CircMAST1 inhibits cervical cancer progression by hindering the N4-acetylcytidine modification of YAP mRNA.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer (CCa) is the fourth most common cancer among females, with high incidence and mortality rates. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are key regulators of various biological processes in cancer. However, the biological role of circRNAs in cervical cancer (CCa) remains largely unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the role of circMAST1 in CCa. METHODS: CircRNAs related to CCa progression were identified via a circRNA microarray. The relationship between circMAST1 levels and clinicopathological features of CCa was evaluated using the clinical specimens and data of 131 patients with CCa. In vivo and in vitro experiments, including xenograft animal models, cell proliferation assay, transwell assay, RNA pull-down assay, whole-transcriptome sequencing, RIP assay, and RNA-FISH, were performed to investigate the effects of circMAST1 on the malignant behavior of CCa. RESULTS: CircMAST1 was significantly downregulated in CCa tissues, and low expression of CircMAST1 was correlated with a poor prognosis. Moreover, our results demonstrated that circMAST1 inhibited tumor growth and lymph node metastasis of CCa. Mechanistically, circMAST1 competitively sequestered N-acetyltransferase 10 (NAT10) and hindered Yes-associated protein (YAP) mRNA ac4C modification to promote its degradation and inhibit tumor progression in CCa. CONCLUSIONS: CircMAST1 plays a major suppressive role in the tumor growth and metastasis of CCa. In particular, circMAST1 can serve as a potential biomarker and novel target for CCa.

The adaptive evolution of cancer driver genes.

BACKGROUND: Cancer is a life-threatening disease in humans; yet, cancer genes are frequently reported to be under positive selection. This suggests an evolutionary-genetic paradox in which cancer evolves as a secondary product of selection in human beings. However, systematic investigation of the evolution of cancer driver genes is sparse. RESULTS: Using comparative genomics analysis, population genetics analysis and computational molecular evolutionary analysis, the evolution of 568 cancer driver genes of 66 cancer types were evaluated at two levels, selection on the early evolution of humans (long timescale selection in the human lineage during primate evolution, i.e., millions of years), and recent selection in modern human populations (~ 100,000 years). Results showed that eight cancer genes covering 11 cancer types were under positive selection in the human lineage (long timescale selection). And 35 cancer genes covering 47 cancer types were under positive selection in modern human populations (recent selection). Moreover, SNPs associated with thyroid cancer in three thyroid cancer driver genes (CUX1, HERC2 and RGPD3) were under positive selection in East Asian and European populations, consistent with the high incidence of thyroid cancer in these populations. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that cancer can be evolved, in part, as a by-product of adaptive changes in humans. Different SNPs at the same locus can be under different selection pressures in different populations, and thus should be under consideration during precision medicine, especially for targeted medicine in specific populations.

A novel diagnostic nomogram based on serological and ultrasound findings for preoperative prediction of malignancy in patients with ovarian masses.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a novel diagnostic nomogram model to predict malignancy in patients with ovarian masses. METHODS: In total, 1277 patients with ovarian masses were retrospectively analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to identify valuable predictive factors. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors for ovarian cancer. Subsequently, a predictive nomogram model was developed. The performance of the nomogram model was assessed by its calibration and discrimination in a validation cohort. Decision curve analysis (DCA) was applied to assess the clinical net benefit of the model. RESULTS: Overall, 496 patients (38.8%) had ovarian cancer. Eighteen parameters were significantly different between the malignant and benign groups. Five parameters were identified as being most optimal for predicting malignancy, including age, carbohydrate antigen 125, fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, and ultrasound result. These parameters were incorporated to establish a nomogram model, and this model exhibited an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.937 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.920-0.954). The model was also well calibrated in the validation cohort and showed an AUC of 0.925 (95%CI, 0.896-0.953) at the cut-off point of 0.298. DCA confirmed that the nomogram model achieved the best clinical utility with almost the entire range of threshold probabilities. The model has demonstrated superior efficacy in predicting malignancy compared to currently available models, including the risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm, copenhagen index, and the risk of malignancy index. More importantly, the nomogram established here showed potential value in identification of early-stage ovarian cancer. CONCLUSION: The cost-effective and easily accessible nomogram model exhibited favorable accuracy for preoperative prediction of malignancy in patients with ovarian masses, even at early stages.

