RESUMEN
There is an urgent need for vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) because of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Among all approaches, a messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccine has emerged as a rapid and versatile platform to quickly respond to this challenge. Here, we developed a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA (mRNA-LNP) encoding the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 as a vaccine candidate (called ARCoV). Intramuscular immunization of ARCoV mRNA-LNP elicited robust neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 as well as a Th1-biased cellular response in mice and non-human primates. Two doses of ARCoV immunization in mice conferred complete protection against the challenge of a SARS-CoV-2 mouse-adapted strain. Additionally, ARCoV is manufactured as a liquid formulation and can be stored at room temperature for at least 1 week. ARCoV is currently being evaluated in phase 1 clinical trials.
Asunto(s)
ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Viral/genética , Vacunas Sintéticas/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , Sitios de Unión , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Chlorocebus aethiops , Infecciones por Coronavirus/genética , Infecciones por Coronavirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Coronavirus/prevención & control , Femenino , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Humanos , Inmunogenicidad Vacunal , Inyecciones Intramusculares , Macaca fascicularis , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Nanopartículas/química , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , ARN Viral/metabolismo , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/química , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/genética , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/metabolismo , Células TH1/inmunología , Potencia de la Vacuna , Vacunas Sintéticas/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Sintéticas/genética , Células Vero , Vacunas Virales/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Virales/genéticaRESUMEN
CD8+ T cell exhaustion dampens antitumor immunity. Although several transcription factors have been identified that regulate T cell exhaustion, the molecular mechanisms by which CD8+ T cells are triggered to enter an exhausted state remain unclear. Here, we show that interleukin-2 (IL-2) acts as an environmental cue to induce CD8+ T cell exhaustion within tumor microenvironments. We find that a continuously high level of IL-2 leads to the persistent activation of STAT5 in CD8+ T cells, which in turn induces strong expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 1, thus catalyzing the conversion to tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). 5-HTP subsequently activates AhR nuclear translocation, causing a coordinated upregulation of inhibitory receptors and downregulation of cytokine and effector-molecule production, thereby rendering T cells dysfunctional in the tumor microenvironment. This molecular pathway is not only present in mouse tumor models but is also observed in people with cancer, identifying IL-2 as a novel inducer of T cell exhaustion.
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Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico/metabolismo , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/efectos de los fármacos , Interleucina-2/metabolismo , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Receptores de Hidrocarburo de Aril/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral , 5-Hidroxitriptófano/metabolismo , Animales , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico/deficiencia , Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico/genética , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/metabolismo , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Células HCT116 , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Interleucina-2/antagonistas & inhibidores , Interleucina-2/genética , Células Jurkat , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/inmunología , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/metabolismo , Células MCF-7 , Melanoma Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Melanoma Experimental/inmunología , Melanoma Experimental/metabolismo , Melanoma Experimental/patología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Células 3T3 NIH , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias/inmunología , Neoplasias/patología , Receptores de Hidrocarburo de Aril/deficiencia , Receptores de Hidrocarburo de Aril/genética , Transducción de Señal , Triptófano Hidroxilasa/metabolismo , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
Mutations in the Kv3.3 potassium channel (KCNC3) cause cerebellar neurodegeneration and impair auditory processing. The cytoplasmic C terminus of Kv3.3 contains a proline-rich domain conserved in proteins that activate actin nucleation through Arp2/3. We found that Kv3.3 recruits Arp2/3 to the plasma membrane, resulting in formation of a relatively stable cortical actin filament network resistant to cytochalasin D that inhibits fast barbed end actin assembly. These Kv3.3-associated actin structures are required to prevent very rapid N-type channel inactivation during short depolarizations of the plasma membrane. The effects of Kv3.3 on the actin cytoskeleton are mediated by the binding of the cytoplasmic C terminus of Kv3.3 to Hax-1, an anti-apoptotic protein that regulates actin nucleation through Arp2/3. A human Kv3.3 mutation within a conserved proline-rich domain produces channels that bind Hax-1 but are impaired in recruiting Arp2/3 to the plasma membrane, resulting in growth cones with deficient actin veils in stem cell-derived neurons.
