A large presence/absence variation in the promotor of the ClLOG gene determines trichome elongation in watermelon.

KEY MESSAGE: The ClLOG gene encoding a cytokinin riboside 5'-monophosphate phosphoribohydrolase determines trichome length in watermelon, which is associated with its promoter variations. Trichomes, which are differentiated from epidermal cells, are special accessory structures that cover the above-ground organs of plants and possibly contribute to biotic and abiotic stress resistance. Here, a bulked segregant analysis (BSA) of an F2 population with significant variations in trichome length was undertaken. A 1.84-Mb candidate region on chromosome 10 was associated with trichome length. Resequencing and fine-mapping analyses indicated that a 12-kb structural variation in the promoter of Cla97C10G203450 (ClLOG) led to a significant expression difference in this gene in watermelon lines with different trichome lengths. In addition, a virus-induced gene silencing analysis confirmed that ClLOG positively regulated trichome elongation. These findings provide new information and identify a potential target gene for controlling multicellular trichome elongation in watermelon.

The Protective Effects of Sour Orange (Citrus aurantium L.) Polymethoxyflavones on Mice Irradiation-Induced Intestinal Injury.

Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) is one of the biological sources of polymethoxyflavones (PMFs), which are often used to deal with gastrointestinal diseases. The intestine is highly sensitive to irradiation damage. However, limited certain cures have been released for irradiation-induced gastrointestinal injury, and the potentials of sour orange PMFs as radio-resistance agents have not been fully discussed yet. The present study aims to (1) investigate the PMF components in 12 sour orange cultivars, (2) determine the protective effects of PMFs on irradiation-induced intestinal injury by treating mice that received 12 Gy abdominal irradiation with different doses of PMFs and observing the changes in organ indexes and pathological sections and (3) test cytotoxicity of PMFs by CCK-8 method. The results showed that sour orange PMFs appeared to have high intraspecies similarity. Besides, PMFs protected mice from irradiation-induced injury by alleviating body weight loss, reliving organ index changing and maintaining the intestinal structure. Finally, IC50 concentrations to cell line CCD 841 CoN of PMFs and nobiletin were calculated as 42.23 µg/mL and 51.58 µg/mL, respectively. Our study uncovered PMF contents in 12 sour orange materials and determined the protective effects on irradiation-induced intestinal injuries, providing guidance for the utilization of sour orange resources.

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals gene expression differences between two peach cultivars under saline-alkaline stress.

BACKGROUND: Saline-alkaline stress is a major abiotic stress that is harmful to plant growth worldwide. Two peach cultivars (GF677 and Maotao) display distinct phenotypes under saline-alkaline stress. The molecular mechanism explaining the differences between the two cultivars is still unclear. RESULTS: In the present study, we systematically analysed the changes in GF677 and Maotao leaves upon saline-alkaline stress by using cytological and biochemical technologies as well as comparative transcriptome analysis. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations showed that the structure of granum was dispersive in Maotao chloroplasts. The biochemical analysis revealed that POD activity and the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, as well as iron, were notably decreased in Maotao. Comparative transcriptome analysis detected 881 genes with differential expression (including 294 upregulated and 587 downregulated) under the criteria of |log2 Ratio| ≥ 1 and FDR ≤0.01. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that all differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were grouped into 30 groups. MapMan annotation of DEGs showed that photosynthesis, antioxidation, ion metabolism, and WRKY TF were activated in GF677, while cell wall degradation, secondary metabolism, starch degradation, MYB TF, and bHLH TF were activated in Maotao. Several iron and stress-related TFs (ppa024966m, ppa010295m, ppa0271826m, ppa002645m, ppa010846m, ppa009439m, ppa008846m, and ppa007708m) were further discussed from a functional perspective based on the phylogenetic tree integration of other species homologues. CONCLUSIONS: According to the cytological and molecular differences between the two cultivars, we suggest that the integrity of chloroplast structure and the activation of photosynthesis as well as stress-related genes are crucial for saline-alkaline resistance in GF677. The results presented in this report provide a theoretical basis for cloning saline-alkaline tolerance genes and molecular breeding to improve saline-alkaline tolerance in peach.

