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Integrin ß1 subunit and its downstream molecule integrin-linked kinase and focal adhesion kinase have been confirmed to be essential to cell survival and inhibition of apoptosis and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced injuries in cardiomyocytes. However, it is still unclear whether CrkL [v-crk avian sarcoma virus CT-10 oncogene homolog (Crk)-like], which acts also as a component of the integrin pathway, could also affect H/R-induced injuries in the cardiomyocytes. The rat-derived H9C2 cardiomyocytes were infected with a CrkL small hairpin RNA interference recombinant lentivirus, which knockdowns the endogenous CrkL expression in the cardiomyocytes. Apoptosis, cell proliferation and survival were examined in the H9C2 cardiomyocytes treated with either H/R or not. Results showed that knockdown of CrkL could significantly increase apoptosis and inhibition of the cell proliferation and survival and deteriorate the previously mentioned injuries induced by H/R. In contrast, overexpression of human CrkL could relieve the exacerbation of the previously mentioned injuries induced by CrkL knockdown in the H9C2 cardiomyocytes via regulation of Bax and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (p-ERK1/2). In conclusion, these results confirmed that knockdown of CrkL could deteriorate H/R-induced apoptosis and cell survival inhibition in rat-derived H9C2 cardiomyocytes via Bax and downregulation of p-ERK1/2. It implies that CrkL could mitigate H/R-induced injuries in the cardiomyocytes.
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Hipoxia de la Célula , Proteína Quinasa 3 Activada por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Miocitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-crk/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-crk/metabolismo , ARN Interferente Pequeño/metabolismo , Proteína X Asociada a bcl-2/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Apoptosis , Supervivencia Celular , Regulación hacia Abajo , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Humanos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , RatasRESUMEN
The genus Hippasa is a group of web-weaving lycosids, whose web is funnel-like, quite similar to those of the Agelenidae. In this paper, based on published papers and specimens from China, we diagnose and discuss the composition of this genus. Two species groups are recognised, the Hippasa greenalliae-group (12 species and a subspecies) mainly from Asia and the Hippasa partita-group (17 species), which is distributed in both South Asia and Africa. In China, there are three Hippasa species: H. holmerae Thorell, 1895, H. lingxianensis Yin & Wang, 1980 (revalidated) and H. lycosina Pocock, 1900. The Japanese species, H. babai Tanikawa, 2007 is newly synonymised with H. lingxianensis. Two Hippasa species, H. agelenoides (Simon, 1884) and H. greenalliae (Blackwall, 1867) have never been found in China. Morphological illustrations, photos and redescriptions of H. holmerae, H. lingxianensis and H. lycosina are provided, based on Chinese specimens.
Asunto(s)
Arañas/clasificación , África , Distribución Animal , Estructuras Animales/anatomía & histología , Estructuras Animales/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Asia , Tamaño Corporal , China , Femenino , Masculino , Tamaño de los Órganos , Arañas/anatomía & histología , Arañas/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
A field experiment was conducted to provide a complete greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting for global warming potential (GWP), net GWP, and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) from no-tillage (NT) paddy fields with different amounts of oilseed rape residue mulch (0, 3000, 4000, and 6000 kg dry matter (DM) ha(-1)) during a rice-growing season after 3 years of oilseed rape-rice cultivation. Residue mulching treatments showed significantly more organic carbon (C) density for the 0-20 cm soil layer at harvesting than no residue treatment. During a rice-growing season, residue mulching treatments sequestered significantly more organic C from 687 kg C ha(-1) season(-1) to 1654 kg C ha(-1) season(-1) than no residue treatment. Residue mulching significantly increased emissions of CO2 and N2O but decreased CH4 emissions. Residue mulching treatments significantly increased GWP by 9-30% but significantly decreased net GWP by 33-71% and GHGI by 35-72% relative to no residue treatment. These results suggest that agricultural economic viability and GHG mitigation can be achieved simultaneously by residue mulching on NT paddy fields in central China.
