Association between prenatal alcohol exposure and children's facial shape: a prospective population-based cohort study.

STUDY QUESTION: Is there an association between low-to-moderate levels of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) and children's facial shape? SUMMARY ANSWER: PAE before and during pregnancy, even at low level (<12 g of alcohol per week), was found associated with the facial shape of children, and these associations were found attenuated as children grow older. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: High levels of PAE during pregnancy can have significant adverse associations with a child's health development resulting in recognizably abnormal facial development. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This study was based on the Generation R Study, a prospective cohort from fetal life onwards with maternal and offspring data. We analyzed children 3-dimensional (3D) facial images taken at ages 9 (n = 3149) and 13 years (n = 2477) together with the data of maternal alcohol consumption. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: We defined six levels of PAE based on the frequency and dose of alcohol consumption and defined three tiers based on the timing of alcohol exposure of the unborn child. For the image analysis, we used 3D graph convolutional networks for non-linear dimensionality reduction, which compressed the high-dimensional images into 200 traits representing facial morphology. These 200 traits were used for statistical analysis to search for associations with PAE. Finally, we generated heatmaps to display the facial phenotypes associated with PAE. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The results of the linear regression in the 9-year-old children survived correction for multiple testing with false discovery rate (FDR). In Tier 1 where we examined PAE only before pregnancy (exposed N = 278, unexposed N = 760), we found three traits survived FDR correction. The lowest FDR-P is 1.7e-05 (beta = 0.021, SE = 0.0040) in Trait #29; In Tier 2b where we examine any PAE during first trimester (exposed N = 756; unexposed N = 760), we found eight traits survived FDR correction. The lowest FDR-P is 9.0e-03 (beta = -0.013, SE = 0.0033) in Trait #139. Moreover, more statistically significant facial traits were found in higher levels of PAE. No FDR-significant results were found in the 13-year-old children. We map these significant traits back to the face, and found the most common detected facial phenotypes included turned-up nose tip, shortened nose, turned-out chin, and turned-in lower-eyelid-related regions. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: We had no data for alcohol consumption more than three months prior to pregnancy and thus do not know if maternal drinking had chronic effects. The self-reported questionnaire might not reflect accurate alcohol measurements because mothers may have denied their alcohol consumption. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Our results imply that facial morphology, such as quantified by the approach we proposed here, can be used as a biomarker in further investigations. Furthermore, our study suggests that for women who are pregnant or want to become pregnant soon, should quit alcohol consumption several months before conception and completely during pregnancy to avoid adverse health outcomes in the offspring. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This work was supported by Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Erasmus University Rotterdam, and the Netherlands Organization for Health Research. V.W.V.J. reports receipt of funding from the Netherlands Organization for Health Research (ZonMw 90700303). W.J.N. is a founder, a scientific lead, and a shareholder of Quantib BV. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.

Evaluation of Research Diagnostic Criteria in Craniofacial Microsomia.

Characteristics of patients with craniofacial microsomia (CFM) vary in type and severity. The diagnosis is based on phenotypical assessment and no consensus on standardized clinical diagnostic criteria is available. The use of diagnostic criteria could improve research and communication among patients and healthcare professionals. Two sets of phenotypic criteria for research were independently developed and based on multidisciplinary consensus: the FACIAL and ICHOM criteria. This study aimed to assess the sensitivity of both criteria with an existing global multicenter database of patients with CFM and study the characteristics of patients that do not meet the criteria. A total of 730 patients with CFM from were included. Characteristics of the patients were extracted, and severity was graded using the O.M.E.N.S. and Pruzansky-Kaban classification. The sensitivity of the FACIAL and ICHOM was respectively 99.6% and 94.4%. The Cohen's kappa of 0.38 indicated a fair agreement between both criteria. Patients that did not fulfill the FACIAL criteria had facial asymmetry without additional features. It can be concluded that the FACIAL and ICHOM criteria are accurate criteria to describe patients with CFM. Both criteria could be useful for future studies on CFM to create comparable and reproducible outcomes.

