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BACKGROUND: The Global Initiative for Children's Surgery group published the Optimal Resources for Children's Surgery (OReCS) document outlining the essential criteria and strategies for children's surgical care in low-resource settings. Limited data exist on subspecialties in pediatric surgery and their contribution to global surgery efforts. The study aimed to evaluate the development of subspecialty units within Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital (CHBAH) Department of Pediatric Surgery (DPS) from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2021 using selected OReCS strategies for the improvement of pediatric surgery. METHODS: A retrospective descriptive research design was followed. The study population consisted of CHBAH PSD records. The following data were collected: number of patients managed in PSD subspecialty unit (the units) clinics and surgeries performed, number of trainees, available structures, processes and outcome data, and research output. RESULTS: Of the 17,249 patients seen in the units' outpatient clinics, 8275 (47.9%) burns, 6443 (37.3%) colorectal, and 2531 (14.6%) urology. The number of surgeries performed were 3205, of which 1306 (40.7%) were burns, 644 (20.1%) colorectal, 483 (15.1%) urology, 341 (10.6%) hepatobiliary, and 431 (12.8%) oncology. Of the 16 selected strategies evaluated across the 5 units, 94% were available, of which 16.4% was partly provided by Surgeons for Little Lives. Outcome data in the form of morbidity and mortality reviews for all the units is available, but there is no data for timeliness of care with waiting lists. There were 77 publications and 41 congress presentations. CONCLUSION: The subspecialty units respond to the global surgical need by meeting most selected OReCS resources in the clinical service provided.
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Pediatría , Especialidades Quirúrgicas , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Niño , Especialidades Quirúrgicas/organización & administración , Recursos en Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Países en Desarrollo , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Operativos/estadística & datos numéricos , Servicio de Cirugía en Hospital/organización & administración , Servicio de Cirugía en Hospital/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The precise burden of paediatric surgical care in South Africa is unknown. In the absence of epidemiological data, hospital-based study is a first step to gauge the burden and profile of paediatric surgical disease. We aim to describe the profile of pathology, pattern of referrals, and complications of paediatric surgical care at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital (CHBAH). METHODS: A 1-year retrospective record review for the period 3/1/2019 to 1/1/2020 was conducted by evaluation of the morbidity and mortality databases of the Department of Paediatric Surgery (DPS). Number of admissions, consultations, complications, and surgeries performed were analysed and classified. RESULTS: A total of 11,932 unique patient encounters occurred. Emergencies (79%, 1841/2329) accounted for the majority of admissions. Trauma accounted for 49% (896/1841) of emergency admissions. Elective surgery constituted 52% (1202/2316) and emergency surgery 48% (1114/2316) of all procedures performed. The emergency department (55%, 1271/2329), outpatients department (19%, 447/2329), and peripheral hospitals (16%, 378/2329) were the source of the majority of admissions. A complication rate of 9% (208/2316) was observed. CONCLUSION: The high-volume subspecialist environment at CHBAH presents the ideal environment for delivery of specialist paediatric surgical services and training. Injury prevention, optimal use of existing resources, and additional physical, human and financial resources are required to meet the existing and predicted future burden of paediatric surgical disease.
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Costo de Enfermedad , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital , Niño , Urgencias Médicas , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Sudáfrica/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Legionella longbeachae has been frequently identified in composted plant material and can cause Legionnaires' disease (LD). We wanted to determine how frequently L. longbeachae DNA was present on gardeners' gloves, and how long L. longbeachae could persist on inoculated gloves and masks. Volunteers completed a survey of gardening practices and their gardening gloves were tested for L. longbeachae DNA by qPCR. The persistence of viable L. longbeachae was assessed by timed subcultures after inoculation of gardening gloves and masks. Gloves but not masks were used regularly. L. longbeachae was detected on 11 (14%; 95% CI 8-24%) gloves. Viable organisms were recovered from 25-50% of inoculated cotton, leather and PU coated gloves but not rubber gloves after 8 h incubation. There was a difference in dose-response curve slopes by glove material (P = 0·001) and time to 50% sterility (P = 0·036). There were differences in persistence of L. longbeachae between mask types from analysis of the slopes and 50% sterility on the decay curves (P = 0·042, P < 0·001 respectively). Gardening gloves and masks may act as a vector for transmission of L. longbeachae during gardening. Washing gardening gloves and prompt disposal of masks could reduce risk of LD.