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Agricultura/métodos , Brassica napus , Calentamiento Global , Oryza/crecimiento & desarrollo , Suelo/química , Productos Agrícolas , Monitoreo del Ambiente , ReciclajeRESUMEN
A new genus of comb-tailed spider (Hahniidae), Sinahahniagen. nov., is described based on three new species from the high-altitude areas of China: Sinahahniaeyusp. nov. (ââ, Chongqing and Hubei), S.fanjingshansp. nov. (ââ, Guizhou), and S.yintiaolingsp. nov. (â, Chongqing). Digital images, illustrations, and a distribution map are provided.
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Six species of the ant-eating spider of the family Zodariidae are described from Xizang, China, including five new species: Asceuachayusp. nov. (â), A.dawaisp. nov. (ââ), Mallinellamigusp. nov. (â), M.mеdogsp. nov. (ââ), and M.yadongsp. nov. (ââ). The female of Cydrelalinzhiensis (Hu, 2001) is described here for the first time. Descriptions and photographs of all the species are provided.
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The family Trechaleidae Simon, 1890 is reported for the first time from China, including one new species: Shinobiuscona sp. nov. (ââ). Morphological descriptions, photos and illustrations of the new species are provided. Taxonomic features of species belonging to the genus are briefly discussed. Photos of the female of Shinobiusorientalis (Yaginuma, 1967) are also presented to compare it with the new species.
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Based on the typical city survey data and statistics of Guangdong Provinceï¼ a 2018-based 3 km×3 km gridded greenhouse gas emissions inventory was developed for Guangdong Province using the combination of top-down and bottom-up emission factor methods. The inventory covered the CO2ï¼ CH4ï¼ and N2O emissions from energyï¼ industrial processesï¼ agricultureï¼ land use change and forestï¼ waste managementï¼ and indirect sources. The results showed that estimates for CO2ï¼ CH4ï¼ and N2O in Guangdong Province for the year 2018 were 8.5×108ï¼ 1.9×106ï¼ and 1.1×105 tï¼ respectivelyï¼ and 8.5×108ï¼ 4.0×107ï¼ and 3.4×107 t by equivalent carbon dioxideï¼ totaling 9.2×108 t. CO2 was the main greenhouse gas in Guangdong Provinceï¼ accounting for 92.0% of the total emissions. Energy and indirect sources were the main emission sourcesï¼ accounting for 77.9% and 7.6%ï¼ respectivelyï¼ totaling 85.5%. Spatial distributions illustrated that most grids were greenhouse gas emissionsï¼ whereas some others were greenhouse gas sinksï¼ the greenhouse gas emissions were distributed mainly in the Pearl River Delta region and had certain characteristics of distribution along the road network and channels. The greenhouse gas grids of high emission were mainly the locations of high energy-consuming enterprises such as large power plantsï¼ steel millsï¼ and cement plants.
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The type specimens of two Hahnia species, H. maginii Brignoli, 1977 and H. thorntoni Brignoli, 1982 were examined to determine the identification of Hahniidae from South China. Hahnia thorntoni is found to be a senior synonym of H. flagellifera Zhu, Chen & Sha, 1989, while the paratype male of H. thorntoni belongs to another species, H. zhejiangensis Song & Zheng, 1982. Chinese specimens previously identified as H. maginii probably belong to H. thorntoni. The female and male specimens of H. yueluensis Yin & Wang, 1983 were mismatched and misidentified; the female holotype and paratype belong to H. thorntoni and male allotype to H. zhejiangensis.
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Arañas/anatomía & histología , Arañas/clasificación , Animales , China , Femenino , Masculino , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Four new species of the huntsman spider genus Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000 are reported from Yunnan Province, China: Pseudopoda gibberosa sp. nov. (male, female), P. semiannulata sp. nov. (male, female), P. breviducta sp. nov. (male, female) and P. triangula sp. nov. (male, female).
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Arañas/anatomía & histología , Arañas/clasificación , Animales , China , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
Spider family Hahniidae was firstly recorded from Vietnamin the present paper. In total, three genera and five species were recorded in three national parks of Northern Vietnam: Alistra hamata sp. nov. (male), Hahnia himalayaensis Hu & Zhang, 1990 (male, female), H. rimiformis sp. nov. (male, female), H. zhejiangensis Song & Zheng, 1982 (male, female) and Scotospilus longus sp. nov. (male, female). Morphological illustrations and photos of new species as well as descriptions and copulatory organs' photos of known species are given. The genus Scotospilus and the position of S. longus sp. nov. are discussed.