[Caries in cleft patients: aetiology, prevalence, prevention, and treatment]. / Cariës bij schisispatiënten: oorzaak, prevalentie, preventie en behandeling.

The caries prevalence in patients with cleft lip and/or palate is higher in both the deciduous and permanent dentition, compared to non-cleft patients. Inadequate oral hygiene is one of the main causes. Additional, individualized advice concerning diet and oral hygiene, such as the additional advice of the Ivoren Kruis (Dutch association of dental hygienists), is of great importance. During curative treatment, attention should be paid to any dental anxiety and possible reduced compliance.

Craniofacial morphology and growth in Muenke syndrome, Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, and TCF12-related craniosynostosis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the midface of patients with Muenke syndrome, Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, or TCF12-related craniosynostosis is hypoplastic compared to skeletal facial proportions of a Dutch control group. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included seventy-four patients (43 patients with Muenke syndrome, 22 patients with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, and 9 patients with TCF12-related craniosynostosis) who were referred between 1990 and 2020 (age range 4.84 to 16.83 years) and were treated at the Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care and Orthodontics, Children's Hospital Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. The control group consisted of 208 healthy children. RESULTS: Cephalometric values comprising the midface were decreased in Muenke syndrome (ANB: ß = -1.87, p = 0.001; and PC1: p < 0,001), Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (ANB: ß = -1.76, p = 0.001; and PC1: p < 0.001), and TCF12-related craniosynostosis (ANB: ß = -1.70, p = 0.015; and PC1: p < 0.033). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we showed that the midface is hypoplastic in Muenke syndrome, Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, and TCF12-related craniosynostosis compared to the Dutch control group. Furthermore, the rotation of the maxilla and the typical craniofacial buildup is significantly different in these three craniosynostosis syndromes compared to the controls. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The maxillary growth in patients with Muenke syndrome, Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, or TCF12-related craniosynostosis is impaired, leading to a deviant dental development. Therefore, timely orthodontic follow-up is recommended. In order to increase expertise and support treatment planning by medical and dental specialists for these patients, and also because of the specific differences between the syndromes, we recommend the management of patients with Muenke syndrome, Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, or TCF12-related craniosynostosis in specialized multidisciplinary teams.

Collagen type X is essential for successful mesenchymal stem cell-mediated cartilage formation and subsequent endochondral ossification.

in tissue engineering, endochondral ossification (EO) is often replicated by chondrogenically differentiating mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in vitro and achieving bone formation through in vivo implantation. The resulting marrow-containing bone constructs are promising as a treatment for bone defects. However, limited bone formation capacity has prevented them from reaching their full potential. This is further complicated since it is not fully understood how this bone formation is achieved. Acellular grafts derived from chondrogenically differentiated MSCs can initiate bone formation; however, which component within these decellularised matrices contribute to bone formation has yet to be determined. Collagen type X (COLX), a hypertrophy-associated collagen found within these constructs, is involved in matrix organisation, calcium binding and matrix vesicle compartmentalisation. However, the importance of COLX during tissue-engineered chondrogenesis and subsequent bone formation is unknown. The present study investigated the importance of COLX by shRNA-mediated gene silencing in primary MSCs. A significant knock-down of COLX disrupted the production of extracellular matrix key components and the secretion profile of chondrogenically differentiated MSCs. Following in vivo implantation, disrupted bone formation in knock-down constructs was observed. The importance of COLX was confirmed during both chondrogenic differentiation and subsequent EO in this tissue engineered setting.

Ethnic background and children's oral health-related quality of life.

