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Lipid metabolism is widely reprogrammed in tumor cells. Lipid droplet is a common organelle existing in most mammal cells, and its complex and dynamic functions in maintaining redox and metabolic balance, regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress, modulating chemoresistance, and providing essential biomolecules and ATP have been well established in tumor cells. The balance between lipid droplet formation and catabolism is critical to maintaining energy metabolism in tumor cells, while the process of energy metabolism affects various functions essential for tumor growth. The imbalance of synthesis and catabolism of fatty acids in tumor cells leads to the alteration of lipid droplet content in tumor cells. Diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2, the enzymes that catalyze the final step of triglyceride synthesis, participate in the formation of lipid droplets in tumor cells and in the regulation of cell proliferation, migration and invasion, chemoresistance, and prognosis in tumor. Several diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 inhibitors have been developed over the past decade and have shown anti-tumor effects in preclinical tumor models and improvement of metabolism in clinical trials. In this review, we highlight key features of fatty acid metabolism and different paradigms of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 activities on cell proliferation, migration, chemoresistance, and prognosis in tumor, with the hope that these scientific findings will have potential clinical implications.
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Diacilglicerol O-Acetiltransferasa , Neoplasias , Animales , Humanos , Diacilglicerol O-Acetiltransferasa/genética , Diacilglicerol O-Acetiltransferasa/metabolismo , Triglicéridos/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Lipogénesis , Proliferación Celular , Mamíferos/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Uterine serous carcinoma is a highly aggressive non-endometrioid subtype of endometrial cancer with poor survival rates overall, creating a strong need for new therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes. High-dose ascorbate (vitamin C) has been shown to inhibit cell proliferation and tumor growth in multiple preclinical models and has shown promising anti-tumor activity in combination with chemotherapy, with a favorable safety profile. We aimed to study the anti-tumor effects of ascorbate and its synergistic effect with carboplatin on uterine serous carcinoma cells. METHODS: Cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT and colony formation assays in ARK1, ARK2 and SPEC2 cells. Cellular stress, antioxidant ability, cleaved caspase 3 activity and adhesion were measured by ELISA assays. Cell cycle was detected by Cellometer. Invasion was measured using a wound healing assay. Changes in protein expression were determined by Western immunoblotting. RESULTS: High-dose ascorbate significantly inhibited cell proliferation, caused cell cycle arrest, induced cellular stress, and apoptosis, increased DNA damage, and suppressed cell invasion in ARK1 and SPEC2 cells. Treatment of both cells with 1 mM N-acetylcysteine reversed ascorbate-induced apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation. The combination of ascorbate and carboplatin produced significant synergistic effects in inhibiting cell proliferation and invasion, inducing cellular stress, causing DNA damage, and enhancing cleaved caspase 3 levels compared to each compound alone in both cells. CONCLUSIONS: Ascorbate has potent antitumor activity and acts synergistically with carboplatin through its pro-oxidant effects. Clinical trials of ascorbate combined with carboplatin as adjuvant treatment of uterine serous carcinoma are worth exploring.