Asunto(s)
Citoesqueleto de Actina/metabolismo , Proteína 2 Relacionada con la Actina/metabolismo , Proteína 3 Relacionada con la Actina/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/metabolismo , Canales de Potasio Shaw/metabolismo , Ataxias Espinocerebelosas/metabolismo , Complejo 2-3 Proteico Relacionado con la Actina/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Mutación , Neuronas/metabolismo , Células Madre Pluripotentes/metabolismo , Canales de Potasio Shaw/química , Canales de Potasio Shaw/genética , Transducción de Señal , Proteínas de Unión al GTP rac/metabolismoRESUMEN
Superconductivity in a highly correlated kagome system has been theoretically proposed for years (refs. 1-5), yet the experimental realization is hard to achieve6,7. The recently discovered vanadium-based kagome materials8, which exhibit both superconductivity9-11 and charge-density-wave orders12-14, are nonmagnetic8,9 and weakly correlated15,16. Thus these materials are unlikely to host the exotic superconductivity theoretically proposed. Here we report the discovery of a chromium-based kagome metal, CsCr3Sb5, which is contrastingly featured with strong electron correlations, frustrated magnetism and characteristic flat bands close to the Fermi level. Under ambient pressure, this kagome metal undergoes a concurrent structural and magnetic phase transition at 55 K, with a stripe-like 4a0 structural modulation. At high pressure, the phase transition evolves into two transitions, possibly associated with charge-density-wave and antiferromagnetic spin-density-wave orderings. These density-wave-like orders are gradually suppressed with pressure and, remarkably, a superconducting dome emerges at 3.65-8.0 GPa. The maximum of the superconducting transition temperature, Tcmax = 6.4 K, appears when the density-wave-like orders are completely suppressed at 4.2 GPa, and the normal state exhibits a non-Fermi-liquid behaviour, reminiscent of unconventional superconductivity and quantum criticality in iron-based superconductors17,18. Our work offers an unprecedented platform for investigating superconductivity in correlated kagome systems.
RESUMEN
The Kv2.1 voltage-activated potassium (Kv) channel is a prominent delayed-rectifier Kv channel in the mammalian central nervous system, where its mechanisms of activation and inactivation are critical for regulating intrinsic neuronal excitability1,2. Here we present structures of the Kv2.1 channel in a lipid environment using cryo-electron microscopy to provide a framework for exploring its functional mechanisms and how mutations causing epileptic encephalopathies3-7 alter channel activity. By studying a series of disease-causing mutations, we identified one that illuminates a hydrophobic coupling nexus near the internal end of the pore that is critical for inactivation. Both functional and structural studies reveal that inactivation in Kv2.1 results from dynamic alterations in electromechanical coupling to reposition pore-lining S6 helices and close the internal pore. Consideration of these findings along with available structures for other Kv channels, as well as voltage-activated sodium and calcium channels, suggests that related mechanisms of inactivation are conserved in voltage-activated cation channels and likely to be engaged by widely used therapeutics to achieve state-dependent regulation of channel activity.
Asunto(s)
Activación del Canal Iónico , Mutación , Canales de Potasio Shab , Animales , Humanos , Microscopía por Crioelectrón , Interacciones Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Activación del Canal Iónico/genética , Canales de Potasio Shab/genética , Canales de Potasio Shab/metabolismo , Canales de Potasio Shab/ultraestructura , Espasmos Infantiles/genéticaRESUMEN
Ion channels establish the voltage gradient across cellular membranes by providing aqueous pathways for ions to selectively diffuse down their concentration gradients. The selectivity of any given channel for its favored ions has conventionally been viewed as a stable property, and in many cation channels, it is determined by an ion-selectivity filter within the external end of the ion-permeation pathway. In several instances, including voltage-activated K+ (Kv) channels, ATP-activated P2X receptor channels, and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, the ion-permeation pathways have been proposed to dilate in response to persistent activation, dynamically altering ion permeation. Here, we discuss evidence for dynamic ion selectivity, examples where ion selectivity filters exhibit structural plasticity, and opportunities to fill gaps in our current understanding.
