. PBDEs were phased out of use in the United States a decade ago, but exposure remains widespread due to their release from existing products and biopersistence. Despite consistent animal and epidemiological evidence of developmental neurotoxicity, the neural substrates linking prenatal PBDE serum concentrations to impaired neurodevelopment are poorly understood. METHODS: In the present study, we used resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine associations between prenatal PBDE concentrations measured in maternal serum and intrinsic functional network organization (i.e., global and local efficiency; estimated using a graph-theoretical approach) in 5-year-old children (n = 34). We explored whether PBDE serum concentrations were associated with executive functioning (EF) assessed using a parent-report questionnaire (BRIEF-P) (n = 106) and whether changes in intrinsic functional network organization linked the association between prenatal PBDE serum concentrations and EF problems. RESULTS: Children with higher prenatal PBDE serum concentrations showed: (a) increased global efficiency of brain areas involved in visual attention (e.g., inferior occipital gyrus) (ß's = .01, FDR-corrected p's ≤ .05); (b) more reported EF problems (ß's = .001, FDR-corrected p's ≤ .05). Higher global efficiency of brain areas involved in visual attention was associated with more EF problems (ß's = .01, FDR-corrected p's < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Intrinsic functional network organization of visual attention brain areas linked prenatal PBDE concentrations to EF problems in childhood. Visual attention may contribute to the development of higher-order cognitive functions, such as EF, which could be explored in future studies.


Asunto(s)
Atención/fisiología , Disfunción Cognitiva/inducido químicamente , Disfunción Cognitiva/fisiopatología , Función Ejecutiva/fisiología , Retardadores de Llama/efectos adversos , Éteres Difenilos Halogenados/sangre , Red Nerviosa/fisiopatología , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/fisiopatología , Adulto , Preescolar , Disfunción Cognitiva/diagnóstico por imagen , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Red Nerviosa/diagnóstico por imagen , Embarazo/sangre , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/diagnóstico por imagen , Percepción Visual/fisiología
4.
Environ Res ; 171: 416-427, 2019 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30731329

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Previous reports suggest that prenatal phthalate exposure is associated with lower scores on measures of motor skills in infants and toddlers. Whether these associations persist into later childhood or preadolescence has not been studied. METHODS: In a follow up study of 209 inner-city mothers and their children the concentrations of mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP), monomethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-carboxy-isooctyl phthalate (MCOP), and four di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate metabolites (ΣDEHP) were measured in spot urine sample collected from the women in late pregnancy and from their children at ages 3, 5, and 7 years. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency short form (BOT-2) was administered at child age 11 to assess gross and fine motor skills. RESULTS: The total number of children included in the study was 209. Of the 209 children, 116(55.5%) were girls and 93 were (45%) boys. Among girls, prenatal MnBP(b=-2.09; 95%CI: [-3.43, -0.75]), MBzP (b=-1.14; [95%CI: -2.13, -0.14]), and MiBP(b=-1.36; 95%CI: [-2.51, -0.21] and MEP(b=-1.23 [95%CI: -2.36, -0.11]) were associated with lower total BOT-2 composite score. MnBP (b= -1.43; 95% CI: [-2.44, -0.42]) was associated with lower fine motor scores and MiBP(b = -0.56; 95% CI: [-1.12, -0.01]) and MEP (b = -0.60; 95% CI: [-1.14, -0.06])was associated with lower gross motor scores. Among boys, prenatal MBzP (b = -0.79; 95% CI: [-1.40, -0.19]) was associated with lower fine motor composite score. The associations between MEP measured at age 3 and the BOT-2 gross motor, fine motor and total motor score differed by sex. In boys, there was an inverse association between ΣDEHP metabolites measured in childhood at ages 3 (b = -1.30; 95% CI: [-2.34, -0.26]) and 7 years (b = -0.96; 95% CI: [-1.79, -0.13]), and BOT-2 fine motor composite scores. CONCLUSIONS: Higher prenatal exposure to specific phthalates was associated with lower motor function among 11- year old girls while higher postnatal exposure to ΣDEHP metabolites was associated with lower scores among boys. As lower scores on measures of motor development have been associated with more problems in cognitive, socioemotional functioning and behavior, the findings of this study have implications related to overall child development.