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Apoptosis , Ácido Ascórbico , Carboplatino , Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Neoplasias Uterinas , Ácido Ascórbico/farmacología , Ácido Ascórbico/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Carboplatino/farmacología , Carboplatino/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Línea Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias Uterinas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Uterinas/patología , Neoplasias Uterinas/metabolismo , Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso/tratamiento farmacológico , Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso/patología , Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso/metabolismo , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Daño del ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Overweight/obesity is the strongest risk factor for endometrial cancer (EC), and weight management can reduce that risk and improve survival. We aimed to establish the differential benefits of intermittent energy restriction (IER) and low-fat diet (LFD), alone and in combination with paclitaxel, to reverse the procancer effects of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in a mouse model of EC. METHODS: Lkb1fl/flp53fl/fl mice were fed HFD or LFD to generate obese and lean phenotypes, respectively. Obese mice were maintained on a HFD or switched to a LFD (HFD-LFD) or IER (HFD-IER). Ten weeks after induction of endometrial cancer, mice in each group received paclitaxel or placebo for 4 weeks. Body and tumor weights; tumoral transcriptomic, metabolomic and oxylipin profiles; and serum metabolic hormones and chemocytokines were assessed. RESULTS: HFD-IER and HFD-LFD, relative to HFD, reduced body weight; reversed obesity-induced alterations in serum insulin, leptin and inflammatory factors; and decreased tumor incidence and mass, often to levels emulating those associated with continuous LFD. Concurrent paclitaxel, versus placebo, enhanced tumor suppression in each group, with greatest benefit in HFD-IER. The diets produced distinct tumoral gene expression and metabolic profiles, with HFD-IER associated with a more favorable (antitumor) metabolic and inflammatory environment. CONCLUSION: In Lkb1fl/flp53fl/fl mice, IER is generally more effective than LFD in promoting weight loss, inhibiting obesity-related endometrial tumor growth (particularly in combination with paclitaxel), and reversing detrimental obesity-related metabolic effects. These findings lay the foundation for further investigations of IER as an EC prevention and treatment strategies in overweight/obesity women.
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Dieta Alta en Grasa , Neoplasias Endometriales , Ratones Transgénicos , Obesidad , Paclitaxel , Animales , Femenino , Paclitaxel/farmacología , Paclitaxel/administración & dosificación , Neoplasias Endometriales/patología , Neoplasias Endometriales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Endometriales/metabolismo , Ratones , Obesidad/metabolismo , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Restricción Calórica/métodos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Purpose: To study the effects of prior pelvic radiotherapy on bone marrow suppression in recurrent cervical cancer patients during chemotherapy. Methods and materials: The cases of 129 patients with recurrent cervical cancer were reviewed, of which 77 patients had pelvic radiotherapy history and another 52 patients with no pelvic radiotherapy history were used as control group. All patients received a chemotherapy regimen of paclitaxel combined with carboplatin (TC) per 21 days for 5-6 times. Hematologic toxicity, including count of red blood cell, white blood cell and neutrophil cell and platelet, was defined by using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (version 4.0). The relationship between age, body mass index, disease free survival, pathological types, FIGO stages, radiotherapy methods and the degree of bone marrow suppression during chemotherapy was statistically analyzed, respectively, for all recurrent cervical cancer patients. Results: Among 77 patients with previous radiotherapy history, 73 recurrent patients (94.8%) had bone marrow suppression followed by chemotherapy. Recurrent cervical cancer patients without prior radiotherapy (n=52) showed a lower risk of bone marrow suppression followed by chemotherapy (n=39, 75.0%, P < 0.05). The probability of severe bone marrow suppression (grade III-IV) after chemotherapy in recurrent cervical patients with or without history of radiotherapy was 41.6% and 13.5%, respectively (P < 0.05). In univariate analysis, radiotherapy methods were associated with the incidence of grade III-IV bone marrow suppression in recurrent cervical cancer patients (P=0.005). In multivariate analysis, radiotherapy methods and extended-field radiotherapy were the risk factor of grade III-IV bone marrow suppression (χ2=16.975, P=0.001). No significant differences in the counts of white blood cell, hemoglobin and platelet were observed before chemotherapy at relapse between patients with and without prior radiotherapy. Reduction of white blood cell counts, absolute value of neutrophil cell and platelet counts composited majority type of grade III and IV bone marrow suppression. Conclusions: The prior pelvic radiotherapy significantly increased the incidence of bone marrow suppression during chemotherapy in recurrent cervical cancer patients. When treating recurrent cervical cancer patients with chemotherapy who had prior radiotherapy, especially for those experienced external beam radiation therapy, essential attention and timely intervention are recommended to ensure completion of chemotherapy and clinical efficacy.