CHD1L promotes EOC cell invasiveness and metastasis via the regulation of METAP2.

Chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 1-like (CHD1L) gene has been proposed to play an oncogenic role in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Previously we reported that CHD1L overexpression is significantly associated with the metastasis proceeding of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), and may predict a poor prognosis in EOC patients. However, the potential oncogenic mechanisms by which CHD1L acts in EOC remain unclear. To elucidate the oncogenic function of CHD1L, we carried out a series of in vitro assays, with effects of CHD1L ectogenic overexpression and silencing being determined in EOC cell lines (HO8910, A2780 and ES2). Real-time PCR and Western blotting analyses were used to identify potential downstream targets of CHD1L in the process of EOC invasion and metastasis. In ovarian carcinoma HO8910 cell lines, ectopic overexpression of CHD1L substantially induced the invasive and metastasis ability of the cancer cells in vitro. In contrast, knockdown of CHD1L using shRNA inhibited cell invasion in vitro in ovarian carcinoma A2780 and ES2 cell lines. We also demonstrated that methionyl aminopeptidase 2 (METAP2) was a downstream target of CHD1L in EOC, and we found a significant, positive correlation between the expression of CHD1L and METAP2 in EOC tissues (P<0.05). Our findings indicate that CHD1L plays a potential role in the inducement of EOC cancer cell invasion and/or metastasis via the regulation of METAP2 expression and suggests that CHD1L inhibition may provide a potential target for therapeutic intervention in human EOC.

Overexpression of SLC12A5 is associated with tumor progression and poor survival in ovarian carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: The solute carrier family 12 member 5 (SLC12A5) gene is playing a putative oncogenic role in colorectal carcinoma. However, the status of SLC12A5 amplification and expression in ovarian carcinoma and its potential clinical and/or prognostic significance has not yet been investigated. METHODS: In the present study, semi-quantitative staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization were used to investigate SLC12A5 protein expression and gene amplification levels. Samples were obtained from archival, formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded pathological specimens consisting of 30 normal ovaries, 30 ovarian cystadenomas, 30 borderline ovarian tumors, and 147 invasive ovarian carcinomas. SLC12A5 immunohistochemical staining results, pathological parameters, and patient prognosis were then evaluated using various statistical models. Patient survival rate was also assessed using receiver-operator curve analysis. RESULTS: Our results revealed no SLC12A5 protein overexpression in normal ovaries. However, 7% of cystadenomas had SLC12A5 protein overexpression along with 17% of borderline tumors and 37% of ovarian carcinomas (P<0.01). Amplification of SLC12A5 was detected in 10.3% of ovarian carcinomas. Further correlational analyses showed that SLC12A5 protein overexpression in ovarian carcinomas was significantly associated with ascending histological grade, pT/pN/pM status, as well as FIGO stage (P<0.05). A subsequent univariate survival analysis of our ovarian carcinoma cohorts resulted in a significant association between SLC12A5 protein overexpression and decreased patient survival (44.3 and 85.9 months for high and low SLC12A5 protein expression, respectively; P<0.001). Importantly, additional multivariate analysis revealed that SLC12A5 protein expression was a significant, independent prognostic factor for overall survival in ovarian carcinoma patients (P=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these findings support the conclusion that SLC12A5 protein overexpression could indicate an invasive and/or aggressive phenotype of ovarian carcinoma. Future work will need to investigate whether SLC12A5 protein can serve as an independent prognostic molecular marker in patients with ovarian carcinoma.

Expression of TBC1D16 Is Associated with Favorable Prognosis of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer.

