The prevalence, incidence, and progression of radiographic thumb base osteoarthritis in a population-based cohort: the Rotterdam Study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence, incidence, and progression of radiographic thumb carpometacarpal (CMC-1) and trapezioscaphoid (TS) radiographic osteoarthritis (ROA) in the general Dutch population aged ≥55y. DESIGN: Data were from the first and second cohort of the Rotterdam Study (1990-2005, 4-12 years follow-up, age 55+). Participants underwent bilateral radiographs at baseline (N = 7792) and follow-up (N = 3804), read for Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grade. ROA was defined on the joint level as K-L grade ≥2. The prevalence was assessed at baseline, incidence at follow-up in those free of ROA at baseline, and progression in those with ROA. Differences based on sex and age were evaluated using logistic regression models. RESULTS: At baseline, 1977 (25.3%) had CMC-1 ROA and 1133 (14.5%) TS ROA. The prevalence was higher in females for CMC-1 (aOR = 1.98 95%CI [1.77-2.21]) and TS ROA (aOR = 2.00 [1.74-2.29]) and increased for every year of age (CMC-1 ROA 1.08 [1.07-1.08]) (TS ROA 1.06 [1.05-1.07]). Most (437/512; 85.4%) incident cases of CMC-1 ROA (2994 at risk) were mild (K-L = 2), whereas most (145/167; 86,8%) incident cases of TS ROA (3311 at risk) were moderate to severe (K-L = 3/4). CMC-1 ROA progression was mostly (88/100; 88.0%) seen in the K-L 2 group at baseline, whereas that was (4/17; 23.5%) for TS ROA. CONCLUSION: CMC-1 ROA and TS ROA are prevalent in the general Dutch population. While incident CMC-1 ROA was primarily mild, incident TS ROA was more often moderate to severe. CMC-1 ROA was a strong predictor for incident TS ROA.

Outcomes of ulna shortening osteotomy: a cohort analysis of 106 patients.

BACKGROUND: Ulna shortening osteotomy (USO) for ulnar impaction syndrome (UIS) aims to improve pain and function by unloading the ulnar carpus. Previous studies often lack validated patient-reported outcomes or have small sample sizes. The primary objective of this study was to investigate patient-reported pain and hand function at 12 months after USO for UIS. Secondary objectives were to investigate the active range of motion, grip strength, complications, and whether outcomes differed based on etiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We report on 106 patients with UIS who received USO between 2012 and 2019. In 44 of these patients, USO was performed secondary to distal radius fracture. Pain and function were measured with the Patient Rated Wrist/Hand Evaluation (PRWHE) before surgery and at 3 and 12 months after surgery. Active range of motion and grip strength were measured before surgery and at 3 and 12 months after surgery. Complications were scored using the International Consortium for Health Outcome Measurement Complications in Hand and Wrist conditions (ICHAW) tool. RESULTS: The PRWHE total score improved from a mean of 64 (SD = 18) before surgery to 40 (22) at 3 months and 32 (23) at 12 months after surgery (P < 0.001; effect size Cohen's d = -1.4). There was no difference in the improvement in PRWHE total score (P = 0.99) based on etiology. Also, no clinically relevant changes in the active range of motion were measured. Independent of etiology, mean grip strength improved from 24 (11) before surgery to 30 (12) at 12 months (P = 0.001). Sixty-four percent of patients experienced at least one complication, ranging from minor to severe. Of the 80 complications in total, 50 patients (47%) had complaints of hardware irritation, of which 34 (32%) had their hardware removed. Six patients (6%) needed refixation because of nonunion. CONCLUSION: We found beneficial outcomes in patients with UIS that underwent USO, although there was a large variance in the outcome and a relatively high number of complications (which includes plate removals). Results of this study may be used in preoperative counseling and shared decision-making when considering USO. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic III.

The prevalence of radiographic thumb base osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Osteoarthritis (OA) affects millions of people worldwide. In hand OA, the thumb base is the most affected single joint. The reported radiographic prevalence ranges from 0 to 100%, making the true radiographic prevalence unclear. Hence, we conducted a meta-analysis on the age and sex-specific prevalence of radiographic thumb base OA. METHODS: We performed a search in Embase, Medline Ovid, Web of Science Core Collection, Cochrane Central Register of Trials, and Google Scholar. We included studies of the general population that reported thumb base OA for males and females separately based on a hand radiograph and reported the age of these groups. Using meta-regression, we estimated the odds ratio (OR) of having radiographic thumb base OA for age and sex, while adjusting for within-study correlation. RESULTS: The initial search yielded 4,278 articles; we finally included 16 studies that reported the age- and sex-stratified prevalence. Taken together, there were 104 age and gender specific-prevalence rates that could be derived from the 16 studies. The prevalence of radiographic OA for the 50-year-old male and female participants was 5.8% and 7.3%, respectively, while the respective prevalence for 80-year-old male and female participants was 33.1% and 39.0%. We found an OR for having radiographic OA of 1.06 (95%CI [1.055-1.065], p < 0.001) per increasing year of age, and 1.30 (95%CI: 1.05-1.61], p = 0.014) for females. CONCLUSION: In the general population, radiographic thumb base OA is more prevalent in females and is strongly associated with age.

Convergent evolution of pain-inducing defensive venom components in spitting cobras.

Convergent evolution provides insights into the selective drivers underlying evolutionary change. Snake venoms, with a direct genetic basis and clearly defined functional phenotype, provide a model system for exploring the repeated evolution of adaptations. While snakes use venom primarily for predation, and venom composition often reflects diet specificity, three lineages of cobras have independently evolved the ability to spit venom at adversaries. Using gene, protein, and functional analyses, we show that the three spitting lineages possess venoms characterized by an up-regulation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) toxins, which potentiate the action of preexisting venom cytotoxins to activate mammalian sensory neurons and cause enhanced pain. These repeated independent changes provide a fascinating example of convergent evolution across multiple phenotypic levels driven by selection for defense.

Pitfall of the accessory spleen.

Two patients, one with insulinoma and one with Cushing's syndrome, are presented. Biochemical evaluation readily suggested the correct diagnosis. During radiologic imaging, the anatomic abnormality giving rise to these diseases, i.e. a pancreatic islet cell tumor, and an adrenal adenoma, at first were mistakenly interpreted as an accessory spleen on the basis of specific computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging appearances. The insulinoma was identified as such during laparotomy, whereas additional jodo-cholesterol scintigraphy revealed the real nature of the lesion in the patient with Cushing's syndrome. Both patients were operated successfully.