The influencer effect of Dexmedetomidine on radioiodine relevant to lacrimal gland impairment.

PURPOSE: To assess the potential influencing effects of Dexmedetomidine on impaired lacrimal glands after high-dose radioiodine treatment (RAI). METHODS: Thirty-six rats were arbitrarily separated into 3 groups: Sham, RAI, and Dexmedetomidine. Dexmedetomidine group was given Dexmedetomidine and RAI, the Sham group was given the same millimeters of saline, and the RAI group was given RAI only. All forms of lacrimal glands, including harderian glands (HG), extraorbital (EG), and intraorbital (IG) lacrimal glands, were evaluated for immunohistochemical, histopathologic assessments and also for tissue cytokines, oxidant and antioxidant levels. RESULTS: Dexmedetomidine significantly ameliorated histopathologic changes such as periacinar fibrosis, acinar atrophy, lymphocytic infiltration, ductal proliferation, lipofuscin-like accumulation, and nucleus changes caused by RAI in all lacrimal gland forms (p < 0.05 for all of the parameters). However, periductal fibrosis was improved significantly only in EG (p = 0.049), and mast cell infiltration was improved significantly only in IG (p = 0.038) in Dexmedetomidine groups. There was a significant decrease in the elevated caspase-3 and TUNEL levels after RAI administration in the Dexmedetomidine group in all lacrimal gland forms (p < 0.05 for all parameters). Dexmedetomidine attenuated NF-kb, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels significantly diminished total oxidant status and raised total antioxidant status levels (p < 0.05 for all parameters). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrated that following RAI, Dexmedetomidine diminished inflammation, tissue cytokine levels, and apoptosis and ameliorated impaired histopathologic patterns of the lacrimal glands.

Therapeutic Role of Astaxanthin and Resveratrol in an Experimental Rat Model of Supraceliac Aortic Ischemia-Reperfusion.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to investigate the therapeutic effects of astaxanthin (AST) and resveratrol (RVT) on multiorgan damage in an animal model of the supraceliac aortic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). METHODS: In this study, 28 rats (n = 7/group), 200 to 250 g in weight, were randomized to four groups (1: Sham, 2: Control + I/R, 3: AST + I/R, and 4: RVT + I/R). Following the abdominal incision, aortic dissection was performed in the sham group without injury. Other groups underwent I/R injury via supraceliac aortic clamping (20 minutes) and reperfusion. The rats were administered olive oil (3 mL/kg) orally for 2 weeks before and 1 week after the laparotomy. Additionally, oral AST (10 mg/kg) or RVT (50 mg/kg) was given to the study groups. All rats were sacrificed on the 3rd week of the experiment after blood samples were taken for analysis. Multiple rat tissues were removed. RESULTS: We found that RVT increased total antioxidant status (TAS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and decreased total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, while AST increased the levels of TAS, decreased TNF-α, MDA, TOS, and OSI (p <0.05). Pathological investigations of the rat tissues revealed that both AST and RVT ameliorated tissue damage and apoptosis. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that AST and RVT might show therapeutic effects against oxidative tissue damage and apoptosis in an animal model of aortic I/R. Further studies are required. KEY POINTS: · Major congenital heart diseases are at high risk of multiorgan damage.. · Re-establishment of blood flow may result in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury.. · Astaxanthin and resveratrol may have therapeutic effects against I/R injury..

Is there any effect of montelukast on prevention of myringosclerosis after myringotomy in a rat model?