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy with high recurrence and poor prognosis duo to the lack of effective biomarkers. TBC1 domain family member 16 (TBC1D16), a GTPase-activating protein, is involved in regulating intracellular trafficking in tumorigenesis and metastasis. However, the clinical significance of TBC1D16 in EOC remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated the expression and prognostic significance of TBC1D16 in EOC and its relationship with the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The tissue specimens included 156 histologically confirmed EOC and 30 normal ovarian tissues. The expression of TBC1D16 and VEGF was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC), and the immunoreactive score was calculated with signal intensity and percentage of positive cells. IHC results showed that TBC1D16 and VEGF were both mainly localized in cytoplasm of epithelial cells in normal ovarian tissues and were expressed in cancer cells. Based on the immunoreactive score, TBC1D16 expression in EOC was categorized as "high expression," compared with normal ovarian tissues (P < 0.05). The Chi-square test showed that high TBC1D16 expression was related to advanced pT stages (P = 0.029), but not correlated with other clinical features. Moreover, the TBC1D16 expression was significantly higher in EOC specimens with low VEGF expression (P < 0.001). Importantly, in both univariate and multivariate survival analyses, high expression of TBC1D16 was significantly correlated with good overall survival (OS). In conclusion, TBC1D16 is a predictive marker for favorable prognosis of EOC.

The impact of laterality on the incidence and prognosis of epithelial ovarian cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most prevalent type of ovarian cancer, yet the impact of ovarian laterality has received limited attention. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a comprehensive investigation into the impact of laterality (left-right and bilateral-unilateral) on EOC incidence and prognosis, focusing on distinct subtypes. Binomial tests and Pearson's χ2 tests were employed to compare occurrence rates among laterality groups. Cox regression analyses were used to create a proportional hazards model for tumor prognosis. Nomograms were developed and validated, including internal validation via bootstrapping. RESULTS: Our study encompassed 20,790 EOC patients, revealing disparities in incidence and prognosis between unilateral and bilateral cases. Unilateral tumor development was notably predominant in clear cell, endometrioid, brenner, and mucinous subtypes, while bilateral involvement was more frequent in serous ovarian cancer. Laterality differences, reflecting disparities between the left and right sides, were chiefly evident in the incidence rates across various stages and in the prognosis of specific subtypes. Notably, mucinous ovarian cancer exhibited significantly better prognosis on the right side compared to the left (right tumors: HR = 0.745, p = 0.015, CI: 0.587-0.945). CONCLUSION: These findings emphasize the importance of considering ovarian laterality -both left-right and bilateral-unilateral aspects -as a critical factor influencing EOC incidence and prognosis, necessitating attention in clinical practice.

LNMAC Promotes Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Lymphatic Metastasis via Epigenetic Regulation of FGF2-Induced Lymphangiogenesis.

The lymph node is the most common site of distant metastasis of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC), which elicits dismal prognosis and limited efficiency for treatment. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying CSCC lymphatic metastasis would provide potential therapeutic strategies for nodal metastatic of CSCC. Here, based on in vivo lymphatic metastasis screening model, a circular RNA is identified that is termed as lymph node metastasis associated circRNA (LNMAC), is markedly upregulated in lymphatic metastatic CSCC and correlated with lymph node metastasis. Overexpression of LNMAC dramatically augments the metastatic capability of CSCC cells to the lymph node via inducing lymphangiogenesis. Mechanistically, LNMAC epigenetically upregulates fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) expression by directly associating with histone acacetylase 1 (HDAC1), preventing Importin α6/8-mediated nuclear translocation of HDAC1 and eliciting histone H3K27ac-induced FGF2 transcriptional activation. Treatment with 3F12E7, an anti-FGF2 monoclonal antibody, effectively inhibits LNMAC-induced CSCC lymphatic metastasis. Taken together, these findings indicate that LNMAC plays a crucial role in FGF2-mediated lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis, highlighting that LNMAC might be a therapeutic target for lymph node metastasis in CSCC patients.

Epigenetic and immunohistochemical characterization of the Clusterin gene in ovarian tumors.