Asunto(s)
Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/estadística & datos numéricos , Contaminantes Ambientales , Destreza Motora/fisiología , Ácidos Ftálicos , Niño , Desarrollo Infantil , Preescolar , Dietilhexil Ftalato , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Embarazo
6.
Environ Res ; 155: 7-14, 2017 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28171772

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Prior research has demonstrated inverse associations between maternal prenatal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and cognitive development assessed in preschool and school-aged children. While there are a limited number of studies that evaluated these associations during infancy, no study has evaluated whether these associations exist when using the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence (FTII), which captures novelty preference as a function of visual recognition memory. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated associations between phthalate metabolite concentrations in maternal prenatal urine and cognition in infancy using the FTII at 27 weeks and determine if these associations are sex-specific. METHODS: Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), monoisobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate (MCPP) and four di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate metabolites (DEHP) were quantified in urine samples collected from 168 minority women living in urban neighborhoods during their third trimester of pregnancy. The FTII was administered to infants at 27 weeks to measure visual recognition memory and was recorded as the novelty preference score. RESULTS: There were no associations between prenatal phthalate metabolite concentrations and novelty preference score in the full sample. However, there was evidence of effect modification by infant sex. Sex-stratified models demonstrated that compared to girls in the lowest tertile of MBzP concentrations, girls in tertiles 2 and 3 had, on average, 3.98 and 4.65 points lower novelty preference scores (p-value=0.04 and 0.03, respectively). The relationship was similar for ΣDEHP, MiBP, and MEP. Effects among boys were inconsistent and generally not significant. CONCLUSION: Maternal prenatal exposure to some phthalates was negatively associated with visual recognition memory as measured by the FTII among girls at age 27 weeks.


Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Ambientales/orina , Reconocimiento Visual de Modelos , Ácidos Ftálicos/orina , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Exposición Materna , Intercambio Materno-Fetal , Memoria , Embarazo/orina , Percepción Visual , Adulto Joven
7.
Environ Health ; 16(1): 35, 2017 04 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28381288

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Prenatal urinary concentrations of phthalates in women participants in an urban birth cohort were associated with outcomes in their children related to neurodevelopment, autoimmune disease risk, and fat mass at 3,5,7, and 8 years of life. Placental biomarkers and outcomes at birth may offer biologic insight into these associations. This is the first study to address these associations with candidate genes from the phthalate and placenta literature, accounting for sex differences, and using absolute quantitation methods for mRNA levels. METHODS: We measured candidate mRNAs in 180 placentas sampled at birth (HSD17B1, AHR, CGA, CYP19A1, SLC27A4, PTGS2, PPARG, CYP11A1) by quantitative PCR and an absolute standard curve. We estimated associations of loge mRNA with quartiles of urinary phthalate monoesters using linear mixed models. Phthalate metabolites (N = 358) and mRNAs (N = 180) were transformed to a z-score and modeled as independent, correlated vectors in relation to large for gestational age (LGA) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). RESULTS: CGA was associated with 4 out of 6 urinary phthalates. CGA was 2.0 loge units lower at the 3rd vs. 1st quartile of mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) (95% confidence interval (CI): -3.5, -0.5) in male placentas, but 0.6 loge units higher (95% CI: -0.8, 1.9) in female placentas (sex interaction p = 0.01). There was an inverse association of MnBP with PPARG in male placentas (-1.1 loge units at highest vs. lowest quartile, 95% CI: -2.0, -0.1). CY19A1, CYP11A1, CGA were associated with one or more of the following in a sex-specific manner: monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), MnBP, mono-iso-butyl phthalate (MiBP). These 3 mRNAs were lower by 1.4-fold (95% CI: -2.4, -1.0) in male GDM placentas vs. female and non-GDM placentas (p-value for interaction = 0.04). The metabolites MnBP/MiBP were 16% higher (95% CI: 0, 22) in GDM pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal concentrations of certain phthalates and outcomes at birth were modestly associated with molecular changes in fetal placental tissue during pregnancy. Associations were stronger in male vs. female placentas, and associations with MnBP and MiBP were stronger than other metabolites. Placental mRNAs are being pursued further as potential mediators of exposure-induced risks to the health of the child.


Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Ambientales/orina , Exposición Materna , Ácidos Ftálicos/orina , Placenta/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Adulto , Aromatasa/genética , Enzima de Desdoblamiento de la Cadena Lateral del Colesterol/genética , Estradiol Deshidrogenasas/genética , Proteínas de Transporte de Ácidos Grasos/genética , Femenino , Expresión Génica , Hormonas Glicoproteicas de Subunidad alfa/genética , Humanos , Masculino , PPAR gamma/genética , Embarazo , Receptores de Hidrocarburo de Aril/genética , Caracteres Sexuales , Población Urbana , Adulto Joven
8.
Epidemiology ; 27(3): 449-58, 2016 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26745610

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Phthalates are hypothesized to cause obesity, but few studies have assessed whether prenatal phthalate exposures are related to childhood body mass index (BMI). METHODS: We included 707 children from three prospective cohort studies enrolled in the US between 1998 and 2006 who had maternal urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations measured during pregnancy, and measures of weight and height at ages 4 to 7 years. We calculated age- and sex-standardized BMI z scores and classified children with BMI percentiles ≥85 as overweight/obese. We used mixed effects regression models to estimate associations between a 1 standard deviation increase in natural log phthalate metabolite concentrations and BMI z scores and overweight/obesity. We estimated associations in multiple metabolite models adjusted for confounders, and evaluated heterogeneity of associations by child's sex, race/ethnicity, and cohort. RESULTS: Mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate concentrations were positively associated with overweight/obese status in children (odds ratio [95% credible interval] = 2.1 [1.2, 4.0]) but not with BMI z scores (ß = -0.02 [-0.15, 0.11]). We did not observe evidence of obesogenic effects for other metabolites. However, monoethyl phthalate and summed di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate metabolites (∑DEHP) concentrations were inversely associated with BMI z scores among girls (monoethyl phthalate beta = -0.14 [-0.28, 0.00]; ∑DEHP beta = -0.12 [-0.27, 0.02]). CONCLUSIONS: Maternal urinary mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate, a nonspecific metabolite of several phthalates, was positively associated with childhood overweight/obesity. Metabolites of diethyl phthalate and DEHP were associated with lower BMI in girls but not in boys, suggesting that prenatal exposures may have sexually dimorphic effects on physical development.


Asunto(s)
Obesidad Infantil/epidemiología , Ácidos Ftálicos , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/epidemiología , Índice de Masa Corporal , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Dietilhexil Ftalato/análogos & derivados , Dietilhexil Ftalato/orina , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Sobrepeso/epidemiología , Ácidos Ftálicos/orina , Embarazo , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores Sexuales
9.
Matern Child Nutr ; 12(4): 918-28, 2016 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25753294

RESUMEN

Gestational weight gain (GWG) is potentially modifiable and is associated with infant size and body composition; however, long-term effects on childhood obesity have not been reported among multi-ethnic urban populations. We examined the association between GWG and child anthropometric measures and body composition at 7 years [waist circumference (WC), body mass index z-score (BMIZ), obesity (BMIZ ≥95%ile) and bioelectrical impedance analysis estimates of percentage body fat (%fat)] in African-American and Dominican dyads (n = 323) in the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health prospective birth cohort study from 1998 to 2013. Linear and logistic regression evaluated associations between excessive GWG [>Institute of Medicine (IOM) 2009 guidelines] and outcomes, adjusting for pre-pregnancy BMI and covariates. Pre-pregnancy BMI (mean ± standard deviation, all such values) and total GWG were 25.8 ± 6.2 kg m(-2) (45% overweight/obese) and 16.4 ± 7.9 kg (64% > IOM guidelines), respectively. Excessive GWG was associated with higher BMIZ {0.44 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.2, 0.7], P < 0.001}, WC [ß: 2.9 cm (95% CI: 1.1, 4.6), P = 0.002], %fat at 7 years [ß: 2.2% (95% CI: 1.0, 3.5), P = 0.001)] and obesity [odds ratio: 2.93 (95% CI: 1.5, 5.8), P = 0.002]. Pre-pregnancy BMI was positively associated with child size, adiposity and obesity (all P < 0.05). Excessive GWG was highly prevalent and was associated with child obesity, greater percentage body fat and abdominal adiposity. Strategies to support healthy GWG are warranted to promote healthy growth and prevent childhood obesity.


