Residue behavior and dietary risk assessment of chlorothalonil and its metabolite SDS-3701 in water spinach to propose maximum residue limit (MRL).

Dietary risk assessment generally combines food consumption data and the concentration of pesticide by using the risk quotient (RQ) method. Chlorothalonil is the second popular fungicide in the world, and its residue and risk assessment in water spinach remain unknown. In this paper, the field trials of chlorothalonil in water spinach were operated under good agricultural practice (GAP) in China to human health protective. The dissipation experiments demonstrated that chlorothalonil was rapidly degraded in water spinach, with the half-lives of 1.8-3.2 days, and the amount of its metabolite SDS-3701 (4-hydroxy-2,5,6-trichloroisophthalonitrile) taken up through the water spinach roots from the soil was minor. The terminal experiments disclosed that the average residues of chlorothalonil and SDS-3701 in water spinach were below 6.59 mg/kg and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. The results suggested the chronic dietary risk probability of chlorothalonil was 51.95-59.15% in terms of all registered crops, and the acute dietary risk probability of chlorothalonil was 12.30%-63.01% in water spinach, highlighting that the dietary risk of chlorothalonil in water spinach under GAP was acceptable. MRL of chlorothalonil was proposed as 7 mg/kg for water spinach and 5 days was recommended as a safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) for chlorothalonil application in water spinach field.

Cognitive reactivity and emotional dysregulation mediate the relation of paternal and maternal harsh parenting to adolescent social anxiety.

BACKGROUND: Extant models of the association between harsh parenting and social anxiety among adolescents are mostly partial mediation models, leaving much of the relationship unaccounted for. OBJECTIVE: The current study intends to test a two-mediator model in which adolescents' cognitive reactivity and emotional dysregulation were assumed to mediate the potential impact of harsh parenting on their social anxiety. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTINGS: A sample of 726 adolescent students with their parents was recruited from two middle schools located in a provincial city of Northern China. METHODS: Both fathers and mothers were required to report on their spouse's harsh parenting practices. The "Behind your back" task was used to assess cognitive reactivity of adolescents who also reported on their emotional dysregulation and social anxiety. Moderated mediation model and simple slope analyses were used to examine the meditational relations and the moderating role of child sex. RESULTS: For the current model, cognitive reactivity and emotional dysregulation could completely mediate the potential influence of harsh fathering and harsh mothering on adolescents' social anxiety. Moreover, harsh fathering has a greater effect on adolescents' social anxiety than harsh mothering, especially for girls. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive reactivity in conjunction with emotional dysfunction can better account for the relationship from harsh fathering and harsh mothering to adolescents' social anxiety.