OBJECTIVES: In this study, our aim was to identify the possible effects of montelukast sodium (ML) on the prevention of experimentally induced myringosclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-eight female Wistar albino rats were used and they were divided into four groups randomly. Tympanic membranes (TM) of all animals were perforated and then group 1 received no treatment (control group), group 2 was treated with a topical saline solution, group 3 received topically ML and group 4 received orally ML. On the 15th day, all animals were euthanized. Tympanic membranes were evaluated otomicroscopically and histopathologically. RESULTS: The histopathological findings, compared against a control and saline groups, showed the topically and orally ML groups had statistically significant differences of degree of myringosclerosis (p < 0.002) and median thickness of the TMs (p < 0.001). Suppression of inflammation was statistically significant only in the oral ML treatment group (p < 0.002). CONCLUSION: Oral and topically administration of ML reduced myringosclerosis formation in myringotomies rats.

Antioxidant effects of vitamin D on lacrimal glands against high dose radioiodine-associated damage in an animal model.

PURPOSE: To evaluate antioxidant effects of active vitamin D (calcitriol) against high-dose radioiodine (RAI) therapy-associated damage of lacrimal gland. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Wistar albino rats were used and divided into three groups randomly (n = 12/group). The first group was appointed as the negative control group and received no RAI or medication. The second group was appointed as the positive control group that only received 3 mCi/kg (111 MBq/kg) RAI via gastric gavage and the last group was the treatment group that received 3 mCi/kg RAI via same method and calcitriol (200 ng/kg/day) via intraperitoneal administration. Seven days after RAI administration, bilateral intraorbital (IG), extraorbital (EG) and Harderian (HG) glands were removed for the evaluations of histopathologic, tissue cytokine, total oxidant status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS). RESULTS: RAI led to significant increase in tissue TOS, TNF-α, IL-6 levels and significant decrease in IL-10 and TAS levels (p < 0.05 for each). Addition of adjunctive calcitriol reversed all these parameters significantly (p < 0.05 for each).The following histopathologic parameters were seen more frequently in positive control group than the other groups: Abnormal lobular pattern, perivascular infiltration, periductal infiltration, lipofuscin-like accumulation, acinar atrophy, periductal and periacinar fibrosis in all lacrimal gland types (p < 0.05), acinar fibrosis in EG (p = 0.049), periductal fibrosis in EG and HG (p = 0.049 and 0.038, respectively), abnormal cell outlines in EG and HG (p = 0.020 and 0.011, respectively) and variation in cell size in the IG and the HG (p = 0.003 and 0.049 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: RAI caused significant oxidative stress and inflammation in lacrimal glands. Vitamin D demonstrated potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and radio-protective effects on lacrimal glands in histopathologic, tissue cytokine and oxidant/antioxidant level evaluations.

Lateral parapatellar and subvastus approaches are superior to the medial parapatellar approach in terms of soft tissue perfusion.

PURPOSE: The arthrotomy techniques of knee surgery may cause varying degrees of disruption to the tissue blood supply. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the medial parapatellar (MPPa), midvastus (MVa), subvastus (SVa) and lateral parapatellar (LPPa) approaches on regional tissue perfusion of the knee. METHODS: In this experimental study, a total of 28 female rabbits were applied with four different arthrotomy techniques as Group MPPa, Group MVa, Group SVa and Group LPPa. The blood supply of the tissue around the knee was examined by scintigraphic imaging including the perfusion reserve and T max, and biochemical alteration of the oxidative stress parameters including malondialdehyde (MDA), fluorescent oxidation products (FlOPs), and histopathological findings were evaluated on tissue samples after 3 weeks. RESULTS: The perfusion reserve was increased in all four groups compared to the healthy, contralateral knees. In the Group LPPa, the vascularity was significantly increased compared to the Group MPPa (p = 0.006). In the examination of biochemical parameters, the increase in MDA levels was statistically significant in the Group MPPa compared with the Group LPPa (p = 0.004), and in the Group MVa compared with the Group LPPa (p = 0.006). The increase in the value of MDA levels was striking in the Group MPPa and Group MVa compared with the control group (p = 0.004, p = 0.004, respectively). The increase in another oxidative stress parameter, the tissue FlOPs levels, was statistically significant in the Group MPPa compared with the control group (p = 0.035). CONCLUSION: The LPPa and SVa caused less oxidative stress and less disruption of the muscle blood supply, in biochemical and scintigraphic parameters, compared to the MPPa and MVa. Therefore, in clinical practice, the SVa is preferable to the MPPa and MVa in total knee arthroplasty and the LPPa should be preferred more frequently in selected cases with critical soft tissue viability.