PURPOSE: To characterize abnormal epigenetic changes and protein expression of the clusterin gene in a large series of ovarian malignant and borderline tumors. METHODS: Protein expression and promoter methylation of clusterin gene in 181 primary ovarian epithelial cancer, 40 borderline ovarian tumors, 54 ovarian cancer mesenteric metastasis, and 10 normal ovarian samples were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining and methylation-specific PCR. RESULTS: Overexpression of clusterin protein was frequently seen in various ovarian epithelial tumors, being detected in 102 of 181 (56 %) primary ovarian epithelial cancers, 21 of 37 (57 %) borderline ovarian tumors. Surprisingly, clusterin protein expression was significantly reduced in mesenteric metastasis (20 of 54; 37 % cases), as compared to primary ovarian carcinoma (p = 0.01). Overexpression of clusterin protein was significantly correlated with high-grade histology (p = 0.002) and high FIGO stages (p = 0.05). Clusterin promoter hypermethylation was detected in 24 of 181 (13 %) primary ovarian epithelial cancer, 8 of 54 (14 %) mesenteric metastasis, and 10 of 37 (27 %) borderline ovarian tumors. Overall, clusterin promoter hypermethylation was significantly correlated with decreased protein expression in these samples (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Increased clusterin expression is correlated with more aggressive biologic behavior in ovarian cancer. Promoter methylation of the clusterin gene can be readily detected, though at low frequencies, in ovarian epithelial tumors and is significantly associated with decreased protein expression of the gene.

Necroptosis-related regulatory pattern and scoring system for predicting therapeutic efficacy and prognosis in ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian cancer is difficult to treat and is, therefore, associated with a high fatality rate. Although targeted therapy and immunotherapy have been successfully used clinically to improve the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer, most tumors become drug resistant, and patients experience relapse, meaning that the overall survival rate remains low. AIMS: There is currently a lack of effective biomarkers for predicting the prognosis and/or outcomes of patients with ovarian cancer. Therefore, we used published transcriptomic data derived from a large ovarian cancer sample set to establish a molecular subtyping model of the core genes involved in necroptosis in ovarian cancer. METHODS AND RESULTS: Clustering analysis and differential gene expression analyses were performed to establish the genomic subtypes related to necroptosis and to explore the patterns of regulatory gene expression related to necroptosis in ovarian cancer. A necroptosis scoring system (NSS) was established using principal component analysis according to different regulatory patterns of necroptosis. In addition, this study revealed important biological processes with essential roles in the regulation of ovarian tumorigenesis, including external encapsulating structure organization, leukocyte migration, oxidative phosphorylation, and focal adhesion. Patients with high NSS scores had unique immunophenotypes, such as more abundant M2 macrophages, monocytes, CD4+ memory T cells, and regulatory T cells. Immune checkpoint CD274 had a greater expression in patients with high NSS values. CONCLUSION: This NSS could be used as an independent predictor of prognosis to determine the sensitivity of ovarian cancer to various small-molecule inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and platinum-based chemotherapy drugs.

SLC11A2: a promising biomarker and therapeutic target in ovarian cancer.

Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate among gynecologic tumors, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 25%. There is an urgent need for early diagnosis and new drugs to reduce the disease burden of ovarian cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of SLC11A2 as a therapeutic target and marker for ovarian cancer. Expression data of SLC11A2 were obtained from public databases. Then, the biological functions of SLC11A2 were validated in four ovarian cancer cell lines. Finally, we collected ovarian cancer clinical tissues, serum, and plasma exosomes and used immunohistochemistry, Elisa, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to validate the test efficacy of SLC11A2. The results showed that ovarian cancers with high SLC11A2 mRNA expression had shorter 5-year PFS and MST. Knockdown of SLC11A2 reduced ovarian cancer migration and increased cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Serum SLC11A2 may help improve the detection rate of ovarian cancer.

Dualistic classification of high grade serous ovarian carcinoma has its root in spatial heterogeneity.