PURPOSE: Ethnic background is known to be related to oral health and socioeconomic position (SEP). In the context of patient-centered oral health care, and the growing number of migrant children, it is important to understand the influence of ethnic background on oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). Therefore, we aimed to identify the differences in children's OHRQoL between ethnic groups, and the contribution of oral health status, SEP, and immigration characteristics. METHODS: This study was part of the Generation R Study, a prospective cohort study conducted in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. In total, 3121 9-year-old children with a native Dutch (n = 2510), Indonesian (n = 143), Moroccan (n = 104), Surinamese (n = 195), or Turkish (n = 169) background participated in the present study. These ethnicities comprise the most common ethnic groups in the Netherlands. OHRQoL was assessed using a validated short form of the child oral health impact profile. Several regression models were used to study an association between ethnic background and OHRQoL, and to identify potential mediating factors. RESULTS: Turkish and Surinamese ethnic background were significantly associated with lower OHRQoL. After adjusting for mediating factors, only Surinamese children had a significantly lower OHRQoL than Dutch children (ß:- 0.61; 95% CI- 1.18 to -0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that Turkish and Surinamese children have a significantly lower OHRQoL than native Dutch children. The association was partly explained by oral health status and SEP, and future studies are needed to understand (cultural) the determinants of ethnic disparities in OHRQoL, in order to develop effective oral health programs targeting children of different ethnic groups.

Deviating dental arch morphology in mild coronal craniosynostosis syndromes.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the intramaxillary relationship of patients with Muenke syndrome and Saethre-Chotzen syndrome or TCF12-related craniosynostosis are systematically different than those of a control group. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-eight patients (34 patients with Muenke syndrome, 8 patients with Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, and 6 patients with TCF12-related craniosynostosis) born between 1982 and 2010 (age range 4.84 to 16.83 years) that were treated at the Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care and Orthodontics, Children's Hospital Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, were included. Forty-seven syndromic patients had undergone one craniofacial surgery according to the craniofacial team protocol. The dental arch measurements intercanine width (ICW), intermolar width (IMW), arch depth (AD), and arch length (AL) were calculated. The control group existed of 329 nonsyndromic children. RESULTS: All dental arch dimensions in Muenke (ICW, IMW, AL, p < 0.001, ADmax, p = 0.008; ADman, p = 0.002), Saethre-Chotzen syndrome, or TCF12-related craniosynostosis patients (ICWmax, p = 0.005; ICWman, IMWmax, AL, p < 0.001) were statistically significantly smaller than those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we showed that the dental arches of the maxilla and the mandible of patients with Muenke syndrome and Saethre-Chotzen syndrome or TCF12-related craniosynostosis are smaller compared to those of a control group. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: To gain better understanding of the sutural involvement in the midface and support treatment capabilities of medical and dental specialists in these patients, we suggest the concentration of patients with Muenke and Saethre-Chotzen syndromes or TCF12-related craniosynostosis in specialized teams for a multi-disciplinary approach and treatment.

Disturbances of dental development distinguish patients with oligodontia-ectodermal dysplasia from isolated oligodontia.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate phenotypic differences in dental development between isolated oligodontia and oligodontia-ectodermal dysplasia (ED). SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: A total of 129 patients diagnosed with isolated oligodontia and 22 patients with oligodontia as part of ED were eligible. METHODS: The phenotype of dental development was assessed for the frequency of missing a certain tooth, dental age, development of each tooth present, abnormal size and abnormal shape of teeth. The data were analysed building linear, ordinal and logistic regression models. RESULTS: Compared to patients with isolated oligodontia, patients with oligodontia-ED missed more frequently central incisors and second molars in both jaws, and lateral incisors in the mandible (P < .05). Oligodontia-ED was associated with delayed development of the permanent dentition (ß = -0.10; 95% CI: -0.17, -0.03). Specifically, the maxillary teeth: right central incisor, right lateral incisor, right second premolar and left second premolar were delayed approximately from 2 to 4 developmental stages. In addition, the left mandibular second premolar was 3 developmental stages delayed. Abnormal shape of teeth was 7 times more evident in patients with oligodontia-ED compared to patients with isolated oligodontia (OR = 6.54; 95% CI: 2.34, 18.28). The abnormal size of teeth was not a distinctive characteristic for oligodontia-ED. CONCLUSIONS: Oligodontia-ED distinguishes from isolated oligodontia by more disturbances in dental development. The abnormal shape of incisors and canines in a patient with oligodontia can raise suspicions for accompanying ectodermal abnormalities.