Tracing the production area of citrus fruits using aroma-active compounds and their quality evaluation models.

BACKGROUND: Aroma is one of the most important aspects of fruit quality and can reflect the characteristics of different fruits. Aroma-active compounds can usefully be employed to trace the production areas of two citrus cultivars ('Eureka' lemon and 'Huapi' kumquat) and to evaluate their aroma quality. RESULTS: 'Huapi' kumquat peel displayed higher monoterpene and sesquiterpene compound content, whereas 'Eureka' lemon peel exhibited higher monoterpene and monoterpene aldehyde compound content. 'Eureka' lemon peel ('Wanzhou' cultivar) had higher nerol acetate and geraniol acetate compound content. Kumquat peel ('Suichuan' and 'Rongan' cultivars) had higher sesquiterpene content. In addition, 30 and 31 aroma-active compounds were observed in kumquat and lemon, respectively, based on their odor activity values. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) results indicated that classification for production areas based on aroma-active compounds was useful. The selected aroma-active compounds have been checked as aroma quality parameters that could be used with multivariate analysis to establish a model of aroma quality evaluation. Higher aroma quality values from kumquat and lemon were collected from Rongan and Wanzhou cultivars, respectively. CONCLUSION: Aroma-active compounds can be used to discriminate production areas using multivariate statistics. An objective method was established to evaluate the aroma quality of citrus fruits. 'Huapi' kumquat and 'Eureka' lemon, which had the highest aroma quality, was harvested from the Rongan and Wanzhou production areas. This was the first time that the aroma quality of citrus fruits was evaluated using multivariate analysis. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

The Anti-Aging Potential of Neohesperidin and Its Synergistic Effects with Other Citrus Flavonoids in Extending Chronological Lifespan of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae BY4742.

The anti-aging activity of many plant flavonoids, as well as their mechanisms of action, have been explored in the current literature. However, the studies on the synergistic effects between the different flavonoid compounds were quite limited in previous reports. In this study, by using a high throughput assay, we tested the synergistic effects between different citrus flavonoids throughout the yeast's chronological lifespan (CLS). We studied the effect of four flavonoid compounds including naringin, hesperedin, hesperitin, neohesperidin, as well as their different combinations on the CLS of the yeast strain BY4742. Their ROS scavenging ability, in vitro antioxidant activity and the influence on the extracellular pH were also tested. The results showed that neohesperidin extended the yeast's CLS in a concentration-dependent manner. Especially, we found that neohesperidin showed great potential in extending CLS of budding yeast individually or synergistically with hesperetin. The neohesperidin exhibited the strongest function in decreasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in yeast. These findings clearly indicated that neohesperidin is potentially an anti-aging citrus flavonoid, and its synergistic effect with other flavonoids on yeast's CLS will be an interesting subject for future research of the anti-aging function of citrus fruits.

Early treatment using fractional CO2 laser before skin suture during scar revision surgery in Asians.

Fractional CO2 laser is one of the most effective treatment options used to resurface scars. However, most previous studies have been performed on mature scars at least 2 months after surgery. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of early treatment to reduce scar formation. In the present study, we described our experience with fractional CO2 laser intervention before skin suture during scar revision surgery in Asians, and found the treatment was safe and effective.

Simultaneous Separation and Purification of Five Polymethoxylated Flavones from "Dahongpao" Tangerine (Citrus tangerina Tanaka) Using Macroporous Adsorptive Resins Combined with Prep-HPLC.

In this study, a preparative separation method was established to simultaneously isolate the polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) from the peel of "Dahongpao" tangerine using macroporous adsorptive resins (MARs) combined with prep-HPLC. The total PMFs were enriched using MARs to remove most sugars, water-soluble pigments, and flavanones, and the eluents obtained were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) to determine the PMF composition. The separation and purification of PMFs were carried out by using a mass spectrometry-guided prep-HPLC with a gradient elution of acetonitrile-water (v/v), simultaneously. The purity of these PMFs was determined by UPLC, and their chemical structures were confirmed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS-MS), ultraviolet (UV), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Using the present method, five PMFs, including 5,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone (1), nobiletin (2), tangeretin (3), sinensetin (4), and 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (5), can be purified simultaneously, and the purity of the compounds obtained were 95.3%, 99.7%, 99.5%, 98.9%, and 98.1%, respectively. The method reported here is simple, rapid, and efficient, and it can be used to separate PMFs from citrus fruit peels and, potentially, other plant materials.

