Chemoradiotherapy versus surgery after neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in patients with stage III NSCLC: a real-world multicenter retrospective study.

PURPOSE: The optimal treatment after neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy for patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unclear. This study aimed at comparing the efficacy and safety of chemoradiotherapy and surgery after neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in stage III NSCLC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a real-world multicenter retrospective study on patients with stage III NSCLC who received surgery or chemoradiotherapy after neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy between October 2018 and December 2022. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were assessed from the initiation of neoadjuvant treatment and estimated by the Kaplan‒Meier method. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were used to examine potential prognostic factors. One-to-one propensity score matching (PSM) was used to further minimize confounding. RESULTS: A total of 239 eligible patients were enrolled, with 104 (43.5%) receiving surgery and 135 (56.5%) receiving CRT. After 1:1 PSM, 1- and 2-year PFS rates in patients receiving radical surgery (rSurgery group) vs. patients receiving definitive cCRT (dCCRT group) were 80.0% vs. 79.2% and 67.2% vs. 53.1%, respectively (P = 0.774). One- and 2-year OS rates were 97.5% vs. 97.4% and 87.3% vs. 89.9%, respectively (P = 0.558). Patients in the dCCRT group had a numerically lower incidence of distant metastases compared to those in the rSurgery group (42.9% vs. 70.6%, P = 0.119). The incidence of treatment-related adverse events was similar in both groups, except that the incidence of grade 3/4 hematological toxicity was significantly higher in the dCCRT group (30.0% vs. 10.0%, P = 0.025). CONCLUSION: Following neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy, definitive concurrent chemoradiotherapy may achieve noninferior outcomes to radical surgery in stage III NSCLC.

Comprehensive Analysis of Immune Responses to Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy in Resectable Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the treatment of early stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, little is known about which patients are likely to benefit most from neoadjuvant immunotherapy. In this study, we performed a multiplatform analysis on samples from resectable NSCLC treated with neoadjuvant immunotherapy to explore molecular characteristics related to immune responses. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 17 patients with resectable stage IB-IIIA NSCLC treated with neoadjuvant immunotherapy were included. A multiplex cytokine assay, bulk TCR sequencing in peripheral blood, and multiplexed immunohistochemistry were performed. RESULTS: Low levels of stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha at baseline were associated with unfavorable disease-free survival (DFS). Patients with major pathologic response (MPR) showed a decrease in HGF after one cycle of neoadjuvant immunotherapy. An increase in IDO and IP-10 was observed in patients who developed immune-related adverse events (irAEs) after neoadjuvant immunotherapy. There were no correlations between irAEs and MPR or DFS. The MPR group presented a significant decrease in white blood cells and neutrophil count after neoadjuvant immunotherapy. The high peripheral baseline TCR convergence was correlated with MPR and favorable DFS in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) receiving neoadjuvant immunotherapy. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy led to a significant increase in CD4+, CD8+, and CD8+CD39+ T-cell infiltration in tumor areas. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests the potential roles of cytokines and TCR convergence for predicting ICIs response in resectable NSCLC and LUSC. CD8+CD39+T cells and CD4+ T cells could be involved in the action of neoadjuvant immunotherapy.

Prognostic significance of 4R lymph node dissection in patients with right primary non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the prognostic significance of station 4R lymph node (LN) dissection in patients who underwent operations for right primary non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: We performed a retrospective study involving patients with right primary NSCLC who received lobotomy or pneumonectomy with mediastinal LN dissection between January 2011 and December 2017. Propensity score matching was performed. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were compared between patients with and without station 4R dissection. RESULTS: Our study included 2070 patients, with 207 patients having no station 4R dissection (S4RD- group) and 1863 patients having station 4R dissection (S4RD+ group). The 4R LN metastasis rate was 13.4% (142/1748), higher than that for other mediastinal LN metastases. Compared with the S4RD- group, the S4RD+ group had higher 5-year DFS (48.1% vs. 39.1%, P = 0.009) and OS (54.4% vs. 42.8%, P = 0.025). Station 4R dissection was an independent risk factor for DFS (odds ratio, OR, 1.28, 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.08-1.64, P = 0.007) and OS (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.04-1.63, P = 0.018). Patients with adjuvant chemotherapy had a better prognosis after station 4R dissection than those without adjuvant chemotherapy (57.4% vs. 52.3%, P = 0.006). The 5-year OS in the station 4R metastasis group was lower than that in the station 4R non-metastasis group (26.9% vs. 44.3%, P = 0.006) among N2 patients. The 5-year OS of the single-station 4R metastasis group was lower than that of the single-station 7 metastasis group (15.7% vs. 51.6%, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Station 4R metastasis was the highest among all the mediastinal station metastases in right primary NSCLC patients. Station 4R dissection can improve the prognosis and should be recommended as a routine procedure for these patients.