[Improving care for cleft lip and palate patients: uniform and patient-orientated outcome measures]. / Verbetering van de schisiszorg; uniforme en patiëntgeoriënteerde uitkomstmaten.

The quality of care for patients with cleft lip and palate is extremely variable across the world. Treatment protocols differ and methods of data registration are not uniform. Improving this care by means of comparative research is challenging. The best treatment programmes can be identified by uniformly registering patient-orientated outcomes and comparing the outcomes with those of other treatment centres. That knowledge can be used to improve one's own care. An international team consisting of specialists and cleft lip and palate patients has developed a set of outcome measures that are considered by patients to be most important. This team is coordinated by the International Consortium of Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM). The cleft lip and palate outcome set can be used by all centres worldwide in following up on cleft lip and palate patients. In the Erasmus Medical Centre in Rotterdam, the 'Zorgmonitor Schisis' (Care Monitor Cleft Lip and Palate) has been built, an application in which these outcome measures are collected at fixed times. Implementing this set of outcome measures in other cleft lip and palate treatment centres and using the outcomes as (inter)national benchmarks will result in transparency and the improvement of the treatment of cleft lip and palate worldwide.

Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated endochondral ossification utilising micropellets and brief chondrogenic priming.

With limited autologous and donor bone graft availability, there is an increasing need for alternative graft substitutes. We have previously shown that chondrogenically priming mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) pellets for 28 d in vitro will reproducibly result in endochondral bone formation after in vivo implantation. However, pellet priming time for clinical applications is quite extensive. A micropellet (µpellet)-fibrin construct was developed and coupled, with a shorter priming period, determined by an in vitro time course experiment. In vitro data showed expression of chondrogenic genes and matrix production after 7 d of chondrogenic priming, indicating that briefer priming could possibly be used to induce bone formation in vivo. 7 and 28 d primed pellet, pellet-fibrin and µpellet-fibrin constructs were cultured for in vitro analysis and implanted subcutaneously for 8 weeks into nude mice. µpellet-fibrin constructs, cultured in vitro for 7 or 28 d, produced comparable bone to standard pellets in vivo. MSC-mediated bone formation was achieved following only 7 d of in vitro priming. Bone formation in vivo appeared to be influenced by overall matrix production pre-implantation. Given this short priming time and the injectable nature of the µpellet-fibrin constructs, this approach might be further developed as an injectable bone substitute, leading to a minimally-invasive treatment option, which would allow for tailored filling of bone defects.

Discrimination between oral cancer and healthy tissue based on water content determined by Raman spectroscopy.

Tumor-positive resection margins are a major problem in oral cancer surgery. High-wavenumber Raman spectroscopy is a reliable technique to determine the water content of tissues, which may contribute to differentiate between tumor and healthy tissue. The aim of this study was to examine the use of Raman spectroscopy to differentiate tumor from surrounding healthy tissue in oral squamous cell carcinoma. From 14 patients undergoing tongue resection for squamous cell carcinoma, the water content was determined at 170 locations on freshly excised tongue specimens using the Raman bands of the OH-stretching vibrations (3350-3550 cm(-1)) and of the CH-stretching vibrations (2910-2965 cm(-1)). The results were correlated with histopathological assessment of hematoxylin and eosin stained thin tissue sections obtained from the Raman measurement locations. The water content values from squamous cell carcinoma measurements were significantly higher than from surrounding healthy tissue (p-value < 0.0001). Tumor tissue could be detected with a sensitivity of 99% and a specificity of 92% using a cutoff water content value of 69%. Because the Raman measurements are fast and can be carried out on freshly excised tissue without any tissue preparation, this finding signifies an important step toward the development of an intraoperative tool for tumor resection guidance with the aim of enabling oncological radical surgery and improvement of patient outcome.