Comparison of efficacy of bromocriptine and cabergoline to GnRH agonist in a rat endometriosis model.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of dopamine agonists in a surgically induced endometriosis model on rats. STUDY DESIGN: In this prospective randomized experimental study, surgical induction of endometriosis was performed by autotransplantation technique on 52 adult female Wistar-Albino rats. Endometriosis formation was confirmed by a second-look laparotomy (n:48) 1 month later. Four study groups were randomly generated according to their treatment regimens: group 1 (leuprolide acetate, n = 12), group 2 (bromocriptine, n = 12), group 3 (cabergoline, n = 12) and group 4 (control, n = 12). Endometriotic implants were excised for histopathological examination after treatment at the setting of laparotomy. The mean surface areas and histopathological glandular tissue (GT) and stromal tissue (ST) scores of endometriotic implants were studied and compared among groups. RESULTS: After 30 days of treatment, the mean surface area of the endometriotic implants of leuprolide acetate, bromocriptine and cabergoline groups was significantly decreased. The regression of endometriotic foci size in comparison to control was highest in group 1, followed by group 2, then group 3. In the histopathological evaluation both the ST and GT scores of group 1, 2 and 3 were significantly decreased in comparison to controls without a statistically significant difference between the groups. CONCLUSION: Dopamine agonists are as effective as GnRH agonists in the regression of experimental endometriotic implants in rats. Further trials are needed to elucidate the pathways affected by dopamine agonists.

The effect of 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation of a 3G mobile phone on the parotid gland of rats.

PURPOSE: We aimed to evaluate the effect of 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation on the parotid gland of rats in short and relatively long terms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups. Groups A and B served as the control groups (for 10 days and 40 days, respectively), and each group included six rats. Groups C and D were composed of nine rats each, and they were the exposure groups. The rats were exposed to 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation emitted by a generator, simulating a third generation mobile phone for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, for 10 or 40 days. Following exposure, the rats were sacrificed and parotid glands were removed. Histopathological and biochemical examinations were performed. RESULTS: Although there were no histopathological changes in the control groups except for two animals in group A and three animals in group B, the exposure groups C (10 days) and D (40 days) showed numerous histopathological changes regarding salivary gland damage including acinar epithelial cells, interstitial space, ductal system, vascular system, nucleus, amount of cytoplasm and variations in cell size. The histopathological changes were more prominent in group D compared to group C. There was statistically significant different parameter regarding variation in cell size between the groups B and D (p=0.036). CONCLUSION: The parotid gland of rats showed numerous histopathological changes after exposure to 2100 MHz radiofrequency radiation, both in the short and relatively long terms. Increased exposure duration led to an increase in the histopathological changes.

Thermal necrosis induced by electrocauterization as a local adjuvant therapy in local aggressive bone tumors, what is the safe limit for surgical margins? An experimental study.

OBJECTIVE: In the current study, it was aimed to investigate the temperature change in the cavity wall and pathologic necrosis occurred during cauterization, which was applied at different voltages and time intervals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The right tibias of 32 male rabbits were used. Three 2-mm-diameter holes were created on the cortical surface of the tibia using a hand-held drill. Using an electrocautery device, 55 mV was applied for 3 and 5 s and 65 mV was applied for 3 and 5 s. Maximum temperatures at 3 and 6 mm distance from the application site were measured. Biopsy specimens obtained at 3 and 6 mm distance from the application site were evaluated microscopically for bone cell viability and periosteal necrosis. RESULTS: Thirty-two rabbits were divided into four groups. In all groups, periosteal bone cells located at the region, extending from the application site to 3 mm distance, died. In this region, application of 55 mV for 3 s caused peripheral necrosis. There were significant differences between the four groups in terms of maximum temperatures measured at 3 mm distance from the application site (p = 0.027). On the other hand, no significant differences were noted between the four groups in terms of maximum temperatures measured at 6 mm distance from the application site (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Cauterization of the cavity wall in the spray mode at 55 mV for 3 s after tumor resection caused necrosis in the cavity wall, extending from the application site to 3 mm distance. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Experimental animal study, Level II.