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Médula Ósea , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino , Humanos , Femenino , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/radioterapia , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/patología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/tratamiento farmacológico , Persona de Mediana Edad , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/patología , Médula Ósea/efectos de la radiación , Médula Ósea/efectos de los fármacos , Médula Ósea/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Carboplatino/administración & dosificación , Carboplatino/uso terapéutico , Carboplatino/efectos adversos , Paclitaxel/administración & dosificación , Paclitaxel/uso terapéutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efectos adversos , Pelvis/efectos de la radiación , Pelvis/patología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Supervivencia sin EnfermedadRESUMEN
Coherent perfect absorption (CPA) or reflection (CPR) are methods to realize the extreme manipulation on an optical field. We propose a scheme to operate a bistable switch with convertible CPA and/or CPR. Generally, CPA and CPR occur with different input-field phases. For example, CPA is realized when two input probe beams are in phase; instead, CPR is achieved when they are out of phase. In this scheme, a CPA state can be converted to a CPR state by an incoherent field although two input fields are in phase. When we use the incoherent field as a switching field, the CPA (CPR) state is treated as the closed (open) state. As a result, the switching efficiency can theoretically reach a maximum value, i.e., η = 1. In addition, the switch can be operated in the linear regime with a weak input field, and in the nonlinear or bistable regime with a strong input field. Moreover, the efficiency of the bistable switch is sensitively dependent on the input-field intensity. It provides a potential application of this work on sensitive optical detecting.
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OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the association between diet and angiogenic biomarkers in KpB mice, and the association between these markers, body mass index (BMI), and overall survival (OS) in high-grade serous cancers (HGSC). METHODS: Tumors previously obtained from KpB mice subjected to high-fat diets (HFD, n = 10) or low-fat diets (LFD, n = 10) were evaluated for angiogenesis based on CD-31 microvessel density (MVD). Data from prior microarray analysis (Agilent 244 K arrays) conducted in 10 mice were utilized to assess associations between diet and angiogenetic biomarkers. Agilent (mouse) and Affymetrix Human Genome U133a probes were linked to 162 angiogenic-related genes. The associations between biomarkers, BMI, and OS were evaluated in an HGSC internal database (IDB) (n = 40). Genes with unadjusted p < 0.05 were evaluated for association with OS in the TCGA-OV database (n = 339). RESULTS: There was no association between CD-31 and diet in mice (p = 0.66). Sixteen angiogenic-related genes passed the p < 0.05 threshold for association with HFD vs. LFD. Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGFA) demonstrated 72% higher expression in HFD vs. LFD mice (p = 0.04). Similar to the mouse study, in our HGSC IDB, higher TGFA expression correlated with higher BMI (p = 0.01) and shorter survival (p = 0.001). In the TCGA-OV dataset, BMI data was not available and there was no association between TGFA and OS (p = 0.48). CONCLUSIONS: HFD and obesity may promote tumor progression via differential modulation of TGFA. We were unable to confirm this finding in the TCGA dataset. Further evaluation of TGFA is needed to determine if this is a target unique to obesity-driven HGSC.
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Dieta Alta en Grasa , Neoplasias Ováricas , Humanos , Ratones , Animales , Femenino , Carcinoma Epitelial de Ovario/genética , Carcinoma Epitelial de Ovario/complicaciones , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Obesidad/genética , Obesidad/complicaciones , Neoplasias Ováricas/genética , Neoplasias Ováricas/complicaciones , Expresión Génica , Biomarcadores , Ratones Endogámicos C57BLRESUMEN
Endometriosis is a hormone-dependent disease in women of reproductive age and seriously affects women's health. To analyze the involvement of sex hormone receptors in endometriosis development, we performed bioinformatics analysis using four datasets derived from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, which may help us understand the mechanisms by which the sex hormones act in vivo in endometriosis patients. The enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that there are different key genes and pathways involved in eutopic endometrium aberrations of endometriosis patients and endometriotic lesions, and sex hormone receptors, including androgen receptor (AR), progesterone receptor (PGR) and estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), may play important roles in endometriosis development. Androgen receptor (AR), as the hub gene of endometrial aberrations in endometriotic patients, showed positive expression in the main cell types for endometriosis development, and its decreased expression in the endometrium of endometriotic patients was also confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The nomogram model established based on it displayed good predictive value.