Atypical presentation of a newborn with Apert syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Apert syndrome is a rare syndrome characterized by a consistent phenotype including bilateral coronal suture synostosis with an enlarged anterior fontanel, midface hypoplasia, and complex symmetric syndactyly of hands and feet. CASE REPORT: We present a boy with Apert syndrome caused by the pathogenic c.755C > G p.Ser252Trp mutation in the FGFR2 gene with atypical characteristics, including premature fusion of the metopic suture with a small anterior fontanel, hypotelorism, and a massive posterior fontanel. Directly after birth, he showed papilledema, epilepsy, and central apneas. CONCLUSION: We present a newborn with Apert syndrome with atypical craniofacial presentation.

Mandibular asymmetry in patients with the crouzon or apert syndrome.

The aim of this study was to describe directional and fluctuating mandibular asymmetry over time in children with Crouzon or Apert syndrome. Mandibular asymmetry of children between 7.5 and 14 years of age with Crouzon syndrome (n = 35) and Apert syndrome (n = 24) were compared with controls (n = 327). From panoramic radiographs, mandibular directional and fluctuating asymmetry was determined for the three groups. Multilevel statistical techniques were used to describe mandibular asymmetry changes over time. Patients with Crouzon and Apert syndromes showed statistically significant more fluctuating asymmetry for mandibular measures than did controls. Between the Crouzon and Apert syndromes groups, no statistical differences were found in directional and fluctuating asymmetry. The control group showed statistically significantly more directional asymmetry than did patients with Crouzon or Apert syndrome. The controls showed no change over time for the directional asymmetry of condylar-ramal height; however, the directional asymmetry of the gonial angle increased. Patients with Crouzon syndrome showed side dominance for only condylar-ramal height; whereas, patients with Apert syndrome did not show dominance for any of the measurements. Apert and Crouzon syndromes showed developmental instability, in contrast to the controls. No statistically significant longitudinal differences were found for either the directional or the fluctuating asymmetry between Crouzon and Apert syndromes. Findings for fluctuating and directional asymmetry for both syndromes may indicate an inability to cope with genetic and environmental stress during development and treatment, compared with untreated nonsyndromic individuals.

Effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on the viability of irradiated soft head and neck tissues in mice.

OBJECTIVES: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is used clinically in irradiation-induced injury to healthy tissues, but the effectiveness and working mechanism remain unclear. This study examined the effects of HBOT on irradiated salivary glands and tongue in a mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice were irradiated with a single dose (15 Gy) in the head and neck region and subjected to HBOT, either before or after irradiation. During the course of the treatments, salivary flow rates were measured and at different time points after radiation (2, 6, 10 and 24 weeks), salivary glands and tongue were harvested and (immuno) histochemically analysed. RESULTS: Proliferation and blood vessel density in salivary glands were enhanced by HBOT in the medium term (10 weeks after irradiation), while salivary flow rates were not influenced. In the long term, irradiation-induced proliferation in the muscle tissue of the tongue was decreased by HBOT. CONCLUSION: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) appears to stimulate regeneration or protection of salivary gland tissue following radiation therapy. Possible implications of the effect of HBOT on muscle tissue of the tongue for the prevention of dysphagia and trismus are discussed. This study provides insights on the cellular changes after HBOT and encourages further research on this topic to achieve a better implementation of the therapy in humans.

Healthcare use and direct medical costs in a cleft lip and palate population: an analysis of observed and protocolized care and costs.