Urinary malate dehydrogenase 2 is a new biomarker for early detection of non-small-cell lung cancer.

Reliable and noninvasive biomarkers for the early diagnosis of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are an unmet need. This study aimed to screen and validate potential urinary biomarkers for the early diagnosis of NSCLC. Using protein mass spectrometry, urinary MDH2 was found to be abundant both in patients with lung cancer and lung cancer model mice compared with controls. Urine samples obtained as retrospective and prospective cohorts including 1091 NSCLC patients and 736 healthy controls were measured using ELISA. Patients with stage I NSCLC had higher urinary MDH2 compared with healthy controls. The area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the urinary MDH2 was 0.7679 and 0.7234 in retrospective and prospective cohorts to distinguish stage I cases from controls. Urinary MDH2 levels correlated with gender and smoking history. MDH2 expression levels were elevated in lung cancer tissues. MDH2 knockdown using shRNA inhibited the proliferation of lung cancer cells. Our study demonstrated that urinary MDH2 concentration was higher in early-stage NSCLC patients compared with that in controls and that MDH2 could serve as a potential biomarker for early detection of NSCLC.

Outcomes in 36 Patients with Stage IIIA-N2 Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung Treated with Nab-Paclitaxel Plus Carboplatin as Neoadjuvant Therapy: A Prospective Study from a Single Center.

BACKGROUND Whether nab-paclitaxel plus carboplatin as neoadjuvant therapy can benefit patients with resectable squamous cell carcinoma of the lung remains unclear. This prospective study aimed to investigate outcomes in patients with stage IIIA-N2 squamous cell carcinoma of the lung treated with nab-paclitaxel plus carboplatin as neoadjuvant therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients with stage IIIA-N2 squamous cell carcinoma of the lung were treated with nab-paclitaxel (100 mg/m², days 1, 8, and 15) and carboplatin (5 mg/(mL·min), day 1) for two 21-day cycles. The patients were followed every 3 months for 2 years and every 6 months after that. The primary endpoint was the downstaging rate. Secondary endpoints included objective response rate (ORR), margin-free (R0) resection, pathologic complete response (pCR), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety. RESULTS Among the 36 enrolled patients, 33 completed neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and 23 underwent surgery. The preoperative ORR was 50.0% (18/36). R0 resection was achieved in 22 (95.7%) of 23 patients. Major pathologic response and pCR were achieved in 8 (34.8%) and 2 (8.7%) patients, respectively. The overall downstaging rate was 47.8% (11/23). The median follow-up was 39.8 (32.5-41.0) months. For patients who underwent surgery, the median PFS and OS were 31.4 (95%CI: 10.4-not reached (NR)) and 45.0 (95%CI: 22.6-NR) months, respectively. The most common adverse events were neutropenia, anemia, and leukopenia. CONCLUSIONS This study preliminarily indicated a favorable effect of nab-paclitaxel plus carboplatin as neoadjuvant therapy without significant adverse events for stage IIIA-N2 squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Future randomized controlled trials are needed to verify these results.

Claudin-3 Inhibits Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition and Invasion via Suppression of the Wnt/ß-catenin Signaling Pathway.