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Arañas/anatomía & histología , Arañas/clasificación , Distribución Animal , Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Arañas/fisiología , VietnamRESUMEN
The genus Tricholathys, found for the first time in China, is surveyed and seven new species, T.burangensissp. nov. (ââ, Thibet), T.chenzhenningisp. nov. (ââ, Qinghai), T.hebeiensissp. nov. (â, Hebei), T.lhunzeensissp. nov. (ââ, Tibet), Tricholathysrelictoidessp. nov. (ââ, Xinjiang), T.serratasp. nov. (ââ, Tibet), and T.xizangensissp. nov. (ââ, Tibet), are described. A new combination is proposed for Tricholathysalxa (Tang, 2011) comb. nov., ex. Argenna Thorell, 1870. Descriptions of all new species are provided, together with digital images, illustrations, and a distribution map. The DNA barcode information of four recently collected species is also provided.
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One new genus and nine new species of Linyphiidae are described here from Yintiaoling Nature Reserve (YNR), Chongqing of China as: Caracladus daguanshanensis sp. n. (both sexes), Centromerus alatus sp. n. (male only), Dicristatus modaoxiensis sp. n. (both sexes), Hypselistes arcus sp. n. (male and female), Ryojius flosculus sp. n. (male only), R. latus sp. n. (male only), Shaanxinus shizhuziensis sp. n. (both sexes), Sinogone caesuma gen. & sp. n. (both sexes), and Walckenaeria hongqiensis sp. n. (both sexes). Detailed descriptions, photographs of genital characters and somatic features are presented.
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Arañas , Femenino , Masculino , Animales , ChinaRESUMEN
The genus Passiena is recorded for the first time from China with Passienaduanisp. nov. (ââ) from Guangxi described here. In addition, the male of P.spinicrus Thorell, 1890 is described for the first time based on a specimen from Malaysia and colour photographs of freshly collected material are also presented. Detailed morphological descriptions, photographs, genital illustrations, and a distribution map for the two species are provided.
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Two new species of the genus Amaurobius are described from China: A.guangwushanensissp. nov. (ââ) from Sichuan and A.wulongdongensissp. nov. (ââ) from Shaanxi. With the addition of two new species, the number of Amaurobius species endemic to China now reaches four. Morphological descriptions, photos, and illustrations of copulatory organs, as well as a map of distribution records, are provided.
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Baiyuerius is a newly erected genus of Coelotinae spiders comprising five species distributed in southern China and northern Vietnam. Two additional new species, B.shenzhensp. nov. (male and female) and B.yuelusp. nov. (male and female), are described here. Three new combinations are proposed, namely Baiyueriusacroprocessus (Zhang, Zhu & Wang, 2017) comb. nov., Baiyueriusglobasus (Wang, Peng & Kim, 1996) comb. nov. and Baiyueriusrugosus (Wang, Peng & Kim, 1996) comb. nov. Descriptions, photographs, and a distribution map of the known and newly proposed species are provided.
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The spider of Ectatosticta davidi, belonging to the lamp-shade web spider family, Hypochilidae, which is closely related to Hypochilidae and Filistatidae and recovered as sister of the rest Araneomorphs spiders. Here we show the final assembled genome of E. davidi with 2.16 Gb in 15 chromosomes. Then we confirm the evolutionary position of Hypochilidae. Moreover, we find that the GMC gene family exhibit high conservation throughout the evolution of true spiders. We also find that the MaSp genes of E. davidi may represent an early stage of MaSp and MiSp genes in other true spiders, while CrSp shares a common origin with AgSp and PySp but differ from MaSp. Altogether, this study contributes to addressing the limited availability of genomic sequences from Hypochilidae spiders, and provides a valuable resource for investigating the genomic evolution of spiders.