Asunto(s)
Adiposidad , Tamaño Corporal , Promoción de la Salud , Sobrepeso/etnología , Obesidad Infantil/etnología , Aumento de Peso , Negro o Afroamericano , Peso al Nacer , Composición Corporal , Índice de Masa Corporal , Niño , República Dominicana/etnología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Hispánicos o Latinos , Humanos , Modelos Lineales , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , New York/epidemiología , Embarazo , Prevalencia , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Circunferencia de la Cintura
10.
Environ Res ; 143(Pt A): 1-9, 2015 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26408806

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Adequate maternal thyroid function during pregnancy is necessary for normal fetal brain development, making pregnancy a critical window of vulnerability to thyroid disrupting insults. Sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) inhibitors, namely perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate, have been shown individually to competitively inhibit uptake of iodine by the thyroid. Several epidemiologic studies examined the association between these individual exposures and thyroid function. Few studies have examined the effect of this chemical mixture on thyroid function during pregnancy OBJECTIVES: We examined the cross sectional association between urinary perchlorate, thiocyanate and nitrate concentrations and thyroid function among healthy pregnant women living in New York City using weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression. METHODS: We measured thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FreeT4) in blood samples; perchlorate, thiocyanate, nitrate and iodide in urine samples collected from 284 pregnant women at 12 (±2.8) weeks gestation. We examined associations between urinary analyte concentrations and TSH or FreeT4 using linear regression or WQS adjusting for gestational age, urinary iodide and creatinine. RESULTS: Individual analyte concentrations in urine were significantly correlated (Spearman's r 0.4-0.5, p<0.001). Linear regression analyses did not suggest associations between individual concentrations and thyroid function. The WQS revealed a significant positive association between the weighted sum of urinary concentrations of the three analytes and increased TSH. Perchlorate had the largest weight in the index, indicating the largest contribution to the WQS. CONCLUSIONS: Co-exposure to perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate may alter maternal thyroid function, specifically TSH, during pregnancy.


Asunto(s)
Disruptores Endocrinos/orina , Exposición Materna/efectos adversos , Nitratos/orina , Percloratos/orina , Tiocianatos/orina , Glándula Tiroides/efectos de los fármacos , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Disruptores Endocrinos/toxicidad , Femenino , Humanos , Yodo/orina , Modelos Lineales , Ciudad de Nueva York , Nitratos/toxicidad , Percloratos/toxicidad , Embarazo , Tiocianatos/toxicidad , Pruebas de Función de la Tiroides , Glándula Tiroides/fisiopatología , Hormonas Tiroideas/sangre , Adulto Joven
11.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 109(20): 7871-6, 2012 May 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22547821

RESUMEN

Prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphate insecticide, is associated with neurobehavioral deficits in humans and animal models. We investigated associations between CPF exposure and brain morphology using magnetic resonance imaging in 40 children, 5.9-11.2 y, selected from a nonclinical, representative community-based cohort. Twenty high-exposure children (upper tertile of CPF concentrations in umbilical cord blood) were compared with 20 low-exposure children on cortical surface features; all participants had minimal prenatal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. High CPF exposure was associated with enlargement of superior temporal, posterior middle temporal, and inferior postcentral gyri bilaterally, and enlarged superior frontal gyrus, gyrus rectus, cuneus, and precuneus along the mesial wall of the right hemisphere. Group differences were derived from exposure effects on underlying white matter. A significant exposure × IQ interaction was derived from CPF disruption of normal IQ associations with surface measures in low-exposure children. In preliminary analyses, high-exposure children did not show expected sex differences in the right inferior parietal lobule and superior marginal gyrus, and displayed reversal of sex differences in the right mesial superior frontal gyrus, consistent with disruption by CPF of normal behavioral sexual dimorphisms reported in animal models. High-exposure children also showed frontal and parietal cortical thinning, and an inverse dose-response relationship between CPF and cortical thickness. This study reports significant associations of prenatal exposure to a widely used environmental neurotoxicant, at standard use levels, with structural changes in the developing human brain.


Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/anomalías , Cloropirifos/toxicidad , Malformaciones del Sistema Nervioso/inducido químicamente , Organofosfatos/toxicidad , Plaguicidas/toxicidad , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Adulto , Encéfalo/patología , Niño , Cognición/efectos de los fármacos , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Sangre Fetal/química , Humanos , Pruebas de Inteligencia , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Ciudad de Nueva York , Embarazo , Estudios Prospectivos
12.
Environ Res ; 128: 35-41, 2014 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24407477