Altered expression of claudin-3 (CLDN3), a key cytoskeletal structural protein of the tight junctions in the epithelium, is associated with the development and metastasis of various human cancers. CLDN3 expression has been shown to be significantly associated with the prognosis of lung squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC). This study investigated the role of CLDN3 in inhibiting lung SqCC cell migration and invasion as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. The CLDN3 levels were assessed between 20 paired lung SqCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot. The ectopic CLDN3 overexpression or knockdown was generated by using a plasmid carrying CLDN3 cDNA or shRNA, respectively. CLDN3 expression was significantly reduced in lung SqCC tissues vs. the adjacent normal tissues. The ectopic CLDN3 overexpression markedly inhibited the migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lung cancer H520 cells, whereas CLDN3 knockdown had an inverse effect on SK-MES-1 cells. However, cell viability and plate colony formation assays showed that both CLDN3 knockdown and overexpression did not affect SqCC cell proliferation. Both tissue and cell data revealed that CLDN3 expression was significantly associated with the expression of the EMT biomarkers E-cadherin and Vimentin. Furthermore, CLDN3-modulated EMT and expression of the EMT markers were through regulation of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway. In conclusion, this study identified reduced CLDN3 expression in lung SqCC tissues, which was associated with the progression and metastasis of lung SqCC and was attributed to EMT by activation of the Wnt pathway. Thus, CLDN3 could be further evaluated as a novel biomarker for predicting the prognosis of lung SqCC and as a target for the treatment of lung SqCC in the future.

Survival analysis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer who underwent surgical resection following 4 lung cancer resection guidelines.

BACKGROUND: To compare survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who underwent surgical resection and lymph node sampling based on guidelines proposed by the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG), National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), the OSI Pharmaceutical RADIANT trial, and the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC). METHODS: Medical records of patients with NSCLC who underwent surgical resection from 2001 to 2008 at our hospital were reviewed. Staging was according to the 7th edition of the AJCC TNM classification of lung cancer. Patients who received surgical resection following the IASLC, ACOSOG, RADIANT or NCCN resection criteria were identified. RESULTS: A total of 2,711 patients (1803 males, 908 females; mean age, 59.6 ± 9.6 years) were included. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis indicated that increasing age, adenosquamous histology, and TNM stage II or III were associated with decreased overall survival (OS). Univariate analysis and log-rank test showed that surgical resection following the guidelines proposed by the IASLC, NCCN, ACOSOG, or RADIANT trial was associated with higher cumulative OS rates (relative to resection not following the guidelines). Multivariate analysis revealed that there was a significant improvement in OS only when IASLC resection guidelines (complete resection) were followed (hazard ratio=0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.716 to 0.985, P=0.032). CONCLUSIONS: Surgical resection following the criteria proposed by IASLC, NCCN, ACOSOG, or the RADIANT trial was associated with a higher cumulative OS rate. However, significant improvement in OS only occurred when IASLC resection guidelines were followed.

[Surgical resection standard and prognostic analysis of non-small cell lung cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of complete resection standards on the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS: Clinical data of 2 711 inpatient cases treated from January 2000 to December 2008 at our hospital were retrospectively reviewed. The relationship between surgical resection standard and the overall survival and other factors affecting the overall survival was analyzed. RESULTS: The overall 5-year survival rate was 44.6%. The overall 5-year survival rate of stage IA, IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA cases was 60.5%, 55.4%, 43.1%, 37.0% and 28.1%, respectively. The 5-year survival rate of patients who underwent complete resection was 50.3%, and that of patients who underwent incomplete resection was only 40.1% (P < 0.01). The main prognostic factors were operation type, resection margin, pathological type, T stage, N stage, TNM stage, the number of dissected lymph node (LN) stations (<6 and ≥ 6), the number of resected lymph nodes (1-10, 11-20, and >20), postoperative radiotherapy and complete resection (P < 0.05 for all). Cox regression suggested that TNM stage and complete resection were independent factors affecting the prognosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy affected the prognosis of stage II-IIIA patients. CONCLUSIONS: TNM stage and complete resection are independent factors affecting the prognosis of NSCLC patients. The 5-year survival rate of NSCLC has significantly increased through promoting the standard of operation, especially increasing the standard of lymph node dissection. The standard of complete resection should be recommended to be used in clinical practice. Adjuvant chemotherapy is beneficial for stage II-IIIA NSCLC patients.

CoGSPro-net:A graph neural network based on protein-protein interaction for classifying lung cancer-relatrd proteins.