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Legionella longbeachae , Legionelosis , Enfermedad de los Legionarios , Jardinería , Humanos , MáscarasRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The neonatal period is the most vulnerable period for a child. There is a paucity of data on the burden of neonatal surgical disease in our setting. The aim of this study was to describe the frequency with which index neonatal surgical conditions are seen within our setting and to document the 30-day outcome of these patients. METHODS: This was a single-centre prospective observational study in which all neonates with paediatric surgical pathology referred to the paediatric surgical unit with a corrected gestational age of 28 days were included. RESULTS: Necrotising enterocolitis was the most frequent reason for referral to the paediatric surgical unit (n = 68, 34.34%). Gastroschisis was the most frequent congenital anomaly referred (n = 20, 10.10%). The overall morbidity was 57.58%. Surgical complications contributed to 18.51% of morbidities. The development of gram negative nosocomial sepsis was the most frequent cause of morbidity (n = 98, 50.78%). Mortality at 30 days was 21.74% (n = 40). Sepsis contributed to mortality in 35 patients (87.5%), 16 of which had gram negative sepsis. CONCLUSION: Gram-negative sepsis was a major contributing factor in the development of morbidity and mortality in our cohort. Prevention and improvement in infection control are imperative if we are to improve outcomes in our surgical neonates.
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Enterocolitis Necrotizante/mortalidad , Gastrosquisis/mortalidad , Sepsis Neonatal/mortalidad , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/mortalidad , Femenino , Edad Gestacional , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Sudáfrica/epidemiología , Centros de Atención Terciaria/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Background: Airway foreign bodies are a common cause of accidental death in children. Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration (FBA) can result in severe immediate and long-term complications if the foreign body is not identified and removed. Little is known about the burden of tracheobronchial FBA in the Soweto area, south of Johannesburg, South Africa. Objectives. To describe the burden and clinical characteristics of tracheobronchial FBA in hospitalised children in a tertiary-level hospital in Johannesburg. Methods: This was a retrospective, single-centre, descriptive study of children aged <10 years who presented to Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2020. Children with FBA were identified from the paediatric pulmonology and paediatric surgery databases using the relevant International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10th revision (ICD-10), codes (T17.4 and T17.5). Clinical and radiological data were extracted from medical records and the databases. Results: Forty-seven children with FBA were identified during the study period. Overall, the incidence of FBA among children aged <10 years of age was 1.42 per 100 000 person-years (95.0% confidence interval 1.04 - 1.88). FBA occurred more commonly in males (66.0%; n=31), and the mean (standard deviation) age at presentation was 68 (28.2) months. Most of the children (42.6%) were in the 7 - <10-year age group, followed by the 5 - <7-year age group (27.7%). Chronic respiratory symptoms were reported in one-third of the children, and a history of witnessed FBA was reported in only 59.6% of cases. Inorganic foreign bodies (n=29; 61.7%) were aspirated more commonly than organic foreign bodies; these included metal objects such as pins or springs (21.3%), toy parts (17.0%), pen or pencil lids/stoppers (12.8%) and plastic objects (6.4%). Conclusion: Our study highlights the fact that tracheobronchial FBA is prevalent in school-aged children, and public safety campaigns targeted at this age group are warranted. Furthermore, to prevent sequelae, a high index of suspicion in required in children with respiratory symptoms that fail to respond to appropriate therapy. Study synopsis: What the study adds. Our study demonstrated that tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration (FBA) was most prevalent in school-aged children (7 - <10 years of age), which is in contrast to studies that have reported a high prevalence in children aged <3 years. Chronic respiratory symptoms were reported in only a third of the children, and a history of witnessed FBA was reported in only 59.6%. Chest radiographs were normal in a high proportion of cases in which a chest radiograph was done (56.3%). Inorganic foreign bodies were aspirated more commonly than organic foreign bodies.Implications of the findings. Public safety campaigns should be targeted at school-aged children in Soweto, South Africa. Clinicians should investigate children with respiratory symptoms suggestive of FBA, even if a history is not forthcoming. Furthermore, to prevent long-term respiratory sequelae, a high index of suspicion in required in children with respiratory symptoms that fail to respond to appropriate therapy.
