[A Patient with AFP-Producing Gastric Cancer and Stenosis Who Regained Oral Intake Capabilities after T-DXd Treatment].

We present the case of a 55-year-old man with HER2-positive, AFP-producing gastric cancer and multiple liver metastases. The patient consequently underwent 7 courses of SOX plus trastuzumab therapy, 3 courses of weekly PTX plus ramucirumab therapy, and 3 courses of nivolumab therapy, all of which resulted in PD. Obstruction due to tumor growth became noticeable 9 months after the start of the first treatment. Subsequently, the patient experienced malnutrition and systemic edema due to impaired oral intake. However, subsequent trastuzumab deruxtecan(T-DXd)therapy induced remarkable tumor shrinkage. Furthermore, oral intake became possible, and edema started subsiding. Thus, we report the course of a patient with AFP-producing gastric cancer and stenosis who regained oral intake capabilities after T-DXd treatment.

Usefulness of p16/CDKN2A fluorescence in situ hybridization and BAP1 immunohistochemistry for the diagnosis of biphasic mesothelioma.

Malignant mesothelioma is a highly aggressive neoplasm, and the histologic subtype is one of the most reliable prognostic factors. Some biphasic mesotheliomas are difficult to distinguish from epithelioid mesotheliomas with atypical fibrous stroma. The aim of this study was to analyze p16/CDKN2A deletions in mesotheliomas by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and BAP1 immunohistochemistry to evaluate their potential role in the diagnosis of biphasic mesothelioma. We collected 38 cases of pleural mesotheliomas. The results of this study clearly distinguished 29 cases of biphasic mesothelioma from 9 cases of epithelioid mesothelioma. The proportion of biphasic mesotheliomas with homozygous deletions of p16/CDKN2A in total was 96.6% (28/29). Homozygous deletion of p16/CDKN2A was observed in 18 (94.7%) of 19 biphasic mesotheliomas with 100% concordance of the p16/CDKN2A deletion status between the epithelioid and sarcomatoid components in each case. Homozygous deletion of the p16/CDKN2A was observed in 7 (77.8%) of 9 epithelioid mesotheliomas but not in fibrous stroma. BAP1 loss was observed in 5 (38.5%) of 13 biphasic mesotheliomas and in both epithelioid and sarcomatoid components. BAP1 loss was observed in 5 (62.5%) of 8 epithelioid mesotheliomas but not in fibrous stroma. Homozygous deletion of p16/CDKN2A is common in biphasic mesotheliomas, and the analysis of only one component of mesothelioma is sufficient to show that the tumor is malignant. However, compared with histology alone, FISH analysis of the p16/CDKN2A status and BAP1 immunohistochemistry in the spindled mesothelium provide a more objective means to differentiate between biphasic mesothelioma and epithelioid mesothelioma with atypical stromal cells.

Osteoporosis is highly prevalent in Japanese males with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and is associated with deteriorated pulmonary function.

Osteoporosis has recently been recognized as a major comorbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We conducted a cross-sectional study in a cohort of 136 Japanese males with COPD to evaluate the prevalence of vertebral fracture (VF) and to explore its relationship with pulmonary function parameters. VFs were present in 108 (79.4%); multiple and severe (SQ grade 2 or 3) VFs were found in 77 (56.6%) and 25 (18.4%), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1.0)/forced vital capacity (FVC) [odds ratio (OR) 0.963, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.929-998, p = 0.036] was associated with the presence of VF after adjustment for age and that FVC (OR 0.462, 95% CI 0.220-0.968, p = 0.041) and current smoking (OR 2.992, 95% CI 1.128-7.940, p = 0.028) were associated with VF severity (grade 2-3 vs. 1). We also found that FEV1.0 was the sole independent determinant of the number of VFs by stepwise multivariate linear regression (p < 0.001). Bone mineral density (BMD) values were available in 49 subjects. Mean T scores were -2.0 ± 1.2 in femoral neck, -1.4 ± 1.2 in total hip and -1.1 ± 1.4 in lumbar spine. Nineteen patients (38.8%) had a BMD T score less than -2.5. BMD Z scores of all the sites showed a progressive decrease as GOLD stage of COPD advanced (p < 0.05). Our results indicate a high prevalence of osteoporosis in Japanese male COPD patients and a strong inter-relationship between the two diseases, re-emphasizing the urgent need for appropriate intervention to maintain both bone and lung health.

Pyothorax-associated lymphoma diagnosed by preoperative pleural effusion aspiration cytology: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Pyothorax-associated lymphoma (PAL) is a comparatively rare tumor, and it is difficult to definitively diagnose it preoperatively, especially in patients with only pleural thickening without mass formation. Pleural effusion aspiration cytology is a useful and easy diagnostic method for a large number of chest diseases. However, the cytologic findings of PAL have been rarely described. Here we report on the cytologic findings in a patient with PAL, manifested by pleural thickening without mass formation, and which was diagnosed preoperatively by pleural effusion aspiration cytology. CASE: A 64-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of pleural thickening involving an empyema sac located in the left thorax and rapidly increasing pleural effusion. He had a 30-year history of chronic empyema and a 10-year history of diabetes mellitus. Left pleural effusion aspiration cytology showed malignant lymphoma. The patient was admitted to our hospital for PAL treatment. Because of poor respiratory function, he only underwent decortication with complete resection of the thickening pleural peel. However, he was well, without recurrence, 5 years after the operation. The histologic examination revealed that lymphoma cells were located only in the thickening pleural peel. CONCLUSION: This is a very rare case of PAL diagnosed by preoperative aspiration cytology for an increasing pleural effusion. This report demonstrates that pleural effusion aspiration cytology can be valuable for the diagnosis of PAL.

