RESUMEN
Costimulatory molecules are important regulators of T cell activation and thus favored targets for therapeutic manipulation of immune responses. One of the key costimulatory receptors is CD80, which binds the T cell ligands, CD28, and CTLA-4. We describe a set of small compounds that bind with high specificity and low nanomolar affinity to CD80. The compounds have relatively slow off-rates and block both CD28 and CTLA-4 binding, implying that they occlude the shared ligand binding site. The compounds inhibit proinflammatory cytokine release in T cell assays with submicromolar potency, and as such, they represent promising leads for the development of novel therapeutics for immune-mediated inflammatory disease. Our results also suggest that other predominantly beta proteins, such as those that dominate the cell surface, may also be accessible as potentially therapeutic targets.
Asunto(s)
Antígeno B7-1/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunosupresores/farmacología , Inmunoterapia/métodos , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Antígenos CD , Antígenos de Diferenciación/efectos de los fármacos , Antígenos de Diferenciación/inmunología , Antígeno B7-1/inmunología , Antígenos CD28/efectos de los fármacos , Antígenos CD28/inmunología , Antígeno CTLA-4 , Línea Celular , Citocinas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Humanos , Inmunosupresores/síntesis química , Inmunosupresores/química , Interferón gamma/antagonistas & inhibidores , Interleucina-2/antagonistas & inhibidores , Ligandos , Activación de Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Estructura Molecular , Peso Molecular , Unión Proteica/efectos de los fármacos , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Tiempo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
MAGE A3, which belongs to the family of cancer-testis antigens, is an attractive target for adoptive therapy given its reactivation in various tumors and limited expression in normal tissues. We developed an affinity-enhanced T cell receptor (TCR) directed to a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A*01-restricted MAGE A3 antigen (EVDPIGHLY) for use in adoptive therapy. Extensive preclinical investigations revealed no off-target antigen recognition concerns; nonetheless, administration to patients of T cells expressing the affinity-enhanced MAGE A3 TCR resulted in a serious adverse event (SAE) and fatal toxicity against cardiac tissue. We present a description of the preclinical in vitro functional analysis of the MAGE A3 TCR, which failed to reveal any evidence of off-target activity, and a full analysis of the post-SAE in vitro investigations, which reveal cross-recognition of an off-target peptide. Using an amino acid scanning approach, a peptide from the muscle protein Titin (ESDPIVAQY) was identified as an alternative target for the MAGE A3 TCR and the most likely cause of in vivo toxicity. These results demonstrate that affinity-enhanced TCRs have considerable effector functions in vivo and highlight the potential safety concerns for TCR-engineered T cells. Strategies such as peptide scanning and the use of more complex cell cultures are recommended in preclinical studies to mitigate the risk of off-target toxicity in future clinical investigations.
Asunto(s)
Presentación de Antígeno/inmunología , Antígenos de Neoplasias/inmunología , Conectina/química , Reacciones Cruzadas/inmunología , Antígeno HLA-A1/inmunología , Proteínas de Neoplasias/inmunología , Péptidos/inmunología , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Antígenos de Neoplasias/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Conectina/inmunología , Reacciones Cruzadas/efectos de los fármacos , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Activación de Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Miocitos Cardíacos/efectos de los fármacos , Miocitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Neoplasias/química , Péptidos/química , Ingeniería de Proteínas , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
T cell immunity can potentially eradicate malignant cells and lead to clinical remission in a minority of patients with cancer. In the majority of these individuals, however, there is a failure of the specific T cell receptor (TCR)mediated immune recognition and activation process. Here we describe the engineering and characterization of new reagents termed immune-mobilizing monoclonal TCRs against cancer (ImmTACs). Four such ImmTACs, each comprising a distinct tumor-associated epitope-specific monoclonal TCR with picomolar affinity fused to a humanized cluster of differentiation 3 (CD3)-specific single-chain antibody fragment (scFv), effectively redirected T cells to kill cancer cells expressing extremely low surface epitope densities. Furthermore, these reagents potently suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Thus, ImmTACs overcome immune tolerance to cancer and represent a new approach to tumor immunotherapy.