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Endometriosis , Humanos , Femenino , Endometriosis/genética , Receptores Androgénicos/genética , Biología Computacional , Bases de Datos Factuales , Hormonas Esteroides GonadalesRESUMEN
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological malignancy of the reproductive organs in the United States. Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) is an important cell cycle regulatory protein that specifically controls the G2/M phase transition of the cell cycle. RO-3306 is a selective, ATP-competitive, and cell-permeable CDK1 inhibitor that shows potent anti-tumor activity in multiple pre-clinical models. In this study, we investigated the effect of CDK1 expression on the prognosis of patients with ovarian cancer and the anti-tumorigenic effect of RO-3306 in both ovarian cancer cell lines and a genetically engineered mouse model of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (KpB model). In 147 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer, the overexpression of CDK1 was significantly associated with poor prognosis compared with a low expression group. RO-3306 significantly inhibited cellular proliferation, induced apoptosis, caused cellular stress, and reduced cell migration. The treatment of KpB mice with RO-3306 for four weeks showed a significant decrease in tumor weight under obese and lean conditions without obvious side effects. Overall, our results demonstrate that the inhibition of CDK1 activity by RO-3306 effectively reduces cell proliferation and tumor growth, providing biological evidence for future clinical trials of CDK1 inhibitors in ovarian cancer.
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Proteína Quinasa CDC2 , Neoplasias Ováricas , Humanos , Femenino , Ratones , Animales , Ratones Transgénicos , Proteína Quinasa CDC2/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Neoplasias Ováricas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Ováricas/genética , Neoplasias Ováricas/metabolismo , Proliferación Celular , CarcinogénesisRESUMEN
In recent years, the biological role of changes in physical factors in carcinogenesis and progression has attracted increasing attention. Matrix stiffness, also known as ECM stress, is a critical physical factor of tumor microenvironment and remains alternating during carcinogenesis as a result of ECM remodeling through activation of cancer-associated fibroblasts and extracellular collagen accumulation, crosslinking and fibrosis. Different content and density of extracellular collagen in ECM endows matrix with varying stiffness. Physical signals induced by matrix stiffness are transmitted to tumor cells primarily by the integrins receptor family and trigger a series of mechanotransduction that result in changes in tumor cell morphology, proliferative capacity, and invasive ability. Importantly, accumulating evidence revealed that changes in matrix stiffness in tumor tissues greatly control the sensitivity of tumor cells in response to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy through integrin signaling, YAP signaling, and related signaling pathways. Here, the present review analyzes the current research advances on matrix stiffness and tumor cell behavior with a view to contributing to tumor cell growth and treatment, with the hope of improving the understanding of the biological role of matrix stiffness in tumors.
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Matriz Extracelular , Neoplasias , Humanos , Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Mecanotransducción Celular , Neoplasias/patología , Colágeno/metabolismo , Carcinogénesis/patología , Microambiente TumoralRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Evaluate association between obesity and angiogenic-related gene expression in endometrial cancer (EC). Evaluate interaction between diet and metformin on angiogenic-related gene expression. METHODS: We evaluated the association between 168 human angiogenic-related genes and body mass index (BMI) in the TCGA Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma cohort (endometrioid endometrial cancer (EEC) cohort n = 290, and copy number high cohort n = 55), an independent validation cohort from Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence (GYN-COE) (n = 62) and corresponding 185 homologous mouse genes in an LKB1fl/flp53fl/fl mouse model of EC (n = 20). Mice received 60% of calories from fat in a high-fat diet (HFD), mimicking diet-induced obesity, versus 10% of calories from fat in a low-fat diet (LFD). After tumor growth, HFD (n = 5) and LFD (n = 5) mice were treated with metformin (200 mg/kg/day) or control. Whole transcriptome analysis of mouse tumors was performed using RNA-Seq. RESULTS: At a false-discovery rate of 10%, twenty-one angiogenic-related genes were differentially expressed with respect to BMI when adjusting for grade in the TCGA EEC cohort. Evaluation of these genes in the mouse model control group revealed association between increased Edil3 expression in HFD versus LFD mice (2.5-fold change (FC); unadjusted p = 0.03). An interaction was observed for expression of Edil3 between diet and metformin treatment (unadjusted p = 0.009). Association between BMI and increased expression of EDIL3 was validated in one of four EDIL3 probesets in the GYN-COE cohort (p = 0.0011, adjusted p = 0.0342). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity may promote tumor progression via differential modulation of angiogenic pathways in EEC. Our exploratory findings demonstrated that EDIL3 may be a candidate gene of interest.