[An evaluation of the radioprotective effect of vitamin E on the salivary glands of radioactive iodine in rats]. / Radyoaktif iyot verilen siçanlarda tükürük bezleri üzerinde E vitaminin radyasyondan koruyucu etkisinin degerlendirilmesi.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to examine the acute effect of vitamin E on salivary gland of radioactive iodine (RAI; 131I)-induced rats and to evaluate whether vitamin E have a radioprotective effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixteen Wistar albino rats were used in the study. The rats were divided into two groups. The first group was administered (131)I orally and 1 ml physiological saline. The second group was administered (131)I and 1 ml vitamin E intraperitoneally. Vitamin E was started two days before the RAI therapy and continued for seven days. On the eighth day, salivary glands were removed and evaluated histopathologically. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups. The changes in the interstitial space of all glands and in acinar epithelial cells of parotid and sublingual glands were observed in a lower number of the rats of vitamin E group, compared to the controls. Except panacinar inflammation, histopathological changes in acinar epithelial cells of the submandibular gland were noticed in a lower number of the rats of vitamin E group. CONCLUSION: Considering the changes in the interstitial space and acinar epithelial cells in a lower number of the rats of vitamin E group, we conclude that vitamin E may have protective effects for interstitial space of all glands and acinar epithelial cells of the parotid and sublingual glands during the acute period.

Histological Structure and Immunohistochemical Properties of the Ligamentum Teres in Patients With Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip.

Introduction This study aims to evaluate the histology of the ligamentum teres and its relationship with matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS), which are involved in the destruction of extracellular matrix proteins in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). Methodology The patients who underwent open reduction and pelvic osteotomy due to DDH were included in the study. Patient groups were formed according to Tönnis stages, positive family history, consanguineous marriage, age, and bilateral involvement. The histology and immunohistochemical properties (MMP-2, MMP-9, and ADAMTS-7) of ligamentum teres tissue obtained from the patients were evaluated according to these groups. Results Thirty-five patients (female 30, 85.7%; male 5, 14.3%) with DDH between the ages of 14 and 99 months were included in the study. Preoperative and postoperative Tönnis stages, positive family history, consanguineous marriage, age, and bilaterality did not cause a significant difference between histological parameters. A significant correlation was found between MMP-2, MMP-9, and ADAMTS-7 and all histological parameters. Conclusions The histological structure of ligamentum teres in patients with DDH shows moderate inflammation, fibrosis, neovascularization, hyalinization, and fatty infiltration regardless of age and radiological stage. ADAMTS-7, MMP-2, and MMP-9 correlate positively with the histological parameters of the ligamentum teres in patients with DDH.

Evaluation of the effect of pitavastatin on motor deficit and functional recovery in sciatic nerve injury: A CatWalk study.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the electrophysiological, scintigraphic, and histopathological effects of pitavastatin and its impact on functional status in rats with sciatic nerve injury. Materials and methods: A total of 30 Wistar albino rats were divided into three equal groups including 10 rats in each group: sham group (no injury), control group (nerve injury induced), and pitavastatin group (nerve injury induced and 2 mg/kg of pitavastatin administered orally once a day for 21 days). Before and at the end of intervention, quantitative gait analysis with the CatWalk system and sciatic nerve conduction studies were performed. After the intervention, the gastrocnemius muscle was scintigraphically evaluated, and the sciatic nerve was histopathologically examined. Results: There was no significant difference in the sciatic nerve conduction before the intervention and Day 21 among the groups (p>0.05). According to the quantitative gait analysis, there were significant differences in the control group in terms of the individual, static, dynamic, and coordination parameters (p<0.05). The histopathological examination revealed a significant difference in the total myelinated axon count and mean axon diameter among the groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: Pitavastatin is effective in nerve regeneration and motor function recovery in rats with sciatic nerve injury.