This study was performed to describe observed healthcare utilization and medical costs for patients with a cleft, compare these costs to the expected costs based on the treatment protocol, and explore the additional costs of implementing the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) Standard Set for Cleft Lip and Palate (CL/P). Forty patients with unilateral CL/P between 0 and 24 years of age, treated between 2012 and 2019 at Erasmus University Medical Center, were included. Healthcare services (consultations, diagnostic and surgical procedures) were counted and costs were calculated. Expected costs based on the treatment protocol were calculated by multiplying healthcare products by the product prices. Correspondingly, the additional expected costs after implementing the ICHOM Standard Set (protocol + ICHOM) were calculated. Observed costs were compared with protocol costs, and the additional expected protocol + ICHOM costs were described. The total mean costs were highest in the first year after birth (€5596), mainly due to surgeries. The mean observed total costs (€40,859) for the complete treatment (0-24 years) were 1.6 times the expected protocol costs (€25,198) due to optional, non-protocolized procedures. Hospital admissions including surgery were the main cost drivers, accounting for 42% of observed costs and 70% of expected protocol costs. Implementing the ICHOM Standard Set increased protocol-based costs by 7%.

Self-perceived oral health and orofacial aesthetics of cleft patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the self-perceived oral health and aesthetics of the dentition and jaw in patients with different types of oral cleft, measured by patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Additionally, to compare the results of the PROMs between cleft lip and or/palate (CL/P) patients and non-affected controls. METHODS: 420 CL/P patients treated at the cleft team of the Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, were included, and 138 non-cleft patients were recruited as control-group. Patient's perceptions were retrospectively evaluated using the CLEFT-Q Teeth for dental aesthetics at ages 8, 12 and 22, CLEFT-Q Jaw for jaw aesthetics at ages 12 and 22, and the Child Oral Health Impact Profile-Oral Symptoms Subscale (COHIP-OSS) for oral health at ages 8 and 12. One-way ANOVA was used to compare differences in oral health and aesthetic perceptions among age-groups, cleft types, as well as between cases and controls. RESULTS: CL/P patients were significantly less satisfied than controls with their dental aesthetics (p = 0.001). CL/P patients reported significantly lower satisfaction on CLEFT-Q Teeth scores at ages 8 and 12, than at 22 years (p < 0.001). Patients with the most extensive cleft phenotype, Cleft Lip and Palate (CLAP), reported lowest satisfaction on the CLEFT-Q Teeth. No differences in perceptions of oral health nor in aesthetics of the jaw were found in the different cleft types, ages, nor in study versus control group. CONCLUSION: This study found differences in self-perceived dental aesthetics: CL/P patients are less satisfied than non-affected controls. CLAP patients are least satisfied, but satisfaction increases with age.

Three-dimensional quantification of soft tissue changes and its relationship to skeletal changes after Le Fort III, monobloc, and facial bipartition in syndromic craniosynostosis.

To determine the effect of midface surgery on soft tissue changes and their relationship to hard tissue changes in patients with syndromic craniosynostosis. A retrospective analysis of patients who had undergone Le Fort III (LFIII), monobloc (MB), or facial bipartition (FB) was conducted. A 3D soft tissue mesh was generated from the preoperative scan and registered to the postoperative scan, after which the advancement was visualised. A total of 68 patients were included: 28 had undergone LFIII, 27 MB, and 13 FB. The included diagnoses were Apert (n = 23), Crouzon (n = 34), and craniofrontonasal syndrome (n = 11). After LFIII, most soft tissue advancement was seen around subnasale and pronasale (mean 15.1 ± 5.9 mm and 14.7 ± 5.7 mm, at age 7-12 years). After MB, a greater hard tissue than soft tissue advancement was seen for most landmarks, showing a high positive correlation. In patients undergoing FB without distraction (n = 10), mean preoperative inter-canthal distance was 48.9 mm, this reduced by 6.9 mm postoperatively. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the outcomes after midface surgery using 3D quantification for a better understanding of the soft tissue changes and their relationship to hard tissue changes.