Construction of an Ultrahigh Pressure Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectral Library of Plant Natural Products and Comparative Spectral Analyses.

A plant natural product tandem mass spectral library has been constructed using authentic standards and purified compounds. Currently, the library contains 1734 tandem mass spectra for 289 compounds, with the majority (76%) of the compounds being plant phenolics such as flavonoids, isoflavonoids, and phenylpropanoids. Tandem mass spectra and chromatographic retention data were acquired on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer coupled to an ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatograph using six different collision energies (CEs) (10-60 eV). Comparative analyses of the tandem mass spectral data revealed that the loss of ring substituents preceded the C-ring opening during the fragmentation of flavonoids and isoflavonoids. At lower CE (i.e., 10 and 20 eV), the flavonoids and isoflavonoid central ring structures typically remained intact, and fragmentation was characterized by the loss of the substituents (i.e., methyl and glycosyl groups). At higher CE, the flavonoid and isoflavonoid core ring systems underwent C-ring cleavage and/or rearrangement depending on the structure, particularly hydroxylation patterns. In-source electrochemical oxidation was observed for phenolics that had ortho-diphenol moieties (i.e., vicinal hydroxyl groups on the aromatic rings). The ortho-diphenols were oxidized to ortho-quinones, yielding an intensive and, in most cases, a base ion peak corresponding to a [(M - 2H) - H](-) ion in their mass spectra. The library also contains reverse-phase retention times, allowing for the construction, validation, and testing of an artificial neural network retention prediction of other flavonoids and isoflavonoids not contained within the library. The library is freely available for nonprofit, academic use and it can be downloaded at http://www.noble.org/apps/Scientific/WebDownloadManager/DownloadArea.aspx.

Multiresidue method for the simultaneous determination of 16 acaricides by modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry in citrus.

An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry analytical method was developed for simultaneously determining 16 acaricides in citrus based on an optimized quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe strategy. Good linearities of the standard curve of 5-1000 µg/kg was obtained with regression coefficients higher than 0.9967. Recoveries for all compounds ranged from 72 to 111% with relative standard deviations lower than 14.4% at spiked levels of 5, 50, and 500 µg/kg. Low limits of detection and quantification were readily achieved ranging from 0.05 to 2.7 and 0.10 to 4.3 µg/kg, respectively. Matrix effects were also evaluated for 16 targets with most compounds achieved signal enhancement. Citrus peel gave the highest extent matrix effects, followed by whole citrus and pulp. Finally, this method was successfully applied to detect acaricides residues in real citrus samples. The results showed that pyridaben and quinalphos were the two most frequent and high-concentration compounds with concentrations exceeding the maximum residue limits in five samples, suggesting that the use of these acaricides should be regulated in China in the future.

Phenolic compositions and antioxidant activities of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfadyen) varieties cultivated in China.

The phenolic compounds in different fruit parts including the flavedos, albedos, segment membranes, juice vesicles and seeds of nine grapefruit varieties cultivated in China were determined and their antioxidant capacities were evaluated using three methods. Naringin and neohesperedin were the dominant flavonoids in all grapefruit tested. Fenghongtangmuxun and Jiwei flavedo had the highest contents of naringin (5666.82 µg/g DW) and neohesperedin (1022 µg/g DW), respectively. Gallic acid was the major phenolic acid in all grapefruit tested, and Jiwei juice vesicles had the highest content of gallic acid (343.7 µg/g DW). Fenghongtangmuxun juice vesicles were rich in chlorogenic acid (110.23 µg/g DW), caffeic acid (53.86 µg/g DW) and ferulic acid (23.12 µg/g DW). Overall, the flavedo was rich in flavonoid, while juice vesicle had high amounts of phenolic acid. The Jiwei, Fenghongtangmuxun, Maxu, Huoyan and Hongmaxu grapefruit cultivars contained more phenolics and exhibited higher antioxidant capacities than Shatianyou and Liangpingyou pummelos, and were good sources of natural phytochemical antioxidants.