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Canales Iónicos , Humanos , Canales Iónicos/metabolismo , Canales Iónicos/química , Cationes/metabolismo , Cationes/química , Animales , Activación del Canal IónicoRESUMEN
Additive manufacturing methods1-4 using static and mobile robots are being developed for both on-site construction5-8 and off-site prefabrication9,10. Here we introduce a method of additive manufacturing, referred to as aerial additive manufacturing (Aerial-AM), that utilizes a team of aerial robots inspired by natural builders11 such as wasps who use collective building methods12,13. We present a scalable multi-robot three-dimensional (3D) printing and path-planning framework that enables robot tasks and population size to be adapted to variations in print geometry throughout a building mission. The multi-robot manufacturing framework allows for autonomous three-dimensional printing under human supervision, real-time assessment of printed geometry and robot behavioural adaptation. To validate autonomous Aerial-AM based on the framework, we develop BuilDrones for depositing materials during flight and ScanDrones for measuring the print quality, and integrate a generic real-time model-predictive-control scheme with the Aerial-AM robots. In addition, we integrate a dynamically self-aligning delta manipulator with the BuilDrone to further improve the manufacturing accuracy to five millimetres for printing geometry with precise trajectory requirements, and develop four cementitious-polymeric composite mixtures suitable for continuous material deposition. We demonstrate proof-of-concept prints including a cylinder 2.05 metres high consisting of 72 layers of a rapid-curing insulation foam material and a cylinder 0.18 metres high consisting of 28 layers of structural pseudoplastic cementitious material, a light-trail virtual print of a dome-like geometry, and multi-robot simulations. Aerial-AM allows manufacturing in-flight and offers future possibilities for building in unbounded, at-height or hard-to-access locations.
RESUMEN
While effective anti-cancer drugs targeting the CHK1 kinase are advancing in the clinic, drug resistance is rapidly emerging. Here, we demonstrate that CRISPR-mediated knockout of the little-known gene FAM122A/PABIR1 confers cellular resistance to CHK1 inhibitors (CHK1is) and cross-resistance to ATR inhibitors. Knockout of FAM122A results in activation of PP2A-B55α, a phosphatase that dephosphorylates the WEE1 protein and rescues WEE1 from ubiquitin-mediated degradation. The resulting increase in WEE1 protein expression reduces replication stress, activates the G2/M checkpoint, and confers cellular resistance to CHK1is. Interestingly, in tumor cells with oncogene-driven replication stress, CHK1 can directly phosphorylate FAM122A, leading to activation of the PP2A-B55α phosphatase and increased WEE1 expression. A combination of a CHK1i plus a WEE1 inhibitor can overcome CHK1i resistance of these tumor cells, thereby enhancing anti-cancer activity. The FAM122A expression level in a tumor cell can serve as a useful biomarker for predicting CHK1i sensitivity or resistance.