Nasal mucociliary clearance after extremely low frequency by scintigraphic and histopathologic evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of exposure to extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) on nasal mucociliary clearance (MCC) by rhinosintigrapic and histopathological evaluation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The rats were separated into three groups according to ELF-MFs intensity and control group. The exposure groups were standardized for the ELF-MFs of 1, 1.5, and 2 mT emitted by 3 Helmholtz coils for 4 h/day for 30 days. Rhinoscintigraphy was performed to measure nasal MCC. The nasal tissues were examined for edema, inflammation, hyperemia, necrosis, ciliary loss, goblet cell density, and fibroblast proliferation. The data were evaluated statistically (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Nasal mucociliary clearance rates (NMCR) were calculated as 33.13 ± 5.91% in control, 27.78 ± 4.7% in 1 mT, 22.67 ± 5.43% in 1.5 mT, and 18.11 ± 6.33% in 2 mT. NMCR were decreased with increasing ELF-MFs, in 1.5 and 2 mT groups (p < 0.05) compared to control. Nasal mucociliary transport rate (NMTR) values were found to be 2.17 ± 0.33 mm/min in control, 1.82 ± 0.32 mm/min in 1 mT, 1.46 ± 0.34 mm/min in 1.5 mT and 1.24 ± 0.29 mm/min in 2 mT. NMTR was decreased in the groups exposed to 1.5 and 2 mT (p < 0.05) compared to control. The edema, hyperemia, inflammation, ciliary loss, and goblet cell density were statistically significant differences between control and groups exposed to 1.5 and 2 mT (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our rat model has shown nasal mucosa damage and decreased NMCR and NMTR by rhinoscintigraphy as ELF-MFs intensity increases. It may be detrimental to nasal mucosa mucociliary function depending on the ELF-MFs intensity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A Laryngoscope, 133:2081-2089, 2023.

Protective role of melatonin and spirulina in aortic occlusion-reperfusion model in rats.

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the role of melatonin and spirulina on multiorgan damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury (IR) in a rat model. A total of 32 male rats weighing 200-220 g were allocated into 4 groups (n = 8/group) (Sham, Control-IR [CIR], Melatonin-IR [MIR], and Spirulina-IR [SIR]). Sham group underwent midline laparotomy and dissection of the aorta without injury. In other groups, an IR model was established by clamping (ischemia) and releasing (reperfusion) the abdominal aorta at the supraceliac level for 20 min. All rats were given 3 ml/kg of distilled water by gavage for 14 days before and 7 days after the experiment. The treatment groups received either melatonin (50 mg/kg) or spirulina (50 mg/kg) by the same route. On the 21st day of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed. We found that melatonin and spirulina ameliorated the effects of IR at different levels of significance (ranging from p = .01 to p < .001), increasing total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and superoxide dismutase levels, and decreasing total oxidant status, oxidative stress index (OSI), myeloperoxidase, tumor necrosis factor-alfa and malondialdehyde levels. When compared MIR and SIR groups, only TAC and OSI levels did differ in favor of melatonin between the groups (p < .05). Histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations showed that melatonin and spirulina similarly reduced IR-related tissue damage and apoptosis. We concluded that melatonin and spirulina may have a protective role against oxidative tissue damage and apoptosis in the abdominal aortic IR animal model. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Coarctation of aorta (CoA) and interrupted aortic arch (IAA) are serious cardiac defects with high morbidity and mortality if not diagnosed and treated early in life. Restoration of blood flow in CoA or IAA through prostaglandin E1 infusion, angioplasty or surgery can cause ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury. This reperfusion period may be complicated IR injury at remote organs. It may be beneficial to increase antioxidant capacity in preventing stress-induced tissue damage. Melatonin and spirulina are agents with strong antioxidant properties. In this animal research, protective role of these products on multiorgan damage induced by IR was investigated for the first time. We found that both melatonin and spirulina ameliorate the effects of IR to varying degrees. This study provides evidence that melatonin and spirulina may have preventive effects on oxidative tissue damage and apoptosis in the abdominal aortic IR animal model.