INTRODUCTION: Widespread intra-peritoneal metastases is a main feature of high grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC). Recently, the extent of tumour heterogeneity was used to evaluate the cancer genomes among multi-regions in HGSOC. However, there is no consensus on the effect of tumour heterogeneity on the evolution of the tumour metastasis process in HGSOC. OBJECTIVES: We performed whole-exome sequencing in multiple regions of matched primary and metastatic HGSOC specimens to reveal the genetic mechanisms of ovarian tumourigenesis and malignant progression. METHODS: 63 samples (including ovarian carcinoma, omentum metastasis, and normal tissues) were used. We analyzed the genomic heterogeneity, traced the subclone dissemination and establishment history and compared the different genetic characters of cancer evolutionary models in HGSOC. RESULTS: We found that HGSOC had substantial intra-tumour heterogeneity (median 54.2, range 0 âˆ¼ 106.7), high inter-patient heterogeneity (P < 0.001), but relatively limited intra-patient heterogeneity (P = 0.949). Two COSMIC mutational signatures were identified in HGSOCs: signature 3 was related to homologous recombination, and signature 1 was associated with aging. Two scenarios were identified by phylogenetic reconstruction in our study: 3 cases (33.3 %) showed star topology, and the other 6 cases (66.7 %) displayed tree topology. Compared with star topology group, more driver events were identified in tree topology group (P < 0.001), and occurred more frequently in early stage than in late stage of clonal evolution (P < 0.001). Moreover, compared with the star topology group, the tree topology group showed higher rate of intra-tumour heterogeneity (P = 0.045). CONCLUSION: A dualistic classification model was proposed for the classification of HGSOC based on spatial heterogeneity, which may contribute to better managing patients and providing individual treatment for HGSOC patients.

CHD1L protein is overexpressed in human ovarian carcinomas and is a novel predictive biomarker for patients survival.

BACKGROUND: Our recent studies suggested that the chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 1-like (CHD1L) gene plays an oncogenic role in human hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the status of CHD1L protein expression in ovarian cancer and its clinical/prognostic significance are obscure. METHODS: In this study, immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CHD1L was performed on a tissue microarray (TMA) containing 102 primary ovarian carcinomas and 44 metastatic lesions (omental metastasis). Receiver-operator curve (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate patients' survival status. RESULTS: There is an augmented tendency of CHD1L expression in ovarian carcinoma metastasis than in primary lesions (P<0.05). A significant association was found between positive expression of CHD1L and tumors histological type (P <0.05). By univariate survival analysis of the ovarian carcinoma cohorts, positive expression of CHD1L was significantly correlated with shortened patient survival (mean 66.7 months versus 97.4 months, P<0.05). Moreover, CHD1L expression was evaluated to be a significant and independent prognostic factor in multivariate analysis (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings provide evidence that positive expression of CHD1L protein is significantly correlated with the metastasis proceeding of ovarian carcinoma, and CHD1L protein expression, as examined by IHC, may act as a novel prognostic biomarker for patients with ovarian carcinoma.

A novel necroptosis-related lncRNA signature for predicting prognosis and anti-cancer treatment response in endometrial cancer.

Background: Necroptosis, a form of programmed cell death, underlies tumorigenesis and the progression of cancers. Anti-cancer strategies targeting necroptosis have increasingly been shown to present a potential cancer therapy. However, the predictive utility and anticancer sensitivity value of necroptosis-related lncRNAs (NRLs) for endometrial cancer (EC) are currently unknown. Methods: EC patient gene expression profiles and the corresponding clinical information collected from The Cancer Genome Atlas were used to identify NRLs that constituted a predictive signature for EC. The functional pathways, immune status, clinicopathological correlation, and anticancer drug sensitivity of the patients relative to the NRLs signatures were analyzed. Results: A signature composed of 7 NRLs (AC019080.5, BOLA3-AS1, AC022144.1, AP000345.2, LEF1-AS1, AC010503.4, and RPARP-AS1) was identified. The high-risk patient group with this signature exhibited a poorer prognosis and lower survival rate than low-risk group lacking this signature. This necroptosis-related lncRNA signature had a higher predictive accuracy compared with other clinicopathological variables (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the risk score: 0.717). Additionally, when patients were stratified based on other clinicopathological variables, the overall survival was significantly shorter in the high-risk versus low-risk group across all cohorts. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) revealed that immune- and tumor-related signaling pathways and biological processes were enriched in the high-risk group compared to the low-risk group. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) additionally showed that the resulting risk score was strongly correlated with EC patient immune status. Finally, patients with high-risk scores were more sensitive to the anti-cancer drugs such as Docetaxel, Mitomycin.C, Vinblastine, AZD.2281 (olaparib), AZD6244, and PD.0332991 (Palbociclib). Conclusion: These findings reveal a novel necroptosis-related lncRNA signature for predicting EC patient prognosis and shed new light on anticancer therapy strategies for EC.