Dihydrochalcone Compounds Isolated from Crabapple Leaves Showed Anticancer Effects on Human Cancer Cell Lines.

Seven dihydrochalcone compounds were isolated from the leaves of Malus crabapples, cv. "Radiant", and their chemical structures were elucidated by UV, IR, ESI-MS, ¹H-NMR and (13)C-NMR analyses. These compounds, which include trilobatin (A1), phloretin (A2), 3-hydroxyphloretin (A3), phloretin rutinoside (A4), phlorizin (A5), 6''-O-coumaroyl-4'-O-glucopyranosylphloretin (A6), and 3'''-methoxy-6''-O-feruloy-4'-O-glucopyranosyl-phloretin (A7), all belong to the phloretin class and its derivatives. Compounds A6 and A7 are two new rare dihydrochalcone compounds. The results of a MTT cancer cell growth inhibition assay demonstrated that phloretin and these derivatives showed significant positive anticancer activities against several human cancer cell lines, including the A549 human lung cancer cell line, Bel 7402 liver cancer cell line, HepG2 human ileocecal cancer cell line, and HT-29 human colon cancer cell line. A7 had significant effects on all cancer cell lines, suggesting potential applications for phloretin and its derivatives. Adding a methoxyl group to phloretin dramatically increases phloretin's anticancer activity.

Multiple species of wild tree peonies gave rise to the 'king of flowers', Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews.

The origin of cultivated tree peonies, known as the 'king of flowers' in China for more than 1000 years, has attracted considerable interest, but remained unsolved. Here, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of explicitly sampled traditional cultivars of tree peonies and all wild species from the shrubby section Moutan of the genus Paeonia based on sequences of 14 fast-evolved chloroplast regions and 25 presumably single-copy nuclear markers identified from RNA-seq data. The phylogeny of the wild species inferred from the nuclear markers was fully resolved and largely congruent with morphology and classification. The incongruence between the nuclear and chloroplast trees suggested that there had been gene flow between the wild species. The comparison of nuclear and chloroplast phylogenies including cultivars showed that the cultivated tree peonies originated from homoploid hybridization among five wild species. Since the origin, thousands of cultivated varieties have spread worldwide, whereas four parental species are currently endangered or on the verge of extinction. The documentation of extensive homoploid hybridization involved in tree peony domestication provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying the origins of garden ornamentals and the way of preserving natural genetic resources through domestication.

Nobiletin enhances the antifungal activity of eugenol nanoemulsion against Penicillium italicum in both in vitro and in vivo settings.

The study prepared and used eugenol nanoemulsion loaded with nobiletin as fungistat to study its antifungal activity and potential mechanism of Penicillium italicum (P. italicum). The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of eugenol nanoemulsion loaded with nobiletin (EGN) was lower than that of pure eugenol nanoemulsion (EG), which were 160 µg/mL and 320 µg/mL, respectively. At the same time, the mycelial growth inhibition rate of EGN nanoemulsion (54.68 %) was also higher than that of EG nanoemulsion (9.92 %). This indicates that EGN nanoemulsion is more effective than EG nanoemulsion. Compared with EG nanoemulsion, the treatment of EGN nanoemulsion caused more serious damage to the cell structure of P. italicum. At the same time, in vitro inoculation experiments found that EGN nanoemulsion has better control and delay the growth and reproduction of P. italicum in citrus fruits. And the results reflected that EGN nanoemulsion may be considered as potential resouces of natural antiseptic to inhibit blue mold disease of citrus fruits, because it has good antifungal activity.

Effect of polyethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs)-loaded citral and chitosan composite coatings on citrus preservation: From the perspective of fruit resistance.