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Exposure to traffic-related air pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from traffic emissions and other combustion sources, and childhood obesity, have been implicated as risk factors for developing asthma. However, the interaction between these two on asthma among young urban children has not been studied previously. METHODS: Exposure to early childhood PAHs was measured by two week residential indoor monitoring at age 5-6 years in the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health birth cohort (n=311). Semivolatile [e.g., methylphenanthrenes] and nonvolatile [e.g., benzo(a)pyrene] PAHs were monitored. Obesity at age 5 was defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to the 95th percentile of the year 2000 age- and sex-specific growth charts (Center for Disease Control). Current asthma and recent wheeze at ages 5 and 7 were determined by validated questionnaires. Data were analyzed using a modified Poisson regression in generalized estimating equations (GEE) to estimate relative risks (RR), after adjusting for potential covariates. RESULTS: Neither PAH concentrations or obesity had a main effect on asthma or recent wheeze. In models stratified by presence/absence of obesity, a significant positive association was observed between an interquartile range (IQR) increase in natural log-transformed 1-methylphenanthrene (RR [95% CI]: 2.62 [1.17-5.88] with IQRln=0.76), and 9-methylphenanthrene (2.92 [1.09-7.82] with IQRln=0.73) concentrations and asthma in obese children (n=63). No association in non-obese (n=248) children was observed at age 5 (Pinteraction<0.03). Similar associations were observed for 3-methylphenanthrene, 9-methylphenanthrene, and 3,6-dimethylphenanthrene at age 7. CONCLUSIONS: Obese young children may be more likely to develop asthma in association with greater exposure to PAHs, and methylphenanthrenes in particular, than non-obese children.


Asunto(s)
Asma/etiología , Obesidad/complicaciones , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/efectos adversos , Asma/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Ciudad de Nueva York/epidemiología , Embarazo , Población Urbana
13.
J Allergy Clin Immunol ; 131(3): 736-42, 2013 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23452902

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Bisphenol A (BPA) is used widely to manufacture food container linings. Mouse models suggest exposure to BPA might increase allergic inflammation. OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that BPA exposure, as assessed based on urinary BPA concentrations, would be associated with increased odds of wheeze and asthma and increased fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (Feno) values in children. METHODS: The Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health recruited pregnant women for a prospective birth cohort study (n = 568). Mothers during the third trimester and children at ages 3, 5, and 7 years provided spot urine samples. Total urinary BPA concentrations were measured by using online solid-phase extraction, high-performance liquid chromatography, isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Wheeze in the last 12 months was measured by using questionnaires at ages 5, 6, and 7 years. Asthma was determined by a physician once between ages 5 and 12 years. Feno values were measured at ages 7 to 11 years. RESULTS: Prenatal urinary BPA concentrations were associated inversely with wheeze at age 5 years (odds ratio [OR], 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5-0.9; P = .02). Urinary BPA concentrations at age 3 years were associated positively with wheeze at ages 5 years (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.8; P = .02) and 6 years (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0-1.9; P = .03). BPA concentrations at age 7 years were associated with wheeze at age 7 years (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0-1.9; P = .04) and Feno values (ß = 0.1; 95% CI, 0.02-0.2; P = .02). BPA concentrations at ages 3, 5, and 7 years were associated with asthma (OR, 1.5 [95% CI, 1.1-2.0], P = .005; OR, 1.4 [95% CI, 1.0-1.9], P = .03; and OR, 1.5 [95% CI, 1.0-2.1], P = .04, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of an association between postnatal urinary BPA concentrations and asthma in children.


Asunto(s)
Asma/diagnóstico , Compuestos de Bencidrilo/orina , Contaminantes Ambientales/orina , Estrógenos no Esteroides/orina , Fenoles/orina , Ruidos Respiratorios/diagnóstico , Alérgenos/inmunología , Asma/orina , Niño , Preescolar , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Femenino , Humanos , Hipersensibilidad/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidad/orina , Inmunoglobulina E/sangre , Masculino , Intercambio Materno-Fetal , Oportunidad Relativa , Embarazo
14.
Environ Res ; 122: 38-44, 2013 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23312110

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Despite growing concern over potential health effects associated with exposures to the endocrine disruptor, bisphenol A (BPA), insufficient information is available on determinants of BPA concentrations among minority populations in the US. OBJECTIVES: To describe concentrations and predictors of BPA in an inner-city longitudinal birth cohort. METHODS: We analyzed spot urines for total BPA collected during pregnancy and child ages 3, 5, and 7 years from African Americans and Dominicans (n=568) enrolled in the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health birth cohort and residing in Northern Manhattan and the South Bronx. Adjusting for specific gravity, generalized estimating equations were used to compare BPA concentrations across paired samples and linear regression analyses were used to determine relationships between BPA, season of sample collection, socio-demographic variables and urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites. RESULTS: BPA was detected in ≥ 94% of samples. Prenatal concentrations were significantly lower than postnatal concentrations. Geometric means were higher among African Americans compared to Dominicans in prenatal (p=0.008), 5 year (p<0.001) and 7 year (p=0.017) samples. Geometric means at 5 and 7 years were higher (p=0.021, p=0.041 respectively) for children of mothers never married compared to mothers ever married at enrollment. BPA concentrations were correlated with phthalate metabolite concentrations at prenatal, 3, 5 and 7 years (p-values <0.05). Postnatal BPA concentrations were higher in samples collected during the summer. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows widespread BPA exposure in an inner-city minority population. BPA concentration variations were associated with socio-demographic characteristics and other xenobiotics.