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Proteínas de Unión al Calcio/genética , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/genética , Neoplasias Endometriales/genética , Neovascularización Fisiológica/genética , Obesidad/complicaciones , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/genética , Animales , Índice de Masa Corporal , Conjuntos de Datos como Asunto , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Neoplasias Endometriales/patología , Femenino , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Metformina/administración & dosificación , Ratones Transgénicos , Neovascularización Fisiológica/efectos de los fármacos , Obesidad/genética , RNA-Seq , Proteína p53 Supresora de Tumor/genéticaRESUMEN
A survey was carried among 412 participants to examine mental health literacy in rural China. Two vignettes depicting schizophrenia and depression were presented, and participants were asked to reflect on their recognition and the beliefs about the causes, consequences, and the treatments of the conditions described. Results show that the recognition rates for schizophrenia and depression were 76.9% and 67.7%, respectively. Participants believed work stress, life stress, and encountered frustration were the most important reasons for mental illnesses. Participants believed that mental illnesses could cause many severe consequences to patients, such as emotional pain, bringing pain to the family, deterioration of interpersonal relationships, and destroying the individual's life. The participants were more likely to recommend nonmedical treatment for the patients in the two vignettes. Participants having a higher educational level were more likely to be aware of the consequences of the mental illnesses, and they also had a more positive attitude toward seeking professional help.
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Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Alfabetización en Salud , Trastornos Mentales/epidemiología , Percepción , Población Rural , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , China/epidemiología , Femenino , Alfabetización en Salud/tendencias , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/psicología , Trastornos Mentales/terapia , Persona de Mediana Edad , Población Rural/tendencias , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Evaluating the accuracy (ie, estimating the sensitivity and specificity) of new diagnostic tests without the presence of a gold standard is of practical meaning and has been the subject of intensive study for several decades. Existing methods use 2 or more diagnostic tests under several basic assumptions and then estimate the accuracy parameters via the maximum likelihood estimation. One of the basic assumptions is the conditional independence of the tests given the disease status. This assumption is impractical in many real applications in veterinary research. Several methods have been proposed with various dependence models to relax this assumption. However, these methods impose subjective dependence structures, which may not be practical and may introduce additional nuisance parameters. In this article, we propose a simple method for addressing this problem without the conditional independence assumption, using an empirical conditioning approach. The proposed method reduces to the popular Hui-Walter model in the case of conditional independence. Also, our likelihood function is of order-2 polynomial in parameters, while that of Hui-Walter is of order-3. The reduced model complexity increases the stability in estimation. Simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, which shows overall smaller biases in estimation and is more stable than the existing method, especially when tests are conditionally dependent. Two real data examples are used to illustrate the proposed method.
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Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the most common malignancies affecting women worldwide. While the morbidity and mortality associated with CC are decreasing in western countries, they both remain high in developing countries. Unfortunately, many issues about molecular mechanisms of CC are not clear yet. miRNAs are a group of small noncoding RNAs that could post-transcriptionally modulate the expression of specific genes and participate in the initiation and progression of multiple diseases including CC. In the last decade, mounting evidences suggest an association between miRNAs and human papillomavirus infection, as well as variations in biologic behavior, treatment response and prognosis in CC. Herein, we highlight the latest findings in this area and the potential applications.
