Evaluation of Exudative Pleural Effusions: A Multicenter, Prospective, Observational Study.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to determine the diagnostic performances of pleural procedures in undiagnosed exudative pleural effusions and to evaluate factors suggestive of benign or malignant pleural effusions in tertiary care centers. METHODS: This was a multicenter prospective observational study conducted between January 1 and December 31, 2018. A total of 777 patients with undiagnosed exudative pleural effusion after the initial work-up were evaluated. The results of diagnostic procedures and the patients' diagnoses were prospectively recorded. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy estimates with 95% confidence intervals were used to examine the performance of pleural procedures to detect malignancy. RESULTS: The mean age ± SD of the 777 patients was 62.0 ± 16.0 years, and 68.3% of them were male. The most common cause was malignancy (38.3%). Lung cancer was the leading cause of malignant pleural effusions (20.2%). The diagnostic sensitivity and accuracy of cytology were 59.5% and 84.3%, respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity of image-guided pleural biopsy was 86.4%. The addition of image-guided pleural biopsy to cytology increased diagnostic sensitivity to more than 90%. Thoracoscopic biopsy provided the highest diagnostic sensitivity (94.3%). The highest diagnostic sensitivity of cytology was determined in metastatic pleural effusion from breast cancer (86.7%). CONCLUSION: The diagnostic performance increases considerably when cytology is combined with image-guided pleural biopsy in malignant pleural effusions. However, to avoid unnecessary interventions and complications, the development of criteria to distinguish patients with benign pleural effusions is as important as the identification of patients with malignant pleural effusions.

Membrane-bound Dickkopf-1 in Foxp3+ regulatory T cells suppresses T-cell-mediated autoimmune colitis.

Induction of tolerance is a key mechanism to maintain or to restore immunological homeostasis. Here we show that Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells use Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) to regulate T-cell-mediated tolerance in the T-cell-mediated autoimmune colitis model. Treg cells from DKK-1 hypomorphic doubleridge mice failed to control CD4+ T-cell proliferation, resulting in CD4 T-cell-mediated autoimmune colitis. Thymus-derived Treg cells showed a robust expression of DKK-1 but not in naive or effector CD4 T cells. DKK-1 expression in Foxp3+ Treg cells was further increased upon T-cell receptor stimulation in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, Foxp3+ Treg cells expressed DKK-1 in the cell membrane and the functional inhibition of DKK-1 using DKK-1 monoclonal antibody abrogated the suppressor function of Foxp3+ Treg cells. DKK-1 expression was dependent on de novo protein synthesis and regulated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway but not by the canonical Wnt pathway. Taken together, our results highlight membrane-bound DKK-1 as a novel Treg-derived mediator to maintain immunological tolerance in T-cell-mediated autoimmune colitis.

Retrospective evaluation of patients with organizing pneumonia: is cryptogenic organizing pneumonia different from secondary organizing pneumonia?

INTRODUCTION: Organizing pneumonia (OP) is an uncommon clinic opathological situation among lung diseases. If no underlying cause can be detected, it is named as cryptogenic OP (COP). In this study, the etiologic and clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed as OP in our hospital in the last ten years were evaluated retrospectively. It was also aimed to make a comparison between COP and secondary OP patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred sixty-five patients diagnosed as OP pathologically in the 10 year period from August 2003 to August 2013 were included into that study. Patients' data were evaluated retrospectively from the medical records. RESULT: One hundred sixty five patients pathologically diagnosed as OP were included. Diagnostic methods were trans-thoracic fine-needle biopsy (TTFNB) in 89 (53.9%) patients, open lung biopsy (lobectomy, wedge resection, segmentectomy) in 52 (31.5%) patients and transbronchial biyopsy (TBB) in 24 (14.5%) patients. One hundred (60.6%) of the patients were defined as COP and 65 (39.4%) as secondary OP. Cough, fatigue and dyspnea were the most common symptoms on admission. We detected OP cases secondary to anthracosis and cyst hydatic besides other well known etiologies. In 61 patients, the main radiologic manifestation was multiple bilateral patchy consolidation typical for OP. In 76 patients focal lesions (solid mass, cavitating mass lesion) and in 6 patients infiltrative opacities were detected radiologically. CONCLUSIONS: There is no difference between properties of OP from clinical, laboratory and radiologic finding sin the criptogenic and seconder form of OP. Although it is not asserted, cyst hidatic and anthracosis could be kept in mind for the list of underlying ethiologies for secondary OP.