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BACKGROUND: South African data on paediatric patients with renal trauma that are usually managed conservatively is scarce. This study aimed to review a 7-year experience of paediatric renal trauma and management. METHODS: A retrospective review of all paediatric admissions with renal injury was conducted in the Department of Paediatric Surgery, University of the Witwatersrand, between 1 January 2012 and 31 December 2018. Data from medical records reviewed included patient age, gender, mechanism of injury, severity of injury, management and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients with renal injuries were identified, of which 30 had complete data. Of these cases, 26/30 (87%) sustained blunt renal injuries and 4/30 (13%) were penetrating. The median age at presentation was 6 years, and 60% were females. Three patients had isolated renal injuries, and 23 had concomitant injuries including hepatic (9), thoracic (8), splenic (5), head (4), facial (3) and ureteric (1). Twenty-three patients were managed non-operatively. Two required renal exploration with resultant nephrectomies and one haemodynamically unstable patient died preoperatively. Four patients required operative intervention for concomitant injuries with no renal exploration. Two patients required ureteric stenting. The median length of hospital stay was 7 days (Range: 4-11 days, IQR 7 days). CONCLUSION: Renal injuries in haemodynamically stable patients should be managed non-operatively. A 93% renal preservation rate was achieved in this cohort of patients with nephrectomy performed only in haemodynamically unstable patients with Grade V injuries, in keeping with international norms.
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Centros Traumatológicos , Heridas no Penetrantes , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Puntaje de Gravedad del Traumatismo , Riñón/diagnóstico por imagen , Riñón/lesiones , Riñón/cirugía , Estudios Retrospectivos , Sudáfrica/epidemiología , Heridas no Penetrantes/diagnóstico , Heridas no Penetrantes/cirugíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Ten per cent of children who present with abdominal pain at an emergency department are diagnosed with acute appendicitis. The diagnosis of which relies on clinical acumen, but addition of tests such as measurement of the white cell count (WCC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are needed to decrease the morbidity associated with inappropriate surgical management. This study evaluates the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the WCC and CRP separately and when used in combination and evaluates whether an increased WCC and CRP are associated with complicated appendicitis. METHOD: A retrospective record review of all paediatric patients who underwent appendicectomy between June 2010 and December 2016 was conducted. Demographic data, the WCC, CRP and histology results were reviewed. RESULTS: 763 records were reviewed. The sensitivity and specificity of the WCC were 69.6% and 43.1% respectively and of the CRP were 95.4% and 24.5% respectively. The sensitivity was higher when both the CRP and WCC were elevated (97.47%). A normal WCC and CRP had a specificity of 98%, with an odds ratio of 8.69 of a patient not having appendicitis. There was a borderline significance between the WCC and the presence of acute appendicitis (p = 0.0494). The CRP was significant in patient with acute appendicitis (p < 0.0001). The WCC and CRP between uninflamed appendix specimens, uncomplicated appendicitis and complicated appendicitis was significant. CONCLUSION: Both increasing CRP and WCC correlates with an increased likelihood of the presence of complicated appendicitis. The chance of a patient having appendicitis with both normal WCC and CRP is low.