This paper proposes a deep learning algorithm named CoGSPro for classifying lung cancer-related proteins. CoGSPro combines graph neural networks and attention mechanisms to extract key features from protein data and accurately classify proteins. It utilizes large-scale protein expression datasets to train and validate the model, enabling it to identify subtle patterns related to lung cancer. CoGSPro integrates protein-protein interaction network information to improve its predictive accuracy. The experimental results indicate that CoGSPro achieves cutting-edge performance, attaining an accuracy of 96.60% in the classification of lung cancer proteins, surpassing other baseline methods. Additionally, CoGSPro has uncovered new biomarkers for lung cancer, offering potential targets for early detection and treatment.

Five-gene prognostic model based on autophagy-dependent cell death for predicting prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma.

Non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the predominant form of lung cancer originating from lung epithelial cells, making it the most prevalent pathological type. Currently, reliable indicators for predicting treatment efficacy and disease prognosis are lacking. Despite extensive validation of autophagy-dependent cell death (ADCD) in solid tumor studies and its correlation with immunotherapy effectiveness and cancer prognosis, systematic research on ADCD-related genes in LUAD is limited. We utilized AddModuleScore, ssGSEA, and WGCNA to identify genes associated with ADCD across single-cell and bulk transcriptome datasets. The TCGA dataset, comprising 598 cases, was randomly divided into training and validation sets to develop an ADCD-related LUAD prediction model. Internal validation was performed using the TCGA validation set. For external validation, datasets GSE13213 (119 LUAD samples), GSE26939 (115 LUAD samples), GSE29016 (39 LUAD samples), and GSE30219 (86 LUAD samples) were employed. We evaluated the model's accuracy and effectiveness in predicting prognostic risk. Additionally, CIBERSORT, ESTIMATE, and ssGSEA techniques were used to explore immunological characteristics, drug response, and gene expression in LUAD. Real-time RT-PCR was conducted to assess variations in mRNA expression levels of the gene XCR1 between cancerous and normal tissues in 10 lung cancer patients. We identified 249 genes associated with autophagy-dependent cell death (ADCD) at both single-cell and bulk transcriptome levels. Univariate COX regression analysis revealed that 18 genes were significantly associated with overall survival (OS). Using LASSO-Cox analysis, we developed an ADCD signature based on five genes (BIRC3, TAP1, SLAMF1, XCR1, and HLA-DMB) and created the ADCD-related risk scoring system (ADCDRS). Validation of this model demonstrated its ability to predict disease prognosis and its correlation with clinical characteristics, immune cell infiltration, and the tumor microenvironment. To enhance clinical applicability, we integrated an ADCDRS nomogram. Furthermore, we identified potential drugs targeting specific risk subgroups. We successfully identified a model based on five ADCD genes to predict disease prognosis and treatment efficacy in LUAD, as well as to assess the tumor immune microenvironment. An efficient and practical ADCDRS nomogram was designed.

Injectable hydrogel with doxorubicin-loaded ZIF-8 nanoparticles for tumor postoperative treatments and wound repair.

The need for tumor postoperative treatments aimed at recurrence prevention and tissue regeneration have raised wide considerations in the context of the design and functionalization of implants. Herein, an injectable hydrogel system encapsulated with anti-tumor, anti-oxidant dual functional nanoparticles has been developed in order to prevent tumor relapse after surgery and promote wound repair. The utilization of biocompatible gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) was geared towards localized therapeutic intervention. Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8@ceric oxide (ZIF-8@CeO2, ZC) nanoparticles (NPs) were purposefully devised for their proficiency as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers. Furthermore, injectable GelMA hydrogels loaded with ZC NPs carrying doxorubicin (ZC-DOX@GEL) were tailored as multifunctional postoperative implants, ensuring the efficacious eradication of residual tumor cells and alleviation of oxidative stress. In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to substantiate the efficacy in cancer cell elimination and the prevention of tumor recurrence through the synergistic chemotherapy approach employed with ZC-DOX@GEL. The acceleration of tissue regeneration and in vitro ROS scavenging attributes of ZC@GEL were corroborated using rat models of wound healing. The results underscore the potential of the multifaceted hydrogels presented herein for their promising application in tumor postoperative treatments.