Renal involvement in patients with mucolipidosis IIIalpha/beta: Causal relation or co-occurrence?

Mucolipidosis IIIalpha/beta (MLIIIalpha/beta) is a rare lysosomal storage disorder characterized by childhood onset of flexion contractures of fingers, joint stiffness in the shoulders, hips, and knees, and mild short stature. Recessive mutations in the GNPTAB gene have been associated with MLIIIalpha/beta. We present five children aged 9-16 years from a large kindred family whose serum activities of several lysosomal enzymes were significantly elevated. Whole exome sequencing followed by confirmation by Sanger sequencing identified a novel homozygous missense mutation (c.22 A > G; p.R8G) in the GNPTAB gene in all affected subjects. The five patients initially presented with flexion contractures of fingers followed by stiffnes of large joints. Only two affected boys also had a nephrotic-range proteinuria. Renal biopsy showed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and foamy appearance of glomerular visceral epithelial cells which were compatible with storage disease. No other known causes of proteinuria could be detected by both laboratory and biopsy findings. There was no known family history of hereditary kidney disease, and healthy siblings and parents had normal renal function and urinalysis. These findings suggest that the renal involvement probably due to MLIIIalpha/beta, although it can still be present by coincidence in the two affected patients.

Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity, leptodactylic type: longitudinal observation of radiographic findings in a child heterozygous for a KIF22 mutation.

Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity, leptodactylic type (SEMDJL2), is a rare disorder due to a KIF22 gene mutation and characterized by postnatal short stature, midface hypoplasia and generalized ligamentous laxity. Radiologic hallmark includes severe involvement of the epiphyses and the slender appearance of the metacarpals and phalanges. The aim of the study was to evaluate radiologic findings of SEMDJL2 in a child followed from age 2 years 9 months to 11 years. Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified a single nucleotide de novo p.Pro148Leu mutation in the KIF22 gene. The child had midface hypoplasia, short stature, hip dislocation and generalized laxity of the joints in the first examination. Knee subluxation and bilateral severe genu valgum became prominent after 3.5 years of age. Short stature became evident gradually with increasing age, and height was 3.6 standard deviations below the mean for age. Small epiphyses with delayed maturation and metaphyseal vertical striations at the distal metaphysis of the femur were observed on initial radiographs. However, the slender metacarpals and proximal phalanges and progressive epiphyseal dysplasia with small and flattened epiphyses on both wrists and knees became more prominent after 7 years of age. In conclusion, we observed that typical radiologic findings became apparent after early childhood.

The essential role of centrosomal NDE1 in human cerebral cortex neurogenesis.

We investigated three families whose offspring had extreme microcephaly at birth and profound mental retardation. Brain scans and postmortem data showed that affected individuals had brains less than 10% of expected size (≤10 standard deviation) and that in addition to a massive reduction in neuron production they displayed partially deficient cortical lamination (microlissencephaly). Other body systems were apparently unaffected and overall growth was normal. We found two distinct homozygous mutations of NDE1, c.83+1G>T (p.Ala29GlnfsX114) in a Turkish family and c.684_685del (p.Pro229TrpfsX85) in two families of Pakistani origin. Using patient cells, we found that c.83+1G>T led to the use of a novel splice site and to a frameshift after NDE1 exon 2. Transfection of tagged NDE1 constructs showed that the c.684_685del mutation resulted in a NDE1 that was unable to localize to the centrosome. By staining a patient-derived cell line that carried the c.83+1G>T mutation, we found that this endogeneously expressed mutated protein equally failed to localize to the centrosome. By examining human and mouse embryonic brains, we determined that NDE1 is highly expressed in neuroepithelial cells of the developing cerebral cortex, particularly at the centrosome. We show that NDE1 accumulates on the mitotic spindle of apical neural precursors in early neurogenesis. Thus, NDE1 deficiency causes both a severe failure of neurogenesis and a deficiency in cortical lamination. Our data further highlight the importance of the centrosome in multiple aspects of neurodevelopment.

Primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy caused by homozygous deletion in HPGD gene in a family: changing clinical and radiological findings with long-term follow-up.