Asunto(s)
Quinasa 1 Reguladora del Ciclo Celular (Checkpoint 1)/genética , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Pirazinas/farmacología , Pirazoles/farmacología , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Puntos de Control del Ciclo Celular , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Línea Celular , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Quinasa 1 Reguladora del Ciclo Celular (Checkpoint 1)/antagonistas & inhibidores , Quinasa 1 Reguladora del Ciclo Celular (Checkpoint 1)/metabolismo , Daño del ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Puntos de Control de la Fase G2 del Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/fisiología , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/fisiología , Fosforilación , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Procesamiento Proteico-Postraduccional/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/genética , Pirazinas/metabolismo , Pirazoles/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Leaf yellowing is a well-known phenotype that attracts phloem-feeding insects. However, it remains unclear how insect-vectored plant pathogens induce host leaf yellowing to facilitate their own transmission by insect vectors. Here, we report that an effector protein secreted by rice orange leaf phytoplasma (ROLP) inhibits chlorophyll biosynthesis and induces leaf yellowing to attract leafhopper vectors, thereby presumably promoting pathogen transmission. This effector, designated secreted ROLP protein 1 (SRP1), first secreted into rice phloem by ROLP, was subsequently translocated to chloroplasts by interacting with the chloroplastic glutamine synthetase (GS2). The direct interaction between SRP1 and GS2 disrupts the decamer formation of the GS2 holoenzyme, attenuating its enzymatic activity, thereby suppressing the synthesis of chlorophyll precursors glutamate and glutamine. Transgenic expression of SRP1 in rice plants decreased GS2 activity and chlorophyll precursor accumulation, finally inducing leaf yellowing. This process is correlated with the previous evidence that the knockout of GS2 expression in rice plants causes a similar yellow chlorosis phenotype. Consistently, these yellowing leaves attracted higher numbers of leafhopper vectors, caused the vectors to probe more frequently, and presumably facilitate more efficient phytoplasma transmission. Together, these results uncover the mechanism used by phytoplasmas to manipulate the leaf color of infected plants for the purpose of enhancing attractiveness to insect vectors.
Asunto(s)
Cloroplastos , Glutamato-Amoníaco Ligasa , Hemípteros , Insectos Vectores , Oryza , Phytoplasma , Hojas de la Planta , Animales , Hemípteros/microbiología , Glutamato-Amoníaco Ligasa/metabolismo , Glutamato-Amoníaco Ligasa/genética , Phytoplasma/fisiología , Hojas de la Planta/microbiología , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Oryza/microbiología , Oryza/genética , Insectos Vectores/microbiología , Cloroplastos/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Clorofila/metabolismo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Proteínas Bacterianas/genéticaRESUMEN
Auxin regulates plant growth and development through downstream signaling pathways, including the best-known SCFTIR1/AFB-Aux/IAA-ARF pathway and several other less characterized "noncanonical" pathways. Recently, one SCFTIR1/AFB-independent noncanonical pathway, mediated by Transmembrane Kinase 1 (TMK1), was discovered through the analyses of its functions in Arabidopsis apical hook development. Asymmetric accumulation of auxin on the concave side of the apical hook triggers DAR1-catalyzed release of the C-terminal of TMK1, which migrates into the nucleus, where it phosphorylates and stabilizes IAA32/34 to inhibit cell elongation, which is essential for full apical hook formation. However, the molecular factors mediating IAA32/34 degradation have not been identified. Here, we show that proteins in the CYTOKININ INDUCED ROOT WAVING 1 (CKRW1)/WAVY GROWTH 3 (WAV3) subfamily act as E3 ubiquitin ligases to target IAA32/34 for ubiquitination and degradation, which is inhibited by TMK1c-mediated phosphorylation. This antagonistic interaction between TMK1c and CKRW1/WAV3 subfamily E3 ubiquitin ligases regulates IAA32/34 levels to control differential cell elongation along opposite sides of the apical hook.
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Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Proteínas F-Box , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligasas/genética , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligasas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Ubiquitinas/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Proteínas F-Box/genética , Proteínas F-Box/metabolismoRESUMEN
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have repeatedly reported multiple non-coding single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 2p14 associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but their functional roles in the pathological mechanisms of RA remain to be explored. In this study, we integrated a series of bioinformatics and functional experiments and identified three intronic RA SNPs (rs1876518, rs268131, and rs2576923) within active enhancers that can regulate the expression of SPRED2 directly. At the same time, SPRED2 and ACTR2 influence each other as a positive feedback signal amplifier to strengthen the protective role in RA by inhibiting the migration and invasion of rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs). In particular, the transcription factor CEBPB preferentially binds to the rs1876518-T allele to increase the expression of SPRED2 in FLSs. Our findings decipher the molecular mechanisms behind the GWAS signals at 2p14 for RA and emphasize SPRED2 as a potential candidate gene for RA, providing a potential target and direction for precise treatment of RA.