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Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , MicroARNs/genética , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/etiología , Animales , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Papillomavirus/virología , Pronóstico , Tolerancia a Radiación/genética , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/mortalidad , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/patología , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/terapiaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Intravenous leiomyomas are a rare variant of uterine leiomyoma. Although histologically benign, these tumors are associated with a poor prognosis due to propensity for metastasis, high recurrence rate, difficulty of obtaining complete resection, and frequent extension into and along major veins. CASE PRESENTATION: We describe a 43-year-old patient initially presenting with lower abdominal pain. Clinical examination revealed a large right pelvic mass that was shown by computed tomography (CT) to surround the right external iliac vein, right common iliac vein and distal inferior vena cava. The patient had a history of total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral ovarian cystectomies for uterine leiomyoma approximately 3 years prior to her presentation. Her past surgical history also included removal of an ovarian endometriosis cyst and right hydrosalpinx. The patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy. Operative findings included complete occlusion of the right iliac vessels and distal vena cava by a large tumor that filled the pelvis and extended to the level of the right kidney. The mass was resected en bloc with the involved veins and synthetic vascular grafts were placed. This highly technical procedure was complicated by hemorrhage requiring a total of 32 units of red blood cells and 2.0 L of plasma. Pathologic examination confirmed intravenous leiomyoma. On Immunohistochemical staining, the tumor cells were positive for CD32, CD34, Vimentin and smooth muscle actin. Eight months after this procedure, the patient again presented with an abdominal mass. She was diagnosed with a pelvic recurrence and noted to have intravascular extension into the left iliac vein and inferior vena cava. For this tumor she underwent radiation treatment with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (total dose 4500 cGy). The tumor gradually decreased in size during follow-up and became undetectable by CT. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical excision is the mainstay of treatment of intravenous leiomyoma. Radiation therapy may be an effective alternative in patients with unresectable disease or poor surgical candidates.
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Neoplasias Cardíacas/patología , Leiomioma/patología , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/patología , Neoplasias Uterinas/patología , Adulto , Femenino , Neoplasias Cardíacas/radioterapia , Neoplasias Cardíacas/secundario , Humanos , Histerectomía , Vena Ilíaca/diagnóstico por imagen , Vena Ilíaca/patología , Leiomioma/radioterapia , Leiomioma/cirugía , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/radioterapia , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/cirugía , Radiografía , Neoplasias Uterinas/complicacionesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Obesity and diabetes are well-known risk factors for the development of endometrial cancer. A high rate of aerobic glycolysis represents a key mechanism by which endometrial cancer cells consume glucose as its primary energy source. The up-regulated glycolytic pathway is a common therapeutic target whose inhibition has implications for anti-tumor activity in cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate the effect of various concentrations of glucose on cell proliferation in endometrial cancer. METHODS: ECC-1 and Ishikawa cells were treated with low glucose (1mM), normal glucose (5mM) and high glucose (25mM), and cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cell cycle, adhesion/invasion, and changes of AMPK/mTOR/S6 and MAPK pathways were evaluated. RESULTS: Our results revealed that high glucose increased cell growth and clonogenicity in two endometrial cancer cell lines in a dose dependent manner. Low glucose induced the activity of cleaved caspase 3 and caused cell cycle G1 arrest. High glucose increased the ability of adhesion and invasion by decreasing E-cadherin and increasing Snail expression. In addition, high glucose increased glucose uptake and glycolytic activity through modulating the AMPK/mTOR/S6 and MAPK pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that glucose stimulated cell proliferation through multiple complex signaling pathways. Targeting glucose metabolism may be a promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of endometrial cancer.