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Arañas , Animales , Filogenia , Arañas/genética , Serina Proteasas Asociadas a la Proteína de Unión a la Manosa/genética , Cromosomas , GenomaRESUMEN
Three new species of the spider genus Pimoa Chamberlin Ivie, 1943 are described: P. pingwuensis n. sp. () and P. yajiangensis n. sp. () from Sichuan and P. zekogensis n. sp. () from Qinghai. These new species are distinguished from other known Pimoa species by genital characters as well as by DNA barcodes. Detailed descriptions, photographs of genital characters and somatic features, a distribution map, comparisons to closely related species and DNA barcodes of the new species are presented. Illustrations of new species are provided and their phylogenetic relationships within the genus Pimoa are also discussed.
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Arañas , Distribución Animal , Animales , China , ADN , Filogenia , Arañas/genética , TibetRESUMEN
Six new species of the spider genus Tonsilla Wang Yin, 1992 are described from southern China: T. jinyunensis sp. nov. () from Chongqing, T. jiugongensis sp. nov. () from Hubei, T. subtruculenta sp. nov. (), T. rutunda sp. nov. () and T. yueliangensis sp. nov. () from Guizhou and T. subrostrum sp. nov. () from Hunan. In addition, T. yanlingensis (Zhang, Yin Kim, 2000) is redescribed and its male is described here for the first time. Tonsilla subyanlingensis Liu Xu, 2020 is transferred to Draconarius Ovtchinnikov, 1999, hence the new combination Draconarius subyanlingensis (Liu Xu, 2020) comb. nov. is established. The female of T. subyanlingensis Liu Xu, 2020 should be treated as T. yanlingensis (Zhang, Yin Kim, 2000). Detailed descriptions, photographs of copulatory organs and somatic features, a distribution map and comparisons with closely related species are presented.
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Arañas , Distribución Animal , Animales , China , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
The formation of gametes with somatic chromosome number or unreduced gametes (2n gametes) is an important process involved in the origin of polyploid plants in nature. Unreduced gametes are the result of meiotic mutations occurring during micro- and mega-sporogenesis. 2n gametes have been identified or artificially induced in a large number of plant species. Breeding of plants through 2n gametes can be advantageous because it combines genetic effects of polyploidy with meiotic recombination and sexual hybridization to produce tremendous genetic variation and heterosis. 2n gametes also occur in ornamental plants, but the potential of using 2n gametes in ornamental plant breeding has not been extensively exploited. Ornamental plants are primarily produced for their esthetic appearance and novelty, not for food and yield, and they can be readily propagated through vegetative means. Triploids, tetraploids, and plants with even higher ploidy levels produced through 2n gametes can be propagated through tissue culture to fix their phenotypes, thus leading to the development of new cultivars. In this review article, we intend to discuss the mechanisms underlying the formation of 2n gametes, techniques for 2n gamete identification, methods for enhancing 2n gamete formation, and the current status in the use of 2n gametes for development of novel ornamental plants. We believe that polyploidy breeding through 2n gametes represents a viable way of developing new cultivars, new species, and even new genera of ornamental plants.
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To investigate the characteristics and sources of atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a typical industrial zone in Dongguan, 56 VOCs species were continuously measured in Houjie Town of Dongguan in summer of 2020. In addition, mass concentrations of O3, NOx, and CO and meteorological data were synchronously collected. Then, characteristics of total VOCs and major species, the contributions of major VOCs species to ozone formation potential (OFP), and source apportionment of VOCs under the different ozone concentrations were discussed. The mean mixing ratio of VOCs was 53.1×10-9 including aromatics (24.7×10-9), alkanes (23.7×10-9), alkenes (3.9×10-9), and alkynes (0.7×10-9). The mean mixing ratios of aromatics, alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes increased approximately 10%, 43%, 38%, and 98% during the period of ozone pollution, respectively, compared with those during the period of non-ozone pollution. Aromatics contributed the most to OFP during the periods of both ozone pollution and non-ozone pollution, followed by alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Solvent sources, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) leakage, fossil fuel combustion, and hydrocarbon volatilization were resolved using the PMF model, which accounted for 60%±20%, 16%±11%, 15%±11%, and 9%±6% of total VOCs, respectively. During the period of ozone pollution, the contribution of solvent sources to the total VOCs decreased to 44%, whereas that of LPG leakage and hydrocarbon volatilization increased to 21% and 16%, respectively.