Autosomal recessive primary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy1 (PHOAR1) is characterized by delayed closure of the fontanels, digital clubbing, arthropathy and periostosis. Homozygous mutations in hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (HPGD) gene are the underlying pathology of PHOAR1. The aim of this study was to analyze the HPGD gene and the changing clinical and radiological findings with advancing age of two siblings with the diagnosis of PHOAR1. A novel 2-bp homozygous deletion was found in exon 3 (c.310-311delCT) of HPGD gene in the patients. Clinical and radiological findings of the siblings were evaluated between 4 months and 8 years and 6 months of age. The painful swelling and sweating of the hands and feet, cranial ossification defect and expanded diaphyses were evident at infantile period and gradually showed improvement until 4 years of age. After the age of 4 years, digital clubbing and swelling of knees persisted, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis developed and acro-osteolysis became evident on hand radiographs. In conclusion, we suggest that the clinical findings of the patients with PHOAR1 should be classified in two periods as early and late childhood. We also observed that there was intrafamilial variability of clinical findings.

Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia Pakistani type: expansion of the phenotype.

Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD), Pakistani type, is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by platyspondyly, delayed epiphyseal ossification, mild metaphyseal abnormalities, short stature, and short and bowed legs, and is caused by mutations in PAPSS2. In a single Turkish patient also hyperandrogenism was reported. We describe five patients from a Turkish family with SEMD Pakistani type with homozygosity for a nonsense mutation (p.R329X) leading to a stop codon in PAPSS2. Plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione were normal, but DHEA sulfate levels were low in four of the patients. Two patients and a mother had history of pubertal hyperandrogenism. Testosterone level was mildly elevated in one of the female patients, and insulin resistance was not detected in any of the patients. The patients also had precocious costal calcification, small iliac bones, short femoral necks, coxa vara, short halluces and fused vertebral bodies, none of which has been reported previously in this entity.

Investigation of low-dose ritonavir on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells using gene expression whole genome microarrays.

Ritonavir is a protease inhibitor associated with metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular disease. We have investigated the effects of low-dose ritonavir treatment on gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 10 healthy donors. Results using whole genome Illumina microarrays show that ritonavir modulates a number of genes implicated in lipid metabolism, inflammation and atherosclerosis. These candidate genes are dual specificity phosphatase 1 DUSP1), Kelch domain containing 3 (KLHDC3), neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase 1 (NCEH1) and acyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 2 (ACSS2). Validation experiments using quantitative PCR showed that ritonavir (at 100 mg once daily and 100 mg twice daily significantly down-regulated these 4 selected candidate genes in 20 healthy individuals. Lower expression levels of these 4 candidate genes, known to play a critical role in inflammation, lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, may explain ritonavir adverse effects in patients.

Genotype-phenotype investigation of 35 patients from 11 unrelated families with camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis (CACP) syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis syndrome (CACP) is a rare autosomal recessive condition characterized by camptodactyly, noninflammatory arthropathy, coxa vara, and pericarditis. CACP is caused by mutations in the proteoglycan 4 (PRG4) gene, which encodes a lubricating glycoprotein present in the synovial fluid and at the surface of articular cartilage. METHODS: In the present study, we compared the clinical and molecular findings of CACP syndrome in 35 patients from 11 unrelated families. In 28 patients, whole exome sequencing was used to investigate genomic variations. RESULTS: We found that camptodactyly of hands was the first symptom presented by most patients. Swelling of wrists, knees, and elbows began before 4 years of age, while the age of joint involvement was variable. Patients reported an increased pain level after the age of 10, and severe hip involvement developed after 20 years old. All patients presented developmental coxa vara and seven patients (~22%) had pleural effusion, pericarditis, and/or ascites. We identified nine novel genomic alterations, including the first case of homozygous complete deletion of exon 1 in the PRG4 gene. CONCLUSION: With this study, we contribute to the catalog of CACP causing variants. We confirm that the skeletal component of this disease worsens with age, and presents the potential mechanisms for interfamily variability, by discussing the influence of a modifier gene and escape from nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. We believe that this report will increase awareness of this familial arthropathic condition and the characteristic clinical and radiological findings will facilitate the differentiation from the common childhood rheumatic diseases such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

Screening of subtle copy number changes in Aicardi syndrome patients with a high resolution X chromosome array-CGH.