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Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Neoplasias Endometriales/metabolismo , Neoplasias Endometriales/patología , Glucosa/metabolismo , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/metabolismo , Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ciclo Celular/fisiología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/fisiología , Femenino , Glucosa/administración & dosificación , Glucólisis , Humanos , Invasividad Neoplásica , Proteínas Quinasas S6 Ribosómicas/metabolismo , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Epithelial ovarian carcinoma is the most lethal gynecological cancer due to its silent onset and recurrence with resistance to chemotherapy. Overexpression of oncogene c-Myc is one of the most frequently encountered events present in ovarian carcinoma. Disrupting the function of c-Myc and its downstream target genes is a promising strategy for cancer therapy. Our objective was to evaluate the potential effects of small-molecule c-Myc inhibitor, 10058-F4, on ovarian carcinoma cells and the underlying mechanisms by which 10058-F4 exerts its actions. Using MTT assay, colony formation, flow cytometry and Annexin V FITC assays, we found that 10058-F4 significantly inhibited cell proliferation of both SKOV3 and Hey ovarian cancer cells in a dose dependent manner through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle G1 arrest. Treatment with 10058-F4 reduced cellular ATP production and ROS levels in SKOV3 and Hey cells. Consistently, primary cultures of ovarian cancer treated with 10058-F4 showed induction of caspase-3 activity and inhibition of cell proliferation in 15 of 18 cases. The response to 10058-F4 was independent the level of c-Myc protein over-expression in primary cultures of ovarian carcinoma. These novel findings suggest that the growth of ovarian cancer cells is dependent upon c-MYC activity and that targeting c-Myc-Max heterodimerization could be a potential therapeutic strategy for ovarian cancer.
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Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Factores de Transcripción Básicos con Cremalleras de Leucinas y Motivos Hélice-Asa-Hélice/antagonistas & inhibidores , Neoplasias Glandulares y Epiteliales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Ováricas/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-myc/antagonistas & inhibidores , Tiazoles/uso terapéutico , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Transcripción Básicos con Cremalleras de Leucinas y Motivos Hélice-Asa-Hélice/metabolismo , Carcinoma Epitelial de Ovario , Puntos de Control del Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos Antitumorales , Femenino , Humanos , Terapia Molecular Dirigida , Neoplasias Glandulares y Epiteliales/patología , Neoplasias Ováricas/patología , Multimerización de Proteína/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-myc/metabolismo , Células Tumorales Cultivadas , Ensayo de Tumor de Célula MadreRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to evaluate the effects of simvastatin on endometrial cancer cell lines and primary cultures of endometrial cancer cells. METHODS: Cell proliferation in the ECC-1 and Ishikawa endometrial cancer cell lines and primary cultures of endometrial cancer cells was assessed by MTT assay. Apoptosis and cell cycle were detected by Annexin V assay and propidium iodide staining, respectively. Reactive oxygen species and cell adhesion were assessed using ELISA assays. Invasion was analyzed using a transwell invasion assay. Mitochondrial DNA damage was confirmed using qPCR. The effects of simvastatin on the AKT/mTOR and MAPK pathways were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS: Simvastatin inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner in both endometrial cancer cell lines and 5/8 primary cultures of endometrial cancer cells. Simvastatin treatment resulted in G1 cell cycle arrest, a reduction in the enzymatic activity of HMG-CoA, induction of apoptosis as well as DNA damage and cellular stress. Treatment with simvastatin resulted in inhibition of the MAPK pathway and exhibited differential effects on the AKT/mTOR pathway in the ECC-1 and Ishikawa cells. Minimal change in AKT phosphorylation was seen in both cell lines. An increase in phosphorylated S6 was seen in ECC-1 and a decrease was seen in Ishikawa. Treatment with simvastatin reduced cell adhesion and invasion (p<0.01) in both cell lines. CONCLUSION: Simvastatin had significant anti-proliferative and anti-metastatic effects in endometrial cancer cells, possibly through modulation of the MAPK and AKT/mTOR pathways, suggesting that statins may be a promising treatment strategy for endometrial cancer.