Completion pneumonectomy after fenestration for empyema due to nontuberculous mycobacteriosis associated with destroyed lung as a result of cancer surgery.

Long-term follow-up of post-operative lung cancer patients indicates that some patients develop lung complications. Destroyed lung cannot be ignored because it predisposes the patient to recurrent infection. We report a case of thoracic empyema with bronchopleural fistula that developed in lung tissue damaged due to cancer surgery and associated with an infection of Mycobacterium gordonae (M. gordonae); a class of bacterium responsible for nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. The patient's cancer did not recur after surgery and followed a typical course that began with sub-pleural cystitis followed by repeated infection. We performed fenestration because the patient developed fistulous empyema and the infection became difficult to control using antibiotics. The patient then underwent a radical pleuropneumonectomy and his postoperative course was excellent. Thus, in cases of impaired lung function due to cancer surgery and where pharmacologic control of infection is challenging, we suggest that radical surgical intervention should be considered.

Cavernostomy for Pulmonary Aspergillosis Associated with Destroyed Lung after Surgery for Lung Cancer: Report of 3 Cases.

Slow, progressive, and destructive changes in the residual lung after surgery for lung cancer, known as "destroyed lung," are delayed nonrecurrent complications. Destroyed lung can be a difficult condition to treat due to repeated infections and is therefore a complication that should not be ignored. We had three cases of intractable pulmonary aspergillosis difficult to treat associated with destroyed lung, after lung cancer surgery. Two of these patients followed a characteristic clinical course, which started with a cystic change just below the pleura and subsequently led to respiratory failure and death due to repeated infections. The third patient followed a similar clinical course and is currently under regular follow-up. Our cases suggest that concomitant occurrence of severe complications following surgery for lung cancer, such as destroyed lung and pulmonary aspergillosis, should be monitored because these complications can lead to respiratory failure and fatal clinical course. Radical surgery is not possible, especially when medical treatment is ineffective in controlling repeated infections and the patient's general condition is worsened due to prolonged chronic inflammation. Therefore, aggressive surgical intervention should be considered before patients worsen.

Diagnostic usefulness of p16/CDKN2A FISH in distinguishing between sarcomatoid mesothelioma and fibrous pleuritis.

The distinction between sarcomatoid mesothelioma and fibrous pleuritis is difficult based on histology, especially when the amount of tumor tissue examined via biopsy is small and immunohistochemical examination is inconclusive. We studied the usefulness of deletion of p16 with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and p16 hypermethylation with polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis and prognosis of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). We analyzed 50 MPMs, including 22 sarcomatoid mesothelioma cases and 10 fibrous pleuritis cases. We set the cutoff value of homozygous deletion pattern as 14.4% based on FISH signaling patterns using samples of fibrous pleuritis. The percentage of homozygous deletion pattern was higher than 14.4% in 55.6% of the epithelioid mesotheliomas (10/18) and in all of the sarcomatoid mesotheliomas (22/22). Methylation of p16 was observed in 7 (20.6%) of 34 informative cases. p16 FISH analysis can be a reliable test for distinguishing between sarcomatoid mesothelioma and fibrous pleuritis and a prognostic factor for MPM.

Successfully treated postbronchoplasty bronchial stenosis using short-interval repeated endobronchial balloon dilation.

A 63-year-old man with a history of lung cancer underwent lobectomy of the right upper lobe and bronchoplasty. At the 2-month follow-up, bronchial stenosis due to a granuloma was observed. Endoscopic débridement and balloon dilation were performed. At 1 month after the dilation, atelectasis occurred owing to cicatricial stenosis. We repeated balloon dilation, but the patient suffered from cicatricial restenosis. After a failed stent placement, balloon dilation was then performed every 2 weeks under local anesthesia; the stenosis was resolved after performing dilation 7 times. Short-term repeated balloon dilation was effective in this case.

Diffuse malignant pleural mesothelioma: a multi-institutional clinicopathological study.

PURPOSE: The relative rarity of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) in Japan makes it difficult to perform a large-scale clinicopathological study of this tumor at a single institute. Thus, we performed a multiinstitutional study to evaluate the current status of diagnosis and treatment in Japan. METHODS: We analyzed the records of 65 patients with MPM, obtained from the 13 institutions comprising the Japanese Chiba Multicenter Study Group. RESULTS: In 56 patients, the tumor was detected after a visit to a medical facility for subjective symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, and cough. It took a median period of 2 months from the initial visit to establish the diagnosis. The overall survival rates of 33 patients with unresectable MPM 1, 2, and 3 years after the diagnosis were 40.5%, 10.8%, and 0%, respectively, whereas those of 32 patients who underwent surgery were 67.9%, 35.0% and 10.9%, respectively (P=0.0035). According to multivariate analysis, histological type, International Mesothelioma Interest Group clinical stage, sex, and the presenting symptom of shortness of breath were significant prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: The definitive diagnosis of early MPM is difficult, but establishing the best diagnostic modality would improve survival rates, since radical surgery is likely to be effective for resectable disease.

Rupture of the descending thoracic aorta caused by blunt chest trauma: report of a case.

A 66-year-old man fell from a tree and was diagnosed to have multiple fractured ribs and hemopneumothorax based upon the chest roentgenogram findings. He underwent chest tube drainage and evacuation using video-assisted thoracic surgery. One week after the operation, he exhibited recurrent hemothorax. He underwent a thoracotomy, and the hemothorax was found to be due to a penetration of the lower descending thoracic aorta by a fractured rib. We performed a direct closure of the penetrated portion of the descending thoracic aorta. The patient has remained well for 1 year following the second operation.