Aicardi syndrome (AIC) is an uncommon neurodevelopmental disorder affecting almost exclusively females. Chief features include infantile spasms, corpus callosal agenesis, and chorioretinal abnormalities. AIC is a sporadic disorder and hypothesized to be caused by heterozygous mutations in an X-linked gene but up to now without any defined candidate region on the X chromosome. Array based comparative genomic hybridisation (array-CGH) has become the method of choice for the detection of microdeletions and microduplications at high resolution. In this study, for the first time, 18 AIC patients were analyzed with a full coverage X chromosomal BAC arrays at a theoretical resolution of 82 kb. Copy number changes were validated by real-time quantitation (qPCR). No disease associated aberrations were identified. For such conditions as AIC, in which there are no familial cases, additional patients should be studied in order to identify rare cases with submicroscopic abnormalities, and to pursue a positional candidate gene approach.

Deleterious mutations in exon 1 of MECP2 in Rett syndrome.

The MECP2 gene is responsible for 80-85% of typical cases of Rett syndrome with deleterious mutations affecting exons 3 and 4. Recently, an alternate transcript including exon 1 was discovered with a new protein isoform (MeCP2_e1) much more abundant in brain. We screened exon 1 of MECP2 for mutations and for large rearrangements in a panel of 212 typical cases of Rett syndrome and one family case with atypical Rett syndrome. We identified two deleterious mutations (c.48_55dup and c.62+2_62+3del) and four large rearrangements encompassing exon 1 of MECP2. We also identified the c.16_21dup alteration formerly reported as c.3_4insGCCGCC and give additional support to classify this sequence variation as polymorphic. In our large panel of typical Rett, mutations affecting exon 1 of MECP2 represent 1% of the deleterious alleles. This study confirms that mutations in exon 1 of MECP2 are a rare cause of Rett syndrome.

Genomic analysis of non-NF2 meningiomas reveals mutations in TRAF7, KLF4, AKT1, and SMO.

We report genomic analysis of 300 meningiomas, the most common primary brain tumors, leading to the discovery of mutations in TRAF7, a proapoptotic E3 ubiquitin ligase, in nearly one-fourth of all meningiomas. Mutations in TRAF7 commonly occurred with a recurrent mutation (K409Q) in KLF4, a transcription factor known for its role in inducing pluripotency, or with AKT1(E17K), a mutation known to activate the PI3K pathway. SMO mutations, which activate Hedgehog signaling, were identified in ~5% of non-NF2 mutant meningiomas. These non-NF2 meningiomas were clinically distinctive-nearly always benign, with chromosomal stability, and originating from the medial skull base. In contrast, meningiomas with mutant NF2 and/or chromosome 22 loss were more likely to be atypical, showing genomic instability, and localizing to the cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres. Collectively, these findings identify distinct meningioma subtypes, suggesting avenues for targeted therapeutics.

Recessive LAMC3 mutations cause malformations of occipital cortical development.

The biological basis for regional and inter-species differences in cerebral cortical morphology is poorly understood. We focused on consanguineous Turkish families with a single affected member with complex bilateral occipital cortical gyration abnormalities. By using whole-exome sequencing, we initially identified a homozygous 2-bp deletion in LAMC3, the laminin γ3 gene, leading to an immediate premature termination codon. In two other affected individuals with nearly identical phenotypes, we identified a homozygous nonsense mutation and a compound heterozygous mutation. In human but not mouse fetal brain, LAMC3 is enriched in postmitotic cortical plate neurons, localizing primarily to the somatodendritic compartment. LAMC3 expression peaks between late gestation and late infancy, paralleling the expression of molecules that are important in dendritogenesis and synapse formation. The discovery of the molecular basis of this unusual occipital malformation furthers our understanding of the complex biology underlying the formation of cortical gyrations.

Self-esteem in Turkish diabetic children.

Self-esteem is the state of appreciation arising from the ratification of the ego concept that has resulted in self-assessment of their own skills, preferences, and psychologic traits. If people evaluate themselves in positive terms, we say they have high self-esteem. Self-esteem can be evaluated in relation to factors such as family, parents, level of education, age, occupation, and economic status. Children with diabetes mellitus type 1 live with physical, personal, and social developments that occur rapidly and intensively during adolescence. They also must cope with a chronic disease that may have a negative effect on their lives. This study was designed to evaluate the self-esteem of the children who have a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 1 and uses a prospective design. The sample consisted of Turkish children between the ages 10 and 14 years old. The study group was selected from the patients admitted to the diabetes outpatient clinics of the hospitals of the university and the Social Insurance Association, and had a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 1. The control group was selected from healthy children who were students in a primary school.