Maelstrom promotes tumor metastasis through regulation of FGFR4 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in epithelial ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence has indicated that Maelstrom (MAEL) plays an oncogenic role in various human carcinomas. However, the exact function and mechanisms by which MAEL acts in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) remain unclear. RESULTS: This study demonstrated that MAEL was frequently overexpressed in EOC tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of MAEL was positively correlated with the histological grade of tumors, FIGO stage, and pT/pN/pM status (p < 0.05), and it also acted as an independent predictor of poor patient survival (p < 0.001). Ectopic overexpression of MAEL substantially promoted invasiveness/metastasis and induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), whereas silencing MAEL by short hairpin RNA effectively inhibited its oncogenic function and attenuated EMT. Further study demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) was a critical downstream target of MAEL in EOC, and the expression levels of FGFR4 were significantly associated with MAEL. (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that overexpression of MAEL plays a crucial oncogenic role in the development and progression of EOC through the upregulation of FGFR4 and subsequent induction of EMT, and also provide new insights on its potential as a therapeutic target for EOC.

Protein Panel of Serum-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles for the Screening and Diagnosis of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer.

Although ovarian cancer, a gynecological malignancy, has the highest fatality rate, it still lacks highly specific biomarkers, and the differential diagnosis of ovarian masses remains difficult to determine for gynecologists. Our study aimed to obtain ovarian cancer-specific protein candidates from the circulating small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) and develop a protein panel for ovarian cancer screening and differential diagnosis of ovarian masses. In our study, sEVs derived from the serum of healthy controls and patients with cystadenoma and ovarian cancer were investigated to obtain a cancer-specific proteomic profile. In a discovery cohort, 1119 proteins were identified, and significant differences in the protein profiles of EVs were observed among groups. Then, 23 differentially expressed proteins were assessed using the parallel reaction monitoring in a validation cohort. Through univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses, a novel model comprising three proteins (fibrinogen gamma gene (FGG), mucin 16 (MUC16), and apolipoprotein (APOA4)) was established to screen patients with ovarian cancer. This model exhibited an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.936 (95% CI, 0.888-0.984) with 92.0% sensitivity and 82.9% specificity. Another panel comprising serum CA125, sEV-APOA4, and sEV-CD5L showed excellent performance (AUC 0.945 (95% CI, 0.890-1.000), sensitivity of 88.0%, specificity of 93.3%, and accuracy of 89.2%) to distinguish malignancy from benign ovarian masses. Altogether, our study provided a proteomic signature of circulating sEVs in ovarian cancer. The diagnostic proteomic panel may complement current clinical diagnostic measures for screening ovarian cancer in the general population and the differential diagnosis of ovarian masses.

Loss/Down-regulation of tumor suppressor in lung cancer 1 expression is associated with tumor progression and is a biomarker of poor prognosis in ovarian carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: The tumor suppressor in lung cancer 1 (TSLC1) has been identified as a putative tumor suppressor gene in non-small cell lung cancer. Although loss of TSLC1 has been observed in a number of human malignancies, the expression levels of TSLC1 gene in ovarian cancer and its clinical or prognostic significance have not been investigated. METHODS: Protein expression levels of TSLC1 was explored by semiquantitative immunohistochemical staining on archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded pathological specimen consisting of 30 normal ovaries, 30 ovarian cystadenomas, 40 borderline ovarian tumors, and 160 invasive ovarian carcinomas. The TSLC1 immunohistochemical staining results were then correlated with various clinicopathologic parameters and patient prognosis using various statistical models. RESULTS: Significantly decreased, or complete loss of, protein expression of the TSLC1 gene was observed in 59% ovarian carcinomas, 45% borderline tumors, and 7% cystadenomas, but in none of the normal ovaries (0%). In ovarian carcinomas, decreased TSLC1 expression was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (pN, P = 0.001), distant metastasis (pM, P = 0.028), and more advanced International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stages (P = 0.008). By univariate survival analysis on the ovarian carcinoma cohorts, decreased TSLC1 protein expression was significantly associated with shortened patient survival (mean: 26.9 months in tumors with complete loss of TSLC1 vs 63.1 months in tumors with significantly decreased TSLC1 vs 94.3 months in tumors with normal levels of TSLC1; P < 0.001). By multivariate analysis, TSLC1 protein expression remained as a significant and independent prognostic factor for the prediction of patient survival (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Decreased protein expression of the TSLC1 gene might be important in conferring a more aggressive behavior in ovarian carcinoma. Thus, TSLC1 may be used as an independent prognostic molecular marker for patients with ovarian carcinoma.