Histopathologic pattern and molecular risk stratification are associated with prognosis in patients with stage IB lung adenocarcinoma.

Background: The benefit of adjuvant therapy remains controversial in completely resected (R0) stage IB non-small cell lung cancer (NCLSC) patients. In this study, we aimed to explore potential prognostic factors in stage IB NSCLC patients. Methods: This study included 215 patients with R0 stage IB lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) (tumor size: 3-4 cm). DNA sequencing was performed with surgical samples of 126 patients using a panel of 9 driver genes. The molecular risk stratification was assessed by a 14-gene quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay. Results: Among the 215 patients, 67.9% had micropapillary/solid (MIP/SOL)-predominant tumors. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations were detected in 75 of 126 patients (59.5%). MIP/SOL tumors harbored less common EGFR mutations than the other histologic patterns (50.6% vs. 79.5%, P=0.003). Molecular risk stratification was successfully assessed in 99 patients, of whom 37.4%, 26.3%, and 36.4% were high, intermediate, and low risk, respectively. The MIP/SOL pattern was associated with shorter disease-free survival (DFS) [hazard ratio (HR) =2.16, 95% confidence interval: 1.28-3.67; P=0.01]. The molecular high-risk patients had shorter DFS than the low- (HR =2.93, P=0.01) and intermediate-risk patients (HR =2.35, P=0.06). The prognostic value of molecular risk stratification was also significant in the MIP/SOL subset (median DFS high-risk: 45 months, low and intermediate risk: not reached; P=0.03). Conclusions: Our study showed that both the MIP/SOL pattern and molecular high-risk category were adverse prognostic factors in stage IB NSCLC patients. Our results suggest that combining histologic classification and molecular risk stratification may help to identify the subset of patients with poor prognosis.

[Prognostic analysis of 450 patients with lung squamous cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To study the treatment strategy and prognosis and its affected factors of lung squamous cancer according retrospective analysis. METHODS: Clinic data of 450 lung squamous cancer inpatient cases who were performed complete resection from January 2004 to January 2007, was retrospectively reviewed. There were 363 male and 87 female patients, aged from 31 to 82 years, with a mean of 60.5 years and a median of 62 years. RESULTS: The overall 5-year survival rate was 52.4%. Cox Regression suggested that preoperative N status (χ(2) = 18.969, P = 0.000), N stage (χ(2) = 44.069, P = 0.000) and TNM stage (χ(2) = 63.025, P = 0.000) are independent factors affecting the prognosis. Adjuvant chemotherapy affects the prognosis of stage II-IIIA lung squamous cancer (5-year survival rate: 48.9% vs. 37.7%, χ(2) = 3.946, P = 0.047). Studying the combined therapy of stage IIIA, the chemoradiotherapy group achieved the best survival (48.8%), then single chemotherapy group (35.9%) and no treatment group (28.5%), and the single radiotherapy group achieved the poorest survival rate (11.1%), and there were statistically significant differences among them (χ(2) = 8.397, P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: The 5-year survival rate of lung squamous cancer has significantly increased through promoting the standard of operation, especially increasing the standard of lymph node dissection. Adjuvant chemotherapy is benefit for stage II-IIIA patients and combined chemoradiotherapy is the best choice for stage IIIA patients. If preoperative examination suggests mediastinal lymph node's enlargement and fusion, the operation should not be performed.

SYVN1-mediated ubiquitylation directs localization of MCT4 in the plasma membrane to promote the progression of lung adenocarcinoma.

Tumour cells mainly generate energy from glycolysis, which is commonly coupled with lactate production even under normoxic conditions. As a critical lactate transporter, monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) is highly expressed in glycolytic tissues, such as muscles and tumours. Overexpression of MCT4 is associated with poor prognosis for patients with various tumours. However, how MCT4 function is post-translationally regulated remains largely unknown. Taking advantage of human lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) cells, this study revealed that MCT4 can be polyubiquitylated in a nonproteolytic manner by SYVN1 E3 ubiquitin ligase. The polyubiquitylation facilitates the localization of MCT4 into the plasma membrane, which improves lactate export by MCT4; in accordance, metabolism characterized by reduced glycolysis and lactate production is effectively reprogrammed by SYVN1 knockdown, which can be reversed by MCT4 overexpression. Biologically, SYVN1 knockdown successfully compromises cell proliferation and tumour xenograft growth in mouse models that can be partially rescued by overexpression of MCT4. Clinicopathologically, overexpression of SYVN1 is associated with poor prognosis in patients with LUAD, highlighting the importance of the SYVN1-MCT4 axis, which performs metabolic reprogramming during the progression of LUAD.

Value of the metastatic lymph node ratio for predicting the prognosis of non-small-cell lung cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between the metastatic lymph node ratio (LNR) and the prognosis of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS: A total of 301 patients with N1 or N2 NSCLC who underwent complete pulmonary resection were analyzed retrospectively. The correlations between the LNR and clinical and pathologic data were analyzed using χ(2) test analysis. The prognostic value of the LNR was calculated by univariate Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and multivariate Cox proportional hazard model analysis. The risk groups were classified by a combination of the LNR and pN stage. RESULTS: The LNR was correlated with age, smoking status, pathologic type, subcarinal lymph node, clinical staging, N stage (P < 0.05), and the number of positive lymph nodes and positive lymph node stations (P < 0.0001). In the univariate analysis, the LNR played an important role in predicting overall survival (OS) (P < 0.0001) and disease-free survival (P < 0.0001) by Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. In the multivariate analysis, high LNR (>18%) was an independent poor prognostic factor for OS [hazard ratio (HR) 2.5034, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6096-3.8933, P < 0.0001] and DFS (HR 1.9023, 95% CI 1.2465-2.9031, P = 0.0031). Stratification into high-, medium-, and low-risk groups-based on high-risk factors (LNR > 18%, N2) intermediate-risk factors (LNR > 18%, N1 or LNR < 18%, N2), and low-risk factors (LNR < 18%, N1)-could efficiently predicted outcomes (P < 0.0001) of patients with lymph node-positive NSCLC. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of the LNR and pN status provides a valuable help with prognosis. However, these results must be evaluated further in a large prospective randomized clinical trial.

The Role of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Predicting Pathological Response for Resectable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated with Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Combined with PD-1 Checkpoint Inhibitors.

PURPOSE: The aim of our study was to investigate the value of baseline and preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in predicting the pathological response and disease-free survival (DFS) of neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone or combined with programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) checkpoint inhibitors in patients with resectable non‒small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Resectable NSCLC patients who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone or combined with PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors between January 2018 and January 2020 were included. Peripheral venous blood samples of the patients were collected within 3 days prior to the first neoadjuvant treatment and within 3 days prior to surgery. RESULTS: A total of 79 patients in neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors group and 89 patients in neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone group were included. Thirty-five point four percent of the patients achieved pathological complete response (pCR) in neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors group, whereas only 9.0% reached pCR in the group of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. High NLR level were correlated with poor pathological response and DFS in neoadjuvant chemotherapy or combined with PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors group. Multivariate analysis revealed that baseline NLR could independently predict pathological response and DFS in the neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors group. CONCLUSION: High NLR level were correlated with poor pathological response and shorter DFS in patients with NSCLC undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy or combined with PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors. Meanwhile, baseline NLR could independently predict response to pathological response and DFS, revealing its potential as a screening tool in NSCLC patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors.

METTL3-induced DLGAP1-AS2 promotes non-small cell lung cancer tumorigenesis through m6A/c-Myc-dependent aerobic glycolysis.

The critical roles of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification have been demonstrated by more and more evidence. However, the cross talk of m6A and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumorigenesis is still unclear. Here, this work focused on the functions and molecular mechanism of m6A-modified lncRNA DLGAP1 antisense RNA 2 (DLGAP1-AS2) in NSCLC. Microarray analysis found that lncRNA DLGAP1-AS2 is upregulated in NSCLC cells. Clinical data showed that DLGAP1-AS2 high-expression was correlated with advanced pathological stage and poor prognosis. Functionally, DLGAP1-AS2 overexpression promoted the aerobic glycolysis and DLGAP1-AS2 knockdown suppressed the tumor growth of NSCLC cells. Mechanistically, m6A methyltransferase METTL3 enhanced the stability of DLGAP1-AS2 via m6A site binding. Moreover, DLGAP1-AS2 interacted with YTHDF1 to enhance the stability of c-Myc mRNA through DLGAP1-AS2/YTHDF1/m6A/c-Myc mRNA. In conclusion, our work indicates the functions of m6A-modified DLGAP1-AS2 in the NSCLC aerobic glycolysis, disclosing a potential m6A-dependent manner for NSCLC treatment.