Effect of helmet use on maxillofacial injuries due to bicycle and scooter accidents: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

Maxillofacial injury is a common injury resulting from bicycle (including e-bike) and scooter accidents. With 80,000 admissions to emergency departments in 2019, bicycle accidents account for more than half of all traffic-related emergency department visits in the Netherlands. The United States reports approximately 130,000 injuries and 1000 fatalities related to cycling annually. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to examine the protective effect of helmets against maxillofacial injuries resulting from bicycle and scooter (including e-bike and e-scooter) accidents. After a systematic literature search, 14 studies were found to be eligible for this systematic review. Of these, 11 were included in the meta-analysis. None of the included studies focused on vehicles with motors (e-bikes and e-scooters); all focused only on non-motorized vehicles. All included studies were non-randomized, which could have led to bias in the pooled results. Data from the included studies were tested for heterogeneity using the binary random-effects model (DerSimonian-Laird method), and the odds ratio for the occurrence of maxillofacial injury in cyclists wearing a helmet versus those not wearing a helmet was calculated by random-effects meta-analysis. Patients who had worn a helmet suffered significantly fewer maxillofacial injuries than patients who had not, in bicycle accidents (odds ratio 0.682). In conclusion, wearing a helmet has a significant protective effect against maxillofacial injury, indicating the need for strict helmet legislation.

Skeletal changes after midface surgery in patients with craniofacial deformities: a three-dimensional quantification method.

To determine the skeletal changes after midface surgery in patients with syndromic craniosynostosis who underwent Le Fort III (LFIII), monobloc (MB), or facial bipartition (FB). This was a retrospective study including 75 patients: 33 treated by LFIII, 29 by MB, and 13 by FB. Twenty-five had a diagnosis of Apert, 39 Crouzon, and 11 craniofrontonasal syndrome. A three-dimensional mesh was created from the preoperative scan and registered to the postoperative scan to visualise the advancement. LFIII at age 7-12 years effectuated a higher mean advancement in the maxillary (15.5 mm) and zygomatic (7.6 mm) regions when compared to ≥13 years (10.2 mm and 5.5 mm). After MB, mean advancement of the fronto-orbital region was higher at <7 years (16.4 mm), and similarly lower at ages 7-12 (13.8 mm) and ≥13 (12.5 mm). The mean preoperative inter-dacryon distance (34.4 ± 4.4 mm) was reduced by 8.7 ± 4.2 mm after FB without distraction (n = 10). More advancement was seen when midface surgery was performed at a younger age, due to more severe cases and a desire for overcorrection. The highest mean advancement was observed in the fronto-orbital region. Antero-inferior rotational movement was seen after all three techniques.

Evaluation and recommendations of the oral health, oral function, and orofacial aesthetics-related measures of the ICHOM Standard Set for Cleft Lip and Palate.

This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of outcome measures for the orofacial domain included in the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement Standard Set for Cleft Lip and Palate (ICHOM-SCS). In this multicentre study involving two cleft centres, suggestions to optimize the type and timing of outcome measures were made based on data and clinical experience. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) (CLEFT-Q Jaw, Teeth, Eating/Drinking; Child Oral Health Impact Profile-Oral Symptoms Scale (COHIP-OSS)) and clinical outcome measures (caries experience and dental occlusion) data were collected retrospectively for age 5, 8, 10, 12, 19, and 22 years. The data were categorized by cleft type and analysed within and between age groups using Spearman correlation, the distribution of responses per item, a two-sample test for equality of proportions, and effect plots. Most correlations between PROMs and clinical outcome measures were weak (r < 0.5), suggesting PROMs and clinical outcome measures complement each other. The COHIP-OSS and CLEFT-Q Eating/Drinking barely detected problems in any patient category and are no longer recommended. A suitable alternative appears complex to find; outcomes of this study and the recent literature doubt an added value. Similar problems were found in the CLEFT-Q Jaw at time-point 12 years. Therefore, time-points 15 and 17 years are currently suggested.