Asunto(s)
Compuestos de Bencidrilo/orina , Disruptores Endocrinos/orina , Grupos Minoritarios/estadística & datos numéricos , Fenoles/orina , Adulto , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , República Dominicana/etnología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Ciudad de Nueva York/epidemiología , Embarazo , Población Urbana/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto Joven
15.
Environ Res ; 127: 40-8, 2013 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24176411

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To examine cooking practices and 24-h personal and kitchen area exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and black carbon in cooks using biomass in Ghana. METHODS: Researchers administered a detailed survey to 421 households. In a sub-sample of 36 households, researchers collected 24-h integrated PM2.5 samples (personal and kitchen area); in addition, the primary cook was monitored for real-time PM2.5. All filters were also analyzed for black carbon using a multi-wavelength reflectance method. Predictors of PM2.5 exposure were analyzed, including cooking behaviors, fuel, stove and kitchen type, weather, demographic factors and other smoke sources. RESULTS: The majority of households cooked outdoors (55%; 231/417), used biomass (wood or charcoal) as their primary fuel (99%; 412/413), and cooked on traditional fires (77%, 323/421). In the sub-sample of 29 households with complete, valid exposure monitoring data, the 24-h integrated concentrations of PM2.5 were substantially higher in the kitchen sample (mean 446.8 µg/m3) than in the personal air sample (mean 128.5 µg/m3). Black carbon concentrations followed the same pattern such that concentrations were higher in the kitchen sample (14.5 µg/m3) than in the personal air sample (8.8 µg/m3). Spikes in real-time personal concentrations of PM2.5 accounted for the majority of exposure; the most polluted 5%, or 72 min, of the 24-h monitoring period accounted for 75% of all exposure. Two variables that had some predictive power for personal PM2.5 exposures were primary fuel type and ethnicity, while reported kerosene lantern use was associated with increased personal and kitchen area concentrations of black carbon. CONCLUSION: Personal concentrations of PM2.5 exhibited considerable inter-subject variability across kitchen types (enclosed, semi-enclosed, outdoor), and can be elevated even in outdoor cooking settings. Furthermore, personal concentrations of PM2.5 were not associated with kitchen type and were not predicted by kitchen area samples; rather they were driven by spikes in PM2.5 concentrations during cooking. Personal exposures were more enriched with black carbon when compared to kitchen area samples, underscoring the need to explore other sources of incomplete combustion such as roadway emissions, charcoal production and kerosene use.


Asunto(s)
Contaminación del Aire Interior/análisis , Biocombustibles , Culinaria , Material Particulado/análisis , Adulto , Contaminación del Aire Interior/efectos adversos , Carbono/efectos adversos , Carbono/análisis , Recolección de Datos , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Composición Familiar , Femenino , Ghana , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Material Particulado/efectos adversos , Población Rural , Madera
16.
Environ Health ; 12: 23, 2013 Mar 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23497089

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of brominated flame retardants commonly used in a wide range of products. Prenatal exposure to PBDEs has been associated with adverse neurodevelopment. Our objective was to characterize predictors of exposure to PBDEs among a multi-ethnic, low-income cohort of pregnant women enrolled from highly urban communities in New York City between years 2009-2010. METHODS: During the first half of pregnancy we collected 316 maternal serum samples and administered an extensive questionnaire including items on demographics, diet and lifestyle. We measured 12 PBDE congeners in blood samples. Using bivariate and multivariate approaches, we regressed the most commonly detected PBDE congeners (PBDE-47, -99, -100 and -153) against potential demographic, dietary and lifestyle predictor variables. RESULTS: At least one PBDE congener was detected in each serum sample. Our analyses demonstrate unique predictor patterns for PBDE-47, -99, -100 and -153 based on demographic, lifestyle and dietary characteristics of women. Higher education and increased use of household electronics were associated with higher levels of all 4 congeners. Six characteristics were associated with PBDE-153 serum concentrations, more than for any other congener. These include maternal education, household income, body mass index, solid dairy consumption, processed meat consumption and frequent use of household electronics. CONCLUSIONS: PBDE exposure in this widespread in this cohort, though levels are lower than previous assessments of US pregnant women. Lower levels may be in response to legislation restricting the production, sale and use of these compounds. In our cohort, we did not observe any individual predictor or a consistent pattern of several predictors representing a significant source of PBDE exposure. These data suggest that legislation and policy may be more effective at reducing exposure than personal lifestyle modifications.


Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Ambientales/sangre , Retardadores de Llama/análisis , Éteres Difenilos Halogenados/sangre , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Dieta , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Femenino , Humanos , Ciudad de Nueva York , Embarazo , Adulto Joven
17.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med ; 186(9): 830-7, 2012 Nov 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22923660

RESUMEN

RATIONALE: Phthalates are used widely in consumer products. Exposure to several phthalates has been associated with respiratory symptoms and decreased lung function. Associations between children's phthalate exposures and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (Fe(NO)), a biomarker of airway inflammation, have not been examined. OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that urinary concentrations of four phthalate metabolites would be positively associated with Fe(NO) and that these associations would be stronger among children with seroatopy or wheeze. METHODS: In an urban ongoing birth cohort, 244 children had phthalate metabolites determined in urine collected on the same day as Fe(NO) measurement. Repeated sampling gathered 313 observations between ages 4.9 and 9.1 years. Seroatopy was assessed by specific IgE. Wheeze in the past year was assessed by validated questionnaire. Regression models used generalized estimating equations. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Log-unit increases in urinary concentrations of metabolites of diethyl phthalate (DEP) and butylbenzyl phthalate (BBzP) were associated with a 6.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.5-13.1%) and 8.7% (95% CI, 1.9-16.0%) increase in Fe(NO), respectively, adjusting for other phthalate metabolites and potential covariates/confounders. There was no association between concentrations of metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate or di-n-butyl phthalate and Fe(NO). There was no significant interaction by seroatopy. The BBzP metabolite association was significantly stronger among children who wheeze (P = 0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Independent associations between exposures to DEP and BBzP and Fe(NO) in a cohort of inner-city children were observed. These results suggest that these two ubiquitous phthalates, previously shown to have substantial contributions from inhalation, are positively associated with airway inflammation in children.


Asunto(s)
Óxido Nítrico/análisis , Ácidos Ftálicos/orina , Trastornos Respiratorios/inducido químicamente , Contaminación del Aire Interior/efectos adversos , Contaminación del Aire Interior/análisis , Alérgenos/sangre , Biomarcadores/sangre , Biomarcadores/orina , Niño , Preescolar , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Espiración/efectos de los fármacos , Espiración/inmunología , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina E/sangre , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Ciudad de Nueva York , Ácidos Ftálicos/efectos adversos , Trastornos Respiratorios/inmunología , Salud Urbana
18.
Am J Epidemiol ; 175(11): 1163-72, 2012 Jun 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22505764

RESUMEN

There are concerns that prenatal exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals increases children's risk of obesity. African-American and Hispanic children born in the Bronx or Northern Manhattan, New York (1998-2006), whose mothers underwent personal air monitoring for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure during pregnancy, were followed up to ages 5 (n = 422) and 7 (n = 341) years. At age 5 years, 21% of the children were obese, as were 25% of those followed to age 7 years. After adjustment for child's sex, age at measurement, ethnicity, and birth weight and maternal receipt of public assistance and prepregnancy obesity, higher prenatal PAH exposures were significantly associated with higher childhood body size. In adjusted analyses, compared with children of mothers in the lowest tertile of PAH exposure, children of mothers in the highest exposure tertile had a 0.39-unit higher body mass index z score (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.08, 0.70) and a relative risk of 1.79 (95% CI: 1.09, 2.96) for obesity at age 5 years, and they had a 0.30-unit higher body mass index z score (95% CI: 0.01, 0.59), a 1.93-unit higher percentage of body fat (95% CI: 0.33, 3.54), and a relative risk of 2.26 (95% CI: 1.28, 4.00) for obesity at age 7 years. The data indicate that prenatal exposure to PAHs is associated with obesity in childhood.


Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos/toxicidad , Contaminación del Aire/efectos adversos , Exposición Materna/efectos adversos , Obesidad/inducido químicamente , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/toxicidad , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/inducido químicamente , Adolescente , Adulto , Negro o Afroamericano , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Contaminación del Aire/análisis , Índice de Masa Corporal , Niño , Preescolar , República Dominicana/etnología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Hispánicos o Latinos , Humanos , Masculino , Análisis Multivariante , Ciudad de Nueva York , Obesidad/etnología , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/análisis , Embarazo , Estudios Prospectivos , Adulto Joven
19.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol ; 108(5): 311-315.e1, 2012 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22541400

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: To advance asthma cohort research, we need a method that can use longitudinal data, including when collected at irregular intervals, to model multiple phenotypes of wheeze and identify both time-invariant (eg, sex) and time-varying (eg, environmental exposure) risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the use of latent class growth analysis (LCGA) in defining phenotypes of wheeze and examining the effects of causative factors, using repeated questionnaires in an urban birth cohort study. METHODS: We gathered repeat questionnaire data on wheeze from 689 children ages 3 through 108 months (n = 7,048 questionnaires) and used LCGA to identify wheeze phenotypes and model the effects of time-invariant (maternal asthma, ethnicity, prenatal environmental tobacco smoke, and child sex) and time-varying (cold/influenza [flu] season) risk factors on prevalence of wheeze in each phenotype. RESULTS: LCGA identified four wheezing phenotypes: never/infrequent (47.1%), early-transient (37.5%), early-persistent (7.6%), and late-onset (7.8%). Compared with children in the never/infrequent phenotype, maternal asthma was a risk factor for the other 3 phenotypes; Dominican versus African American ethnicity was a risk factor for the early-transient phenotype; and male sex was a risk factor for the early-persistent phenotype. The prevalence of wheeze was higher during the cold/flu season than otherwise among children in the early-persistent phenotype (P = .08). CONCLUSION: This is the first application of LCGA to identify wheeze phenotypes in asthma research. Unlike other methods, this modeling technique can accommodate questionnaire data collected at irregularly spaced age intervals and can simultaneously identify multiple trajectories of health outcomes and associations with time-invariant and time-varying causative factors.


Asunto(s)
Asma/fisiopatología , Investigación Biomédica/métodos , Ruidos Respiratorios/clasificación , Ruidos Respiratorios/fisiopatología , Población Urbana , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Femenino , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Fenotipo , Ruidos Respiratorios/diagnóstico , Ruidos Respiratorios/etiología , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Contaminación por Humo de Tabaco/efectos adversos
20.
Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol ; 109(4): 249-54, 2012 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23010230

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Exposure to traffic-related air pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), can induce asthma. However, the effects of early repeated PAH exposure over time on different asthma phenotypes have not been examined. OBJECTIVE: To assess associations between repeated PAH exposure, measured from prenatal personal and residential indoor monitors in children's homes, and asthma in an inner-city cohort. METHODS: Prenatal exposure was assessed by personal air monitoring during 48 hours and exposure at 5 to 6 years of age by 2-week residential monitoring in the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health cohort. PAH was dichotomized into pyrene (representative semivolatile PAH) and the sum of 8 nonvolatile PAHs. High exposure to each was defined as measures above the median at both repeated time points. Asthma and wheeze were determined by validated questionnaires at ages 5 to 6 years. Children with specific IgE levels greater than 0.35 IU/mL to any of 5 indoor allergens were considered seroatopic. RESULTS: Among all 354 children, repeated high exposure to pyrene was associated with asthma (odds ratio [OR], 1.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-3.20). Among 242 nonatopic children, but not those sensitized to indoor allergens (n = 87) or with elevated total IgE levels (n = 171), high pyrene levels were associated positively with asthma (OR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.77-5.69), asthma medication use (OR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.13-4.59), and emergency department visits for asthma (OR, 2.43; 95% CI, 1.20-4.91). Associations between the levels of the 8 nonvolatile PAHs and asthma were not observed, even when stratifying by seroatopy. CONCLUSION: Nonatopic children may be more susceptible to the respiratory consequences of early pyrene exposures.


Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos/efectos adversos , Asma/inducido químicamente , Asma/inmunología , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Hipersensibilidad Inmediata/inmunología , Hidrocarburos Policíclicos Aromáticos/efectos adversos , Asma/sangre , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Hipersensibilidad Inmediata/sangre , Hipersensibilidad Inmediata/inducido químicamente , Inmunoglobulina E/biosíntesis , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Tiempo
SELECCIÓN DE REFERENCIAS
DETALLE DE LA BÚSQUEDA