Possible Neoplastic or Proliferative Effects of Intra-Tympanic Platelet-Rich Plasma on the MiddleEarMucosa: A Myth or a Fact to Consider?

BACKGROUND: Platelet-rich plasma is a frequently used plasma-derived material; however, a possible neoplastic or proliferative effect is one of the limiting issues in its use. The aim of our experimental study was to investigate the long-term histological effects of platelet-rich plasma on the middle ear mucosa. METHODS: The rats were divided into 2 groups randomly (groups 1 and 2). Group 1 represented the control group and 8 rats were included in this group. To the left ear, 0.3 mL of normal saline solution was administered intra-tympanically. No injections were done to the right ears. Group 2 represented the platelet-rich plasma group and 11 rats were included. To the left ears, 0.3 mL of platelet-rich plasma and to the right ears 0.3 mL of normal saline solution was administered intra-tympanically. The intra-tympanic platelet-rich plasma injections were done twice with an interval of 1 week. All animals were sacrificed in the third month. The degree of mucosal thickness, the presence of metaplasia, atypical cells, myofibroblastic infiltration, angiogenesis, and acute or chronic inflammation were evaluated histopathologically. RESULTS: Histopathological findings in the right and left ears in each group were compared in itself. The degree of inflammation and mucosal thickness were significantly higher in the perforated and saline administered side, in group 1 (P < .001). In group 2, the degree of angiogenesis was significantly higher in the platelet-rich plasma administered side (P < .001). The degree of mucosal thickness was significantly higher in the saline administered side (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Considering the anti-inflammatory and regenerative features and its safety, intra-tympanic-PRP may, in the future, be an alterna- tive to current intra-tympanic treatment modalities.

Protective effect of osthole on testicular ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.

BACKGROUND: Testicular torsion is a urological emergency that requires urgent surgical intervention which results in testicular loss if not diagnosed and treated in a timely fashion. Ischemic tissue damage with oxygen deficiency, which starts with the decrease in blood flow to the tissue, continues to increase with the reoxygenation of the damaged tissues as soon as reperfusion is achieved. In various studies, osthole has also been shown to reduce cerebral, spinal cord, intestinal, renal, and myocardial ischemia/perfusion (I/R) damage. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of osthole on testicular I/R injury. METHODS: 28 Wistar-albino rats were randomly divided into four experimental groups (n=7). Group 1 was the sham operation group. In Group 2 (I/R), 3-h ischemia was created by rotating the testis 720° clockwise, followed by 3 h of reperfusion. In Group 3 (I/R + single dose of Osthole), 20 mg/kg ostol was administered intraperitoneally half an hour before detorsion after 3 h of torsion. The testis was detorsioned. Three h of detorsion was applied. In Group 4 (I/R + twice doses of Osthole), 20 mg/kg ostol was administered intraperitoneally half an hour before detorsion, followed by 3-h torsion. The testis was released and detorsioned. Half an hour after the detorsion, an intraperitoneal dose of 20 mg/kg osthole was administered again. Detorsion was done for 3 h. All rats were sacrificed after 6 h and right orchiectomy was performed for blood for biochemical analysis and histopathological sample. RESULTS: Glutathion, nuclear respiratory factor 2, Superoxide dismutase, and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine levels were decreased in I/R rats, while interleukin-6, malondialdehyde, and myeloperoxidase levels were increased. While caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9, and TUNEL showed moderate immunopositive tissues immunohistochemically in rats with I/R damage, mild immunopositive tissues were detected in Group 3 and Group 4. In the histochemical examination, degenerative tubule structure and separation of epithelial cells were observed in I/R rats, while partially healed testicular tissue was detected in Group 3 and Group 4. CONCLUSION: In our study, we observed that osthole reduced oxidative damage, suppressed the inflammatory process, prevented apoptosis, and reduced cell damage. We think that with repeated doses, cellular damage would gradually decline.