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Artritis Reumatoide , Sinoviocitos , Humanos , Artritis Reumatoide/genética , Artritis Reumatoide/metabolismo , Proliferación Celular/genética , Células Cultivadas , Cromosomas , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Proteínas Represoras/genética , Sinoviocitos/metabolismo , Sinoviocitos/patología , Proteína 2 Relacionada con la Actina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Most of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with insulin resistance (IR)-relevant phenotypes by genome-wide association studies (GWASs) are located in noncoding regions, complicating their functional interpretation. Here, we utilized an adapted STARR-seq to evaluate the regulatory activities of 5,987 noncoding SNPs associated with IR-relevant phenotypes. We identified 876 SNPs with biased allelic enhancer activity effects (baaSNPs) across 133 loci in three IR-relevant cell lines (HepG2, preadipocyte, and A673), which showed pervasive cell specificity and significant enrichment for cell-specific open chromatin regions or enhancer-indicative markers (H3K4me1, H3K27ac). Further functional characterization suggested several transcription factors (TFs) with preferential allelic binding to baaSNPs. We also incorporated multi-omics data to prioritize 102 candidate regulatory target genes for baaSNPs and revealed prevalent long-range regulatory effects and cell-specific IR-relevant biological functional enrichment on them. Specifically, we experimentally verified the distal regulatory mechanism at IRS1 locus, in which rs952227-A reinforces IRS1 expression by long-range chromatin interaction and preferential binding to the transcription factor HOXC6 to augment the enhancer activity. Finally, based on our STARR-seq screening data, we predicted the enhancer activity of 227,343 noncoding SNPs associated with IR-relevant phenotypes (fasting insulin adjusted for BMI, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides) from the largest available GWAS summary statistics. We further provided an open resource (http://www.bigc.online/fnSNP-IR) for better understanding genetic regulatory mechanisms of IR-relevant phenotypes.
Asunto(s)
Resistencia a la Insulina , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Humanos , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Resistencia a la Insulina/genética , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Cromatina/genética , Fenotipo , Elementos de Facilitación Genéticos/genéticaRESUMEN
RNA interference (RNAi) functions as a potent antiviral immunity in plants and invertebrates; however, whether RNAi plays antiviral roles in mammals remains unclear. Here, using human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) as a model, we showed HEV71 3A protein as an authentic viral suppressor of RNAi during viral infection. When the 3A-mediated RNAi suppression was impaired, the mutant HEV71 readily triggered the production of abundant HEV71-derived small RNAs with canonical siRNA properties in cells and mice. These virus-derived siRNAs were produced from viral dsRNA replicative intermediates in a Dicer-dependent manner and loaded into AGO, and they were fully active in degrading cognate viral RNAs. Recombinant HEV71 deficient in 3A-mediated RNAi suppression was significantly restricted in human somatic cells and mice, whereas Dicer deficiency rescued HEV71 infection independently of type I interferon response. Thus, RNAi can function as an antiviral immunity, which is induced and suppressed by a human virus, in mammals.