Previous studies have shown that polymethoxylated flavonoids-loaded citral emulsion (PCT) can inhibit the growth and reproduction of Penicillium in citrus; however, PCT is difficult to apply to fruit preservation due to its high fluidity and volatility. Therefore, in this study, we combined PCT with chitosan (CS) to investigate the effect of a composite coating on citrus preservation. The results showed that compared to the control group, the CS-PCT group could effectively reduce the decay rate and maintain moisture availability, color difference, and hardness. Moreover, the contents of nonenzymatic antioxidants and volatile substances with antimicrobial activity were better preserved. In addition, the activities of related antioxidant enzymes were greater in the treatment group, and the expression of the corresponding enzyme-encoding genes was upregulated. Consequently, CS-PCT treatment could effectively maintain fruit quality and improve the resistance of citrus fruits during storage; moreover, it can be considered a nontoxic and efficient citrus preservative.

Citrus Carotenoid Extracts Promote ROS Accumulation and Induce Oxidative Stress to Exert Anti-Proliferative and Pro-Apoptotic Effects in MDA-MB-231 Cells.

Citrus fruits are economically significant crops worldwide, as they contain various bioactive compounds that possess health-promoting properties. Carotenoids, as the most important component in citrus, exhibit notable pharmacological activities, such as antioxidation and anticancer, which make carotenoids valuable in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. In this study, after treatment with carotenoid extracts from XiYou (XY) and ZaoHongQiCheng (ZH), we evaluated the cytotoxicity, apoptosis, antioxidant system, and oxidative stress induced by ROS overproduction and MMP damage in MDA-MB-231 cells. The analysis confirmed that cell proliferation was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner, accompanied by G0/G1 arrest and cell apoptosis. XY and ZH promoted the accumulation of ROS, decreased MMP, increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, consumed glutathione (GSH), and reduced the activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)). Meanwhile, XY and ZH induced apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway by significantly upregulated P53, BAX, caspase-3, caspase-7, and caspase-9 gene expression levels and downregulated Bcl-2. Carotenoid-rich extracts were found to cause oxidative stress by enhancing ROS production through their pro-oxidative potential, and the aggravation of oxidative processes promotes apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. These results indicate that citrus carotenoids can be used as potential pro-oxidants and have the potential to be developed into products for the prevention or treatment of breast cancer.

Cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic analysis of the kinase domain of AtMAP4Kalpha2 from Arabidopsis thaliana.

Arabidopsis thaliana (At) MAP4Kalpha2, a member of the Ste20/PAK-like protein kinase family, is an essential component of the septum initiation network involved in cell division. To better understand the mode of action of AtMAP4Kalpha2, a structural biology approach has been pursued. In this study, the kinase domain of AtMAP4Kalpha2 was cloned, expressed, purified and crystallized. The crystals diffracted to 1.9 Å resolution and belonged to space group C2221, with unit-cell parameters a = 55.27, b = 82.93, c = 133.15 Å.

Citrange fruit extracts alleviate obesity-associated metabolic disorder in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mouse.

Obesity is becoming one of the global epidemics of the 21st century. In this study, the effects of citrange (Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) fruit extracts in high-fat (HF) diet-induced obesity mice were studied. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed respectively a chow diet (control), an HF diet, HF diet supplemented with 1% w/w citrange peel extract (CPE) or 1% w/w citrange flesh and seed extract (CFSE) for 8 weeks. Our results showed that both CPE and CFSE regulated the glucose metabolic disorders of obese mice. In CPE and CFSE-treated groups, the body weight gain, blood glucose, serum total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels were significantly (p<0.05) reduced relative to those in the HF group. To explore the mechanisms of action of CPE and CFSE on the metabolism of glucose and lipid, related genes' expressions in liver were assayed. In liver tissue, the expression level of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and its target genes were down-regulated by CPE and CFSE supplementation as revealed by qPCR tests. In addition, both CPE and CFSE decreased the expression level of liver X receptor (LXR) α and ß, which are involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. Taken together, these results suggest that CPE and CFSE administration could ameliorate obesity and related metabolic disorders in HF diet-induced obesity mice probably through the inhibition of PPARγ and LXRs gene expressions.

Polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs)-loaded citral nanoemulsion controls green mold in citrus by damaging the cell membrane of Penicillium digitatum.

Citrus is susceptible to Penicillium digitatum (P. digitatum) infection in post-harvest storage, resulting in enormous economic losses. This study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity and potential mechanism of the combination of Polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs) and citral (two natural antifungal components derived from citrus) against P. digitatum in vitro and citrus fruit. The results show that PMFs can enhance the antifungal activity of citral nanoemulsion, and PMFs-loaded citral nanoemulsion (PCT) has significant antifungal activity in a concentration-dependent manner. PCT can evidently inhibit spore germination and mycelial growth in vitro, and effectively control the growth of green mold on postharvest citrus fruit. Furthermore, PCT treatment resulted in the alteration of mycelia morphology, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, and membrane lipid peroxidation. These changes can disrupt the normal structure and function of the cell membrane, as evidenced by the reduction of total lipid and ergosterol content in the mycelia and the stronger red fluorescence of the cells emitted after PI staining. Based on the above results, we infer that PCT has a strong inhibitory effect on P. digitatum, and its potential mechanism is related to the destruction of the cell membrane. Therefore, PCT can be considered as a botanical fungicide for citrus preservation.

Comparative Analysis of the Impact of Three Drying Methods on the Properties of Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Dahongpao Powder and Solid Drinks.

Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Dahongpao is a traditional Chinese citrus variety. Due to the high investment in storage and transport of Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. Dahongpao and the lack of market demand, the fresh fruit is wasted. The processing of fresh fruit into fruit drinks can solve the problem of storage and transport difficulties and open up new markets. Investigating the effects of different drying processes (hot air, freeze, and spray drying) on fruit powders is a crucial step in identifying a suitable production process. The experiment measured the effects of different drying methods (hot air drying, freeze drying, and spray drying) on the nutrient, bioactive substance, and physical characteristics of fruit powder. This study measured the influence of three different drying methods (hot air, freeze, and spray drying) on the nutritional, bioactive substance, and physical characteristics of fruit powder. The results showed that compared to vacuum freeze-drying at low temperature (-60 °C) and spray-drying at high temperatures (150 °C), hot air drying at 50 °C produced fruit powder with superior nutritional quality, higher levels of active substances, and better physical properties. Hot air drying produced fruit powder that had the highest content of amino acids (11.48 ± 0.08 mg/g DW), vitamin C (112.09 ± 2.86 µg/g DW), total phenols (14.78 ± 0.30 mg/g GAE DW), total flavonoids (6.45 ± 0.11 mg/g RE DW), organic acids, and antioxidant activity capacity. Additionally, this method yielded the highest amounts of zinc (8.88 ± 0.03 mg/Kg DW) and soluble sugars, low water content, high solubility, and brown coloration of the fruit powder and juice. Therefore, hot air drying is one of the best production methods for producing high-quality fruit powder in factory production.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Drug Delivery Potential of Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles from Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. 'Dahongpao'.

Plant extracellular vesicles (PEVs) have attracted increasing attention due to their rich composition, good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, and ability to transport drugs. As a common fruit, citrus is an ideal material for extracting PEVs because of the diversity and abundance of bioactive substances in it. In our study, citrus-derived extracellular vesicles (CEVs) were extracted from red mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco cv. 'Dahongpao') and it was found that they contain high levels of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The high levels of total phenols and total flavonoids suggest that CEVs have good chemical antioxidant properties. We also demonstrated through cell experiments that CEVs have significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Furthermore, we found that CEVs have an encapsulation rate of 71.5 ± 0.19% and a high drug-carrying capacity of 4.96 ± 0.22% and can enhance antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity when loaded with tangeretin. Our results show that CEVs contain abundant bioactive components, have low toxicity, exhibit good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and can serve as drug delivery agents. This study has important implications for utilizing citrus materials and developing natural anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory biomaterials.