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Neoplasias Endometriales/tratamiento farmacológico , Inhibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Reductasas/uso terapéutico , Simvastatina/uso terapéutico , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Adhesión Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias Endometriales/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Invasividad Neoplásica , Metástasis de la Neoplasia/tratamiento farmacológico , Células Tumorales CultivadasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Obesity is associated with increased risk and worse outcomes for ovarian cancer. Thus, we examined the effects of obesity on ovarian cancer progression in a genetically engineered mouse model of serous ovarian cancer. METHODS: We utilized a unique serous ovarian cancer mouse model that specifically deletes the tumor suppressor genes, Brca1 and p53, and inactivates the retinoblastoma (Rb) proteins in adult ovarian surface epithelial cells, via injection of an adenoviral vector expressing Cre (AdCre) into the ovarian bursa cavity of adult female mice (KpB mouse model). KpB mice were subjected to a 60% calories-derived from fat in a high fat diet (HFD) versus 10% calories from fat in a low fat diet (LFD) to mimic diet-induced obesity. Tumors were isolated at 6 months after AdCre injection and evaluated histologically. Untargeted metabolomic and gene expression profiling was performed to assess differences in the ovarian tumors from obese versus non-obese KpB mice. RESULTS: At sacrifice, mice on the HFD (obese) were twice the weight of mice on the LFD (non-obese) (51g versus 31g, p=0.0003). Ovarian tumors were significantly larger in the obese versus non-obese mice (3.7cm(2) versus 1.2cm(2), p=0.0065). Gene expression and metabolomic profiling indicated statistically significant differences between the ovarian tumors from the obese versus non-obese mice, including metabolically relevant pathways.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma/patología , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Metaboloma , Obesidad/complicaciones , Neoplasias Ováricas/patología , Animales , Carcinoma/complicaciones , Carcinoma/metabolismo , Dieta con Restricción de Grasas , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Neoplasias Ováricas/complicaciones , Neoplasias Ováricas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Background: Epigenetic dysregulation has been implicated in the development and progression of a variety of human diseases, but epigenetic changes are reversible, and epigenetic enzymes and regulatory proteins can be targeted using small molecules. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis), as a class of epigenetic drugs, are widely used to treat various cancers and other diseases involving abnormal gene expression. Results: Specially, HDACis have emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the therapeutic effect of non-neoplastic conditions, including neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, renal diseases, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, infectious diseases and rare diseases, along with their related mechanisms. However, their clinical efficacy has been limited by drug resistance and toxicity. Conclusions: To date, most clinical trials of HDAC inhibitors have been related to the treatment of cancer rather than the treatment of non-cancer diseases, for which experimental studies are gradually underway. Discussions regarding non-neoplastic diseases often concentrate on specific disease types. Therefore, this review highlights the development of HDACis and their potential therapeutic applications in non-neoplastic diseases, either as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs or therapies.
RESUMEN
Ascorbate (vitamin C) is an essential vitamin for the human body and participates in various physiological processes as an important coenzyme and antioxidant. Furthermore, the role of ascorbate in the prevention and treatment of cancer including gynecological cancer has gained much more interest recently. The bioavailability and certain biological functions of ascorbate are distinct in males versus females due to differences in lean body mass, sex hormones, and lifestyle factors. Despite epidemiological evidence that ascorbate-rich foods and ascorbate plasma concentrations are inversely related to cancer risk, ascorbate has not demonstrated a significant protective effect in patients with gynecological cancers. Adequate ascorbate intake may have the potential to reduce the risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and high-risk HPV persistence status. High-dose ascorbate exerts antitumor activity and synergizes with chemotherapeutic agents in preclinical cancer models of gynecological cancer. In this review, we provide evidence for the biological activity of ascorbate in females and discuss the potential role of ascorbate in the prevention and treatment of ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancers.