RESUMEN
Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (PTB) is an RNA binding protein existing both as dimer and monomer and shuttling between nucleus and cytoplasm. However, the regulation of PTB dimerization and the relationship between their functions and subcellular localization are unknown. Here we find that PTB presents as dimer and monomer in nucleus and cytoplasm respectively, and a disulfide bond involving Cysteine 23 is critical for the dimerization of PTB. Additionally, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) is identified to be the enzyme that catalyzes the de-dimerization of PTB, which is dependent on the CGHC active site of the a' domain of PDI. Furthermore, upon DNA damage induced by topoisomerase inhibitors, PTB is demonstrated to be de-dimerized with cytoplasmic accumulation. Finally, cytoplasmic PTB is found to associate with the ribosome and enhances the translation of p53. Collectively, these findings uncover a previously unrecognized mechanism of PTB dimerization, and shed light on the de-dimerization of PTB functionally linking to cytoplasmic localization and translational regulation.
Asunto(s)
Proteína de Unión al Tracto de Polipirimidina/genética , Proteína Disulfuro Isomerasas/genética , Multimerización de Proteína/genética , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genética , Células A549 , Catálisis , Dominio Catalítico/genética , Núcleo Celular/genética , Citoplasma/genética , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Proteína de Unión al Tracto de Polipirimidina/ultraestructura , Unión Proteica/genética , Dominios Proteicos/genética , Proteínas de Unión al ARN/genética , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/ultraestructuraRESUMEN
Neural crest-derived cells play essential roles in skin function and homeostasis. However, how they interact with environmental cues and differentiate into functional skin cells remains unclear. Using a combination of single-cell data analysis, neural crest lineage tracing, and flow cytometry, we found that the expression of integrin α6 (ITGA6) in neural crest and its derivatives was developmentally regulated and that ITGA6 could serve as a functional surface marker for distinguishing neural crest derivatives in the skin. Based on the expression of ITGA6, Wnt1-Cre lineage neural crest derivatives in the skin could be categorized into three subpopulations, namely, ITGA6bright, ITGA6dim, and ITGA6neg, which were found to be Schwann cells, melanocytes, and fibroblasts, respectively. We further analyzed the signature genes and transcription factors that specifically enriched in each cell subpopulation, as well as the ligand or receptor molecules, mediating the potential interaction with other cells of the skin. Additionally, we found that Hmx1 and Lhx8 are specifically expressed in neural crest-derived fibroblasts, while Zic1 and homeobox family genes are expressed in mesoderm-derived fibroblasts, indicating the distinct development pathways of fibroblasts of different origins. Our study provides insights into the regulatory landscape of neural crest cell development and identifies potential markers that facilitate the isolation of different neural crest derivatives in the skin.
RESUMEN
A gold/sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode (nano-Au/SDBS/GCE) was electrochemically fabricated with a constant potential at -0.4V. The obtained nano-Au/SDBS/GCE was characterized with scanning electronic microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques. Electrochemical behaviors of methyl parathion at the nano-Au/SDBS/GCE were thoroughly investigated. Compared to the unmodified electrode, the peak current obviously increased and the oxidation peak potential negatively shifted. These changes indicated that the composite nanoparticles possess good electrocatalytic performance on the electrochemical reaction of methyl parathion. Experimental parameters such as deposition time, pH value and accumulation conditions were optimized. Under optimum conditions, the peak current corresponding to the oxidation of the hydroxylamine group was found in a good linear relationship with the methyl parathion concentration. In addition, a calibration curve with excellent linearity was obtained in the concentration range from 5.0×10(-7)molL(-1) to 1.0×10(-4)molL(-1) with an estimated detection limit of 8.6×10(-8)molL(-1) (S/N=3). The successful determination of methyl parathion in real samples demonstrated the usefulness and potential applications of this method.