Asunto(s)
Enterovirus Humano A/inmunología , Infecciones por Enterovirus/inmunología , Inmunidad , Interferencia de ARN , ARN Viral/inmunología , Animales , Proteínas Argonautas/metabolismo , Repeticiones Palindrómicas Cortas Agrupadas y Regularmente Espaciadas , Enterovirus Humano A/genética , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Mamíferos , Ratones , Ratones de la Cepa 129 , Ratones Noqueados , Mutación/genética , Ribonucleasa III/metabolismo , Proteínas Virales/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Zika virus (ZIKV) has become a public health threat due to its global transmission and link to severe congenital disorders. The host immune responses to ZIKV infection have not been fully elucidated, and effective therapeutics are not currently available. Herein, we demonstrated that cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H) was induced in response to ZIKV infection and that its enzymatic product, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), was a critical mediator of host protection against ZIKV. Synthetic 25HC addition inhibited ZIKV infection in vitro by blocking viral entry, and treatment with 25HC reduced viremia and conferred protection against ZIKV in mice and rhesus macaques. 25HC suppressed ZIKV infection and reduced tissue damage in human cortical organoids and the embryonic brain of the ZIKV-induced mouse microcephaly model. Our findings highlight the protective role of CH25H during ZIKV infection and the potential use of 25HC as a natural antiviral agent to combat ZIKV infection and prevent ZIKV-associated outcomes, such as microcephaly.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales/farmacología , Hidroxicolesteroles/farmacología , Microcefalia/virología , Infección por el Virus Zika/complicaciones , Animales , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Humanos , Macaca mulatta , Ratones , Microscopía Confocal , Internalización del Virus/efectos de los fármacos , Virus Zika/efectos de los fármacos , Virus Zika/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Mature endothelial cells (ECs) are heterogeneous, with subtypes defined by tissue origin and position within the vascular bed (ie, artery, capillary, vein, and lymphatic). How this heterogeneity is established during the development of the vascular system, especially arteriovenous specification of ECs, remains incompletely characterized. METHODS: We used droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing and multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization to define EC and EC progenitor subtypes from E9.5, E12.5, and E15.5 mouse embryos. We used trajectory inference to analyze the specification of arterial ECs (aECs) and venous ECs (vECs) from EC progenitors. Network analysis identified candidate transcriptional regulators of arteriovenous differentiation, which we tested by CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) loss of function in human-induced pluripotent stem cells undergoing directed differentiation to aECs or vECs (human-induced pluripotent stem cell-aECs or human-induced pluripotent stem cell-vECs). RESULTS: From the single-cell transcriptomes of 7682 E9.5 to E15.5 ECs, we identified 19 EC subtypes, including Etv2+Bnip3+ EC progenitors. Spatial transcriptomic analysis of 15â 448 ECs provided orthogonal validation of these EC subtypes and established their spatial distribution. Most embryonic ECs were grouped by their vascular-bed types, while ECs from the brain, heart, liver, and lung were grouped by their tissue origins. Arterial (Eln, Dkk2, Vegfc, and Egfl8), venous (Fam174b and Clec14a), and capillary (Kcne3) marker genes were identified. Compared with aECs, embryonic vECs and capillary ECs shared fewer markers than their adult counterparts. Early capillary ECs with venous characteristics functioned as a branch point for differentiation of aEC and vEC lineages. CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide a spatiotemporal map of embryonic EC heterogeneity at single-cell resolution and demonstrate that the diversity of ECs in the embryo arises from both tissue origin and vascular-bed position. Developing aECs and vECs share common venous-featured capillary precursors and are regulated by distinct transcriptional regulatory networks.
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Células Endoteliales , Canales de Potasio con Entrada de Voltaje , Adulto , Humanos , Animales , Ratones , Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , Arterias , Encéfalo , VenasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive response to pressure overload aimed at maintaining cardiac function. However, prolonged hypertrophy significantly increases the risk of maladaptive cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Recent studies have implicated long noncoding RNAs in cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyopathy, but their significance and mechanism(s) of action are not well understood. METHODS: We measured lincRNA-p21 RNA and H3K27ac levels in the hearts of dilated cardiomyopathy patients. We assessed the functional role of lincRNA-p21 in basal and surgical pressure-overload conditions using loss-of-function mice. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis revealed dysregulated genes and pathways. We labeled proteins in proximity to full-length lincRNA-p21 using a novel BioID2-based system. We immunoprecipitated lincRNA-p21-interacting proteins and performed cell fractionation, ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing), and co-immunoprecipitation to investigate molecular interactions and underlying mechanisms. We used GapmeR antisense oligonucleotides to evaluate the therapeutic potential of lincRNA-p21 inhibition in cardiac hypertrophy and associated heart failure. RESULTS: lincRNA-p21 was induced in mice and humans with cardiomyopathy. Global and cardiac-specific lincRNA-p21 knockout significantly suppressed pressure overload-induced ventricular wall thickening, stress marker elevation, and deterioration of cardiac function. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis and transcriptional network analysis revealed that lincRNA-p21 acts in trans to stimulate the NFAT/MEF2 (nuclear factor of activated T cells/myocyte enhancer factor-2) pathway. Mechanistically, lincRNA-p21 is bound to the scaffold protein KAP1 (KRAB-associated protein-1). lincRNA-p21 cardiac-specific knockout suppressed stress-induced nuclear accumulation of KAP1, and KAP1 knockdown attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and NFAT activation. KAP1 positively regulates pathological hypertrophy by physically interacting with NFATC4 to promote the overactive status of NFAT/MEF2 signaling. GapmeR antisense oligonucleotide depletion of lincRNA-p21 similarly inhibited cardiac hypertrophy and adverse remodeling, highlighting the therapeutic potential of inhibiting lincRNA-p21. CONCLUSIONS: These findings advance our understanding of the functional significance of stress-induced long noncoding RNA in cardiac hypertrophy and demonstrate the potential of lincRNA-p21 as a novel therapeutic target for cardiac hypertrophy and subsequent heart failure.
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Cardiomegalia , Ratones Noqueados , ARN Largo no Codificante , Animales , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Cardiomegalia/metabolismo , Cardiomegalia/genética , Cardiomegalia/prevención & control , Cardiomegalia/patología , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/genética , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/metabolismo , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/patología , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/prevención & control , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Miocitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Miocitos Cardíacos/patología , ARN Largo no Codificante/genética , ARN Largo no Codificante/metabolismo , Remodelación VentricularRESUMEN
A major factor in the progression to heart failure in humans is the inability of the adult heart to repair itself after injury. We recently demonstrated that the early postnatal mammalian heart is capable of regeneration following injury through proliferation of preexisting cardiomyocytes1,2 and that Meis1, a three amino acid loop extension (TALE) family homeodomain transcription factor, translocates to cardiomyocyte nuclei shortly after birth and mediates postnatal cell cycle arrest3. Here we report that Hoxb13 acts as a cofactor of Meis1 in postnatal cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of Hoxb13 can extend the postnatal window of cardiomyocyte proliferation and reactivate the cardiomyocyte cell cycle in the adult heart. Moreover, adult Meis1-Hoxb13 double-knockout hearts display widespread cardiomyocyte mitosis, sarcomere disassembly and improved left ventricular systolic function following myocardial infarction, as demonstrated by echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging. Chromatin immunoprecipitation with sequencing demonstrates that Meis1 and Hoxb13 act cooperatively to regulate cardiomyocyte maturation and cell cycle. Finally, we show that the calcium-activated protein phosphatase calcineurin dephosphorylates Hoxb13 at serine-204, resulting in its nuclear localization and cell cycle arrest. These results demonstrate that Meis1 and Hoxb13 act cooperatively to regulate cardiomyocyte maturation and proliferation and provide mechanistic insights into the link between hyperplastic and hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes.
Asunto(s)
Calcineurina/metabolismo , Proliferación Celular , Proteínas de Homeodominio/metabolismo , Proteína 1 del Sitio de Integración Viral Ecotrópica Mieloide/metabolismo , Miocitos Cardíacos/citología , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Femenino , Eliminación de Gen , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Corazón/fisiología , Proteínas de Homeodominio/genética , Masculino , Ratones , Miocardio/citología , Unión Proteica , RegeneraciónRESUMEN
DNA N6-methyladenine (6mA) modification is the most prevalent DNA modification in prokaryotes, but whether it exists in human cells and whether it plays a role in human diseases remain enigmatic. Here, we showed that 6mA is extensively present in the human genome, and we cataloged 881,240 6mA sites accounting for â¼0.051% of the total adenines. [G/C]AGG[C/T] was the most significantly associated motif with 6mA modification. 6mA sites were enriched in the coding regions and mark actively transcribed genes in human cells. DNA 6mA and N6-demethyladenine modification in the human genome were mediated by methyltransferase N6AMT1 and demethylase ALKBH1, respectively. The abundance of 6mA was significantly lower in cancers, accompanied by decreased N6AMT1 and increased ALKBH1 levels, and downregulation of 6mA modification levels promoted tumorigenesis. Collectively, our results demonstrate that DNA 6mA modification is extensively present in human cells and the decrease of genomic DNA 6mA promotes human tumorigenesis.