Case Report: Sarcoid-Like Reactions and Tertiary Lymphoid Structures Following Dual Checkpoint Inhibition in a Patient with Early-Stage Lung Adenocarcinoma.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced sarcoid-like reactions and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are increasingly recognized but rarely reported in the same patient. We report a patient with lung adenocarcinoma who displayed sarcoid-like reactions in intrathoracic lymph nodes and tertiary lymphoid structures in surgical tumor after neoadjuvant therapy with nivolumab plus ipilimumab. Pathological examination revealed 50% residual tumor cells after treatment, and the CT evaluation of the primary tumor showed a stable disease. The patient experienced a recurrence eight months after surgery. To identify immune correlates of the limited response to immunotherapy, we conducted genomic and transcriptional assays, multiplex immunoassay, and multiplex immunohistochemistry on the pre- and post-immunotherapy tumor, lymph node, and plasma samples. TP53 R181C, KRAS G12C and SMAD4 R361H were identified as driver mutations of the tumor. In addition to abundant infiltrated lymphocytes, immunotherapy induced high levels of inhibitory components in post-treatment tissue samples, especially the FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in tumor and PD-L1 expression in the lymph node. Despite abundant TLSs in the post-treatment tumor, most TLSs were immature. Moreover, increasing levels of circulating checkpoint proteins BTLA, TIM-3, LAG-3, PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA4 were observed during immunotherapy. Collectively, our observations revealed that high levels of immunosuppressive molecules in tumor, lymph nodes and/or in peripheral blood might indicate poor outcomes after immunotherapy, even in the setting of a patient with concurrent sarcoid-like reactions and tertiary lymphoid structures.

Comprehensive analyses unveil novel genomic and immunological characteristics of micropapillary pattern in lung adenocarcinoma.

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) usually contains heterogeneous histological subtypes, among which the micropapillary (MIP) subtype was associated with poor prognosis while the lepidic (LEP) subtype possessed the most favorable outcome. However, the genomic features of the MIP subtype responsible for its malignant behaviors are substantially unknown. In this study, eight FFPE samples from LUAD patients were micro-dissected to isolate MIP and LEP components, then sequenced by whole-exome sequencing. More comprehensive analyses involving our samples and public validation cohorts on the two subtypes were performed to better decipher the key biological and evolutionary mechanisms. As expected, the LEP and MIP subtypes exhibited the largest disease-free survival (DFS) differences in our patients. EGFR was found with the highest mutation frequency. Additionally, shared mutations were observed between paired LEP and MIP components from single patients, and recurrent mutations were verified in the Lung-Broad, Lung-OncoSG, and TCGA-LUAD cohorts. Distinct biological processes or pathways were involved in the evolution of the two components. Besides, analyses of copy number variation (CNV) and intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) further discovered the possible immunosurveillance escape, the discrepancy between mutation and CNV level, ITH, and the pervasive DNA damage response and WNT pathway gene alternations in the MIP component. Phylogenetic analysis of five pairs of LEP and MIP components further confirmed the presence of ancestral EGFR mutations. Through comprehensive analyses combining our samples and public cohorts, PTP4A3, NAPRT, and RECQL4 were identified to be co-amplified. Multi-omics data also demonstrated the immunosuppression prevalence in the MIP component. Our results uncovered the evolutionary pattern of the concomitant LEP and MIP components from the same patient that they were derived from the same initiation cells and the pathway-specific mutations acquired after EGFR clonal mutation could shape the subtype-specificity. We also confirmed the immunosuppression prevalence in the MIP subtype by multi-omics data analyses, which may have resulted in its unfavorable prognosis.