Establishing a High-Quality Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Program in Post-Conflict Regions: A Model for Limited Resource Countries.

BACKGROUND: Congenital Heart Disease stands as a prominent cause of infant mortality, with notable disparities in surgical outcomes evident between high-income and low- to middle-income countries. OBJECTIVE: This study presents a collaborative partnership between a local governmental entity and an international private organization to establish a high-quality Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Program in a post-conflict limited resource country, Iraq. METHODS: A descriptive retrospective study analyzed pediatric cardiac surgery procedures performed by a visiting pediatric heart surgery team from October 2021 to October 2022, funded by the Ministry of Health (MOH). We used the STS-EACTS complexity scoring model (STAT) to assess mortality risks associated with surgical procedures. RESULTS: A total of 144 patients underwent 148 procedures. Infants comprised 58.3% of the patients. The most common anomalies included tetralogy of Fallot, ventricular septal defect, and various single ventricle categories, constituting 76% of the patient cohort. The overall surgical mortality rate was 4.1%, with an observed/expected surgical mortality rate of 1.1 (95% CI 0.5, 2.3). There was no significant difference between our observed surgical mortality in Category 2, 3, and 4 and those expected/reported by the STS-EACTS Database (p = 0.07, p = 0.72, and p = 0.12, respectively). The expenses incurred by the MOH for conducting surgeries in Iraq were lower than the alternative of sending patients abroad for the same procedures. CONCLUSION: The partnership model between a local public entity committed to infrastructure development and funding and an international private organization delivering clinical and training services can provide the foundation for building sustainable, high-quality in situ programs in upper-middle-income countries.

International cooperation in healthcare: model of IRCCS Policlinico San Donato and Bambini Cardiopatici nel Mondo Association for congenital heart diseases.

Cooperation activity in training programmes promoted by IRCCS Policlinico San Donato and Bambini Cardiopatici nel Mondo Association is a model of cooperation between people as an alternative intervention in promoting the right to healthcare, especially offering programmes of training and medical care on cardiovascular and congenital heart disease. This new strategy, implemented in several developing countries, has absolutely contributed to the improvement of the medical services concerning the diagnostic and surgical approach in the treatment of paediatric and adult cardiovascular disease. To strengthen this kind of activity, both IRCCS Policlinico San Donato and Bambini Cardiopatici nel Mondo have introduced a global perspective aiming at the realization of surgical missions 'in situ', building new cardiac surgery units in collaboration with the local partners, which are mainly university hospitals. They, furthermore, support financially the scholarship and accommodation in favour of medical and paramedical staff.

The Management of Aortic Coarctation Associated with Hypoplastic Arches and Particular Arch Anatomies: A Literature Review.

The surgical management of aortic coarctation in newborns needs to ensure postoperative evolution and long-term results as much as possible. Patients with a Gothic arch have a higher rate of postoperative hypertension, while newborns with a bovine arch have higher rates of restenosis and, thus, an additional risk of mortality. Late hypertension, even in anatomically successfully repaired patients, confers a high risk for cardiovascular events. This review of the literature focuses on the management of aortic coarctations associated with hypoplastic arch and particular arch anatomies, focusing on surgical techniques and their outcomes.

Challenging Diagnosis of Anomalous Origin of the Right Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery.

Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery (RCA) from the pulmonary artery, ARCAPA, is an extremely rare congenital heart disease. Only 200 cases were reported from 1885 to the present. Patients diagnosed with ARCAPA can be either asymptomatic or can experience symptoms, such as heart murmur, dyspnea, or angina, shortly after birth or around 40-60 years of life. Usually, those with isolated ARCAPA are diagnosed later in life compared to those who associate other structural cardiac defects. We report two cases of anomalous origin of the right coronary artery at the level of the pulmonary artery trunk (ARCAPA) that were diagnosed by invasive coronary angiography. Although asymptomatic, general recommendations suggest an early corrective intervention to prevent complications such as myocardial ischemia and cardiac dysfunction, which can lead to sudden cardiac death.

Ductus Arteriosus Stenting in Newborns - Transcatheter Approach as a Bridge Therapy for Corrective Surgery.

Duct-dependent congenital heart disease requires attentive therapeutic management since the only source of pulmonary blood flow in newborns is provided by the patent ductus arteriosus. The patency of the duct is the main objective in the first hours of life and it is guaranteed by prostaglandin E1 infusion, but it is not a long-term solution for this type of cardiac malformation. In order to augment pulmonary blood, there are two types of interventions that can be performed: a classical surgical shunt or stenting of the ductus arteriosus, a fairly new alternative to cardiac palliative surgery. Case selection for this type of procedure is essential regarding the patients' outcome. We present the management of a newborn diagnosed with (pseudo)atretic pulmonary valve, large ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus, who underwent an interventional procedure to secure pulmonary blood flow by placing a drug-eluting stent in the ductus arteriosus. The patient's evolution was not uneventful, several complications appeared, but after three months of neonatal intensive care we were able to discharge him in good clinical condition.

Scimitar syndrome associated with aberrant right subclavian artery, diaphragmatic hernia, and urinary anomalies - case report and review of the literature.

Scimitar syndrome is a form of a partially or totally right pulmonary venous return to the inferior vena cava, which may associate variably right lung hypoplasia, right pulmonary artery hypoplasia, pulmonary sequestration together with the presence of aortopulmonary collaterals from the descending aorta towards the right lung. In many cases, there are also other cardiac anomalies associated. We present a unique association of a partially anomalous pulmonary venous return to the inferior vena cava with other vascular and thoracic anomalies: inferior sinus venosus and secundum atrial septal defect, retroesophageal right subclavian artery, obstructed accessory right bronchus, diaphragmatic hernia with ectopic liver, "S"-type thoracic scoliosis and malformations of the urinary tract (duplication of the right ureter and of the left basinet). The patient had a reimplantation of the "scimitar" vein to the left atrium and closure of the inferior sinus venosus and secundum atrial septal defect.