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Apendicitis/sangre , Apendicitis/cirugía , Proteína C-Reactiva/metabolismo , Recuento de Leucocitos/métodos , Centros Médicos Académicos , Adolescente , Análisis de Varianza , Apendicectomía/métodos , Apendicitis/diagnóstico , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios de Cohortes , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Pediatría , Pronóstico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Sudáfrica , Resultado del TratamientoAsunto(s)
Alopecia/metabolismo , Cabello/metabolismo , Receptores Androgénicos/metabolismo , Cuero Cabelludo/metabolismo , Adulto , Anciano , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Humanos , Técnicas para Inmunoenzimas , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nandrolona/análogos & derivados , Nandrolona/metabolismo , Valores de Referencia , Congéneres de la Testosterona/metabolismoAsunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/inducido químicamente , Talio/envenenamiento , Animales , Coma/inducido químicamente , Coma/veterinaria , Perros , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/inducido químicamente , Trastornos de Alimentación y de la Ingestión de Alimentos/veterinaria , Humanos , Vómitos/inducido químicamente , Vómitos/veterinariaAsunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros , Psitacosis/veterinaria , Animales , Enfermedades de las Aves , Aves , Clortetraciclina/uso terapéutico , Pruebas de Fijación del Complemento , Perros , Femenino , Humanos , Enfermedades Pulmonares/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades Pulmonares/veterinaria , Masculino , Psitacosis/diagnóstico , Psitacosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Psitacosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Psitacosis/microbiología , RadiografíaAsunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Estro/efectos de los fármacos , Medroxiprogesterona/uso terapéutico , Seudoembarazo/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Uterinas/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Perros , Femenino , Medroxiprogesterona/efectos adversos , Embarazo , PreñezRESUMEN
Background. There are no recently published data on the incidence and demographics or perforation rates of paediatric patients from our local population presenting with acute appendicitis. Objective. To show the age and gender distribution of paediatric patients presenting with acute appendicitis within our communities, as well as demonstrating the incidence of perforated acute appendicitis in our paediatric population. Method. The study is a retrospective record review of all paediatric patients who presented with acute appendicitis to the Department of Paediatric Surgery at both Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital (CMJAH), and Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital (CHBAH) from June 2010 to September 2015. Data collected included all demographic data as well as histology results of patients who underwent appendectomies. Results. The total numbers of patients included in the study were 544; 234 at CHBAH, and 311 at CMJAH. The male-to-female ratio was 1.58:1. The mean age for presentation at both hospitals combined was 8.76 years. We found that 13.41% of paediatric patients with acute appendicitis in this cohort were under the age of 6 years. A histological review showed that 50.1% of patients in our cohort presented with complicated appendicitis, and we had a negative appendectomy rate of 8.4%. Histological results of patients under the age of 6 years revealed a higher negative appendicectomy rate of 11.4%. However, the incidence of complicated appendicitis in this age group was only 45.7%, which is lower than that reported in the literature. Three patients were found to have Enterobius vermicularis in the lumen of the appendix, and Ascaris ova were identified in one patient. Histology revealed a low-grade mucinous neoplasm in one patient. Conclusion. Acute appendicitis occurred at a median age of 8.76 years in our study population, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.58:1. We found that acute appendicitis occurred relatively more frequently in our patients under the age of 6 years compared with the incidence of acute appendicitis in this age group published elsewhere. Complicated appendicitis occurred in 50.1% of our patient population, with an increased frequency of perforated appendicitis occurring in our male population. However, complicated appendicitis occurred in only 44.7% of our patients below the age of 6 years, which is in stark contrast to published literature. Helminthic infections were rare associated pathogens in our study, and an unlikely underlying pathogen of acute appendicitis in our population
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Apendicitis , Demografía , Pacientes , Pediatría , Estudios Retrospectivos , Sudáfrica , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos OperativosRESUMEN
Helminth parasites characteristically induce vigorous antibody responses in human infections, but the immunoregulatory mechanisms determining the level of these responses are not at all understood. To investigate these mechanisms, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from 10 patients with parasitic helminth infections (three with schistosomiasis, three with onchocerciasis, and four with loiasis), along with six normal controls. These cells were then cultured in vitro and the capacity of the cells to respond to a specific parasite antigenic stimulus was examined by measuring the amount of parasite-specific antibody produced. Parasite antigen alone, without exogenous mitogen, induced an IgG anti-parasite antibody response in vitro. Optimal responses were obtained at extremely low antigen concentrations--concentrations at which little if any polyclonal immunoglobulin production occurred. Additionally, the in vitro induction of parasite-specific antibody was antigen dose-dependent, requiring much lower antigen concentrations than those necessary to induce lymphocyte blastogenesis. Antibody production was shown to require the cooperative interaction of B and T cells. These studies demonstrate that in vitro responses to antigens from naturally acquired parasitic infections, like those in individuals postimmunization, can be utilized to dissect the cellular and humoral factors that regulate antibody production to naturally acquired human pathogens.