Asunto(s)
Adenina/análogos & derivados , Histona H2a Dioxigenasa, Homólogo 1 de AlkB/metabolismo , Genoma Humano , Metiltransferasa de ADN de Sitio Específico (Adenina Especifica)/metabolismo , Adenina/metabolismo , Histona H2a Dioxigenasa, Homólogo 1 de AlkB/genética , Animales , Carcinogénesis/genética , ADN/genética , Metilación de ADN , Xenoinjertos , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Metiltransferasa de ADN de Sitio Específico (Adenina Especifica)/genéticaRESUMEN
The NACHT, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domains-containing protein 3 (collectively known as NLRP3) inflammasome activation plays a critical role in innate immune and pathogenic microorganism infections. However, excessive activation of NLRP3 inflammasome will lead to cellular inflammation and tissue damage, and naturally it must be precisely controlled in the host. Here, we discovered that solute carrier family 25 member 3 (SLC25A3), a mitochondrial phosphate carrier protein, plays an important role in negatively regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation. We found that SLC25A3 could interact with NLRP3, overexpression of SLC25A3 and knockdown of SLC25A3 could regulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and the interaction of NLRP3 and SLC25A3 is significantly boosted in the mitochondria when the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated. Our detailed investigation demonstrated that the interaction between NLRP3 and SLC25A3 disrupted the interaction of NLRP3-NEK7, promoted ubiquitination of NLRP3, and negatively regulated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Thus, these findings uncovered a new regulatory mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which provides a new perspective for the therapy of NLRP3 inflammasome-associated inflammatory diseases.
Asunto(s)
Inflamasomas , Proteínas Mitocondriales , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR , Proteínas de Transporte de Fosfato , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Células HEK293 , Inflamasomas/metabolismo , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/metabolismo , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/genética , Proteínas de Transporte de Fosfato/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte de Fosfato/genética , Ubiquitinación , Línea Celular , Proteínas Mitocondriales/genética , Proteínas Mitocondriales/metabolismo , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del GenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Recent interest in understanding cardiomyocyte cell cycle has been driven by potential therapeutic applications in cardiomyopathy. However, despite recent advances, cardiomyocyte mitosis remains a poorly understood process. For example, it is unclear how sarcomeres are disassembled during mitosis to allow the abscission of daughter cardiomyocytes. METHODS: Here, we use a proteomics screen to identify adducin, an actin capping protein previously not studied in cardiomyocytes, as a regulator of sarcomere disassembly. We generated many adeno-associated viruses and cardiomyocyte-specific genetic gain-of-function models to examine the role of adducin in neonatal and adult cardiomyocytes in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: We identify adducin as a regulator of sarcomere disassembly during mammalian cardiomyocyte mitosis. α/γ-adducins are selectively expressed in neonatal mitotic cardiomyocytes, and their levels decline precipitously thereafter. Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of various splice isoforms and phospho-isoforms of α-adducin in identified Thr445/Thr480 phosphorylation of a short isoform of α-adducin as a potent inducer of neonatal cardiomyocyte sarcomere disassembly. Concomitant overexpression of this α-adducin variant along with γ-adducin resulted in stabilization of the adducin complex and persistent sarcomere disassembly in adult mice, which is mediated by interaction with α-actinin. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight an important mechanism for coordinating cytoskeletal morphological changes during cardiomyocyte mitosis.