Self-passivated CuV2O6 as a universal photoelectrode material for reliable and accurate photoelectrochemical sensing.

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) detection has attracted intensive attention during the past decade. Currently, most research focuses on improving the sensitivity and selectivity of the PEC sensor, but the issue of the stability of the photoelectrode material under the testing environment is often ignored or lacks in-depth investigation. Herein, we develop a novel CuV2O6 photoelectrode exhibiting superior stability under the testing environment through self-passivation. CuV2O6-based PEC sensors are fabricated for the first time for highly selective carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and human serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) detection. The CuV2O6 shows great potential as a universal photoelectrode material for reliable and accurate PEC detection of macromolecules.

Anaplastic carcinoma showing rhabdoid features combined with ovarian mucinous borderline cystadenoma: a case report and literature review.

Anaplastic carcinoma in an ovarian tumor (ACOT) is rare. There have been a few controversial cases illustrating the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of ACOT, which are not well known. A 60-year-old Chinese woman presented with a large pelvic tumor. A transvaginal ultrasound examination showed a large single ovarian cystic tumor with mural nodules and ascites. A gross ovarian mass with a size of approximately 20 × 10×15 cm3 was found. The content of the ovarian cyst was light yellow and chocolate-like, and a large grayish mural nodule of approximately 10 cm was found on the cyst wall. Histological diagnosis of ovarian mucinous borderline cystadenoma with a mural nodule of anaplastic carcinoma showing rhabdoid features and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IIIa was made. Fifteen months after surgery, the patient had received six courses of paclitaxel and carboplatin. She is still alive without any recurrence of the tumor. Findings from the present case suggest that patients with ACOT and FIGO stage IIIa would benefit from surgery and chemotherapy of paclitaxel and carboplatin. We also review the clinical features and survival rate of patients with ACOT using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result database, and summarize previously reported treatments.

EZH2 supports ovarian carcinoma cell invasion and/or metastasis via regulation of TGF-beta1 and is a predictor of outcome in ovarian carcinoma patients.

It was suggested that the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) gene is a putative candidate oncogene in several types of human cancer. The potential oncogenic role of EZH2 and its clinical/prognostic significance, however, in ovarian carcinoma are unclear. In this study, EZH2 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in cohorts of normal and tumorous ovarian tissues. High expression of EZH2 was examined in none of the normal ovaries, in 3% of the cystadenomas, in 23% of the borderline tumors and in 50% of the ovarian carcinomas, respectively. In the ovarian carcinomas, high expression of EZH2 was positively correlated with an ascending histological grade and/or advanced stage of the disease (P < 0.05). Moreover, high expression of EZH2 in ovarian carcinoma was determined to be a strong and an independent predictor of short overall survival (P < 0.05). In ovarian carcinoma HO-8910 and UACC-326 cell lines, EZH2 knockdown by RNA interference led to a G(1) phase cell cycle arrest, reduced cell growth/proliferation and inhibited cell migration and/or invasion in vitro. In addition, EZH2 knockdown was found to reduce transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) expression and increase E-cadherin expression either in the transcript or in the protein levels. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation between overexpression of EZH2 and TGF-beta1 in ovarian carcinoma tissues was observed (P < 0.001). These findings suggest a potential important role of EZH2 in the control of cell migration and/or invasion via the regulation of TGF-beta1 expression, and the high expression of EZH2, as detected by IHC, is an independent molecular marker for shortened survival time of patients with ovarian carcinoma.