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Formación de Anticuerpos , Antígenos Helmínticos/inmunología , Linfocitos/inmunología , Infecciones por Nematodos/inmunología , Adulto , Animales , Reacciones Antígeno-Anticuerpo , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Epítopos/inmunología , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/biosíntesis , Cinética , Loiasis/inmunología , Activación de Linfocitos , Linfocitos/metabolismo , Masculino , Oncocercosis/inmunología , Esquistosomiasis/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Neodymium-YAG laser therapy for unresectable malignant airway obstructions has a promising future. Nine patients with moderate to severe respiratory distress all experienced rapid relief of dyspnea and substantial improvement in pulmonary function within hours to days after treatment with laser phototherapy. The quality of life and survival was improved in otherwise hopeless cases. A nonfatal case of pneumothorax was the only major complication.
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Obstrucción de las Vías Aéreas/cirugía , Carcinoma/cirugía , Terapia por Láser , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/cirugía , Neoplasias de la Tráquea/cirugía , Adulto , Anciano , Obstrucción de las Vías Aéreas/complicaciones , Carcinoma/complicaciones , Endoscopía , Femenino , Volumen Espiratorio Forzado , Humanos , Masculino , Flujo Espiratorio Máximo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Estudios Prospectivos , Calidad de Vida , Insuficiencia Respiratoria/etiología , Capacidad VitalRESUMEN
Human fibrillin, a major component of the extracellular matrix, exists as two highly homologous forms (fibrillin-1 and -2). Several modules of fibrillin are homologous to TGF-beta1 binding protein. Two of these modules, D25 (the 25th module of fibrillin-1 and -2 D segment) and D12 (the 12th module of fibrillin-2 D segment) contain the cell adhesion motif arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl (RGD). The ability of RGD to mediate adhesion to D25-1 and D12-2 was investigated using bacterially expressed fusion proteins. Human skin fibroblasts and murine L-cells were used in microassays of cell attachment and cell spreading on fibrillin fusion-protein substrata. Dose-dependent experiments and competitive inhibition by soluble RGD-containing peptides demonstrated that D25-1 and D12-2 mediate RGD-dependent cell adhesion. These results provide evidence for a cell adhesion function of fibrillin-2. Inhibition with anti-integrin antibodies showed that alpha(v) and beta3 integrins mediate adhesion to D25-1, while alpha3, alpha(v) and beta1 are involved in adhesion to D12-2. Binding of different receptors may elicit distinct cell signalling supporting the hypothesis that fibrillin-1 and fibrillin-2 have distinct roles.
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Proteínas Portadoras/fisiología , Integrinas/fisiología , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular , Proteínas de Microfilamentos/fisiología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Adhesión Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Colágeno/farmacología , Citoesqueleto/efectos de los fármacos , Fibrilina-1 , Fibrilina-2 , Fibrilinas , Fibronectinas/farmacología , Humanos , Células L , Proteínas de Unión a TGF-beta Latente , Ratones , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Péptidos/síntesis química , Péptidos/metabolismo , Unión Proteica/efectos de los fármacos , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido , Albúmina Sérica Bovina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The Marfan syndrome, an autosomal dominant heritable disorder of connective tissue, is caused by mutations in the gene for fibrillin-1, FBN1. A novel FBN1 mutation was identified using temperature-gradient gel electrophoresis of a reverse-transcribed polymerase chain reaction product spanning exons 14 to 16. The mutation, G1760A, is predicted to result in the amino acid substitution C587Y and thus to disrupt one of the disulfide bonds of the calcium-binding epidermal growth factor-like module encoded by exon 14. C587Y was found to be a de novo mutation in a relatively mildly affected 15-year-old girl whose clinical phenotype was characterized mainly by ectopia lentis and thoracic scoliosis. Metabolic labeling of cultured dermal fibroblasts from the affected patient demonstrated delayed secretion of fibrillin with normal synthesis and no decrease in incorporation into the extracellular matrix compartment. Fibrillin immunostaining of confluent dermal fibroblast cultures revealed no visible difference between the patient's cells and control cells. Characterization of many different FBN1 mutations from different regions of the gene may provide a better understanding of clinical and biochemical genotype-phenotype relationships.