The Effect of Resveratrol on Radioiodine Therapy-Associated Lacrimal Gland Damage.

PURPOSE: We have evaluated the potential radioprotective, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects of resveratrol (RSV) against high-dose radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy associated damage of the lacrimal glands by biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty Wistar-albino rats were randomly divided into three groups; the control group received no treatment or medication, the RAI group received RAI but no medication and the RSV group received oral RAI and intraperitoneal RSV. RSV was started at day one, before RAI administration, and continued for 8 days. Bilateral intraorbital (IG), extraorbital (EG), and Harderian (HG) lacrimal glands were evaluated in all rats for histopathological, immunohistochemical, tissue cytokine and oxidant and antioxidant level assessment. RESULTS: RSV group restored inflammation, fibrosis, vacuolization, change in nucleus characteristics, lipofuscin-like accumulation and cellular morphologic patterns were statistically significant in all lacrimal gland types, compared to the RAI group (p < .05 for all variables). Similarly, elevated Caspase-3 and TUNEL levels in the RAI group were significantly alleviated in the RSV group in all lacrimal gland types (p < .05 for all variables). RAI administration significantly elevated TNF-α, IL-6, NF-кb levels, and decreased IL-10 levels (p < .05 for all parameters) whereas TOS levels significantly increased and TAS levels were significantly decreased. However, RSV significantly diminished TNF-α, IL-6, IL-4, and NF-кb levels. Furthermore, RSV significantly decreased TOS and increased TAS levels (p < .05 for all variables). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that with its anti-cancer effect as well as its antioxidant effect RSV has protected the histopathological pattern of the lacrimal glands from the damage, decreased inflammation in histopathologic assessments, and decreased tissue cytokine levels, apoptosis and DNA fragmentation on the lacrimal glands after RAI.

The Effect of Oral Montelukast Administration in Cholesteatoma Development and Inflammation: An Experimental Animal Model.

HYPOTHESIS: We hypothesized that oral montelukast treatment could inhibit cholesteatoma formation in an experimental animal model. BACKGROUND: Inflammation and excessive proliferation have been described in the histopathology of cholesteatoma. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of oral montelukast on cholesteatoma development. METHODS: Eighteen healthy female Wistar albino rats weighing 250 g were chosen for the study. The animals were divided into two groups: group 1 received montelukast and group 2 was the control group. Intratympanic propylene glycol injection was administered into the left ears and physiologic serum was instilled into the right ears of the animals on the first, eighth, and fifteenth days. The effects of montelukast administration were evaluated by histological examination of the tympanic membrane and middle ear. RESULTS: Group 1 (montelukast group) showed significant differences in terms of cholesteatoma formation, granulation, epithelial invagination, and inflammation. Cholesteatoma formation in the left ear was observed in 2 (22%) and 8 (89%) rats in groups 1 and 2, respectively (p = 0.015). CONCLUSION: Development of cholesteatoma and inflammation was significantly lower in the montelukast-administered group. Thus, oral montelukast was found effective in preventing cholesteatoma formation.

The Effect of Curcumin on the Prevention of Myringosclerosis in Rats.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the preventative effect of oral curcumin (CMN) on myringosclerosis (MS) in an experimental rat model. METHODS: The study included 21 female Wistar albino rats randomly separated into three groups. Group 1 was given no treatment (control group). In Group 2 and Group 3, the tympanic membrane (TM) was perforated using a sterile ear pick. The rats in Group 3 were administered oral CMN 200 mg/kg/day. All rats were sacrificed after 16 days. Otomicroscopic and histopathologic examinations were performed on the tympanic membranes. RESULTS: Histopathologic examinations revealed that there were statistically significant differences between Group 2 and Group 3 in terms of MS degrees (p<0.001) and mean thicknesses of TMs (p<0.001), but there were no differences between Group 1 and Group 3. In respect of MS detected by otomicroscopy, a statistically significant difference was determined between Groups 1 and 2 (p<0.001) and between Groups 2 and 3 (p<0.01), but there was no significant difference between Group 1 and Group 3 (p=0.575). CONCLUSION: Orally administered CMN can prevent myringosclerosis formation in experimentally induced myringotomies.

Ameliorating effects of N-acetyl cysteine against early liver damage of radioiodine in rats.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed to explore the potential ameliorating effects of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) against radioiodine (RAI)-induced early liver damage. METHODS: Thirty Wistar Albino male rats were arbitrarily allocated into three groups each containing 10 rats: the control group (group 1); the RAI group (group 2), oral 111 MBq/kg radioiodine was administered to rats; the RAI + NAC group (group 3), 150 mg/kg/day intraperitoneal NAC treatment was initiated 3 days prior to the RAI administration and continued for 10 days. Liver samples were obtained 24 h after the last dose of NAC therapy for biochemical and histopathologic evaluation. RESULTS: In the RAI + NAC group, the histopathologic damage was found significantly less than in the RAI group for whole parameters except inflammatory cell infiltration (P < 0.05). Unlike the RAI group which had marked histopathologic damage, the RAI + NAC group had only mild histologic activity index scores with no granuloma formation observed. Oxidative stress parameters were demonstrated that the NAC treatment significantly decreased the tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase levels and increased the total sulfhydryl (total sulfhydryl) levels when compared to the RAI group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The outcomes of the study exhibited that the NAC treatment improved RAI-induced early liver damage. This improving effect considered to be caused by its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and likely vasodilator properties of NAC. Having advantages such as inexpensive, easy access, and tolerability, the NAC can be used as a radioprotective agent, especially in patients with liver diseases and requiring RAI treatment.

Effect of probiotics in experimental otitis media with effusion.

OBJECTIVES: The article's aim was to investigate the effects of probiotics in the experimental otitis media with effusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four male Wistar albino rats were used. They were divided into four groups. Experimental otitis media with effusion was created by intratympanic histamine injection. The effusion was confirmed by otomicroscopic examination 24 h after injection. Group 1; did not receive any treatment, group 2; received probiotics for 7 days after the detection of effusion, group 3; received probiotics for 7 days prior to injection of histamine, group 4; received probiotics for 7 days before injection of histamine and 7 days after detection of effusion. After detection of effusion, animals were sacrificed. Otomicroscopic evaluation was done to determine the effusion. In histopathological examination neutrophil leukocyte counts were determined in 25 areas of the sub-mucosa of the temporal bulla. RESULTS: The otomicroscopic ear effusions' healing rate in group 1 was 10%, in group 2 was 25%, in group 3 was 50%, and in group 4 was 100% (p < 0,013). The mean counts of submucosal neutrophil leukocyte from 25 areas of the temporal bulla of group 1 was 86,8 ± 24, group 2 was 66,5 ± 21, group 3 was 66,2 ± 16, and group 4 was 26,3 ± 6,5 (p < 0,001). CONCLUSION: Probiotics have a curative effect on the prevention and treatment of otitis media with effusion. This result may be related to their anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, probiotics can be widely used in the age group at risk for otitis media with effusion as a complementary therapy by dietary supplements. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA.