Self-reported critical gaps in the essential knowledge and capacity of spatial epidemiology between the current university education and competency-oriented professional demands in preparing for a future pandemic among public health postgraduates in China: a nationwide cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Spatial epidemiology plays an important role in public health. Yet, it is unclear whether the current university education in spatial epidemiology in China could meet the competency-oriented professional demands. This study aimed to understand the current situation of education and training, practical application, and potential demands in spatial epidemiology among public health postgraduates in China, and to assess the critical gaps in a future emerging infectious diseases (EID) pandemic preparedness and response. METHODS: This study was divided into three parts. The first part was a comparative study on spatial epidemiology education in international public health postgraduate training. The second part was a cross-sectional survey conducted among public health professionals. The third part was a nationwide cross-sectional survey conducted among public health postgraduates at Chinese universities from October 2020 to February 2021. Data was collected by the WeChat-based questionnaire star survey system and analyzed using the SPSS software. RESULTS: International education institutions had required public health postgraduates to master the essential knowledge and capacity of spatial epidemiology. A total of 198 public health professionals were surveyed, and they had a median of 4.00 (IQR 3.13-4.53) in demand degree of spatial epidemiology. A total of 1354 public health postgraduates were surveyed from 51 universities. Only 29.41% (15/51) of universities offered spatial epidemiology course. Around 8.05% (109/1354) of postgraduates had learned spatial epidemiology, and had a median of 1.05 (IQR 1.00-1.29) in learning degree and a median of 1.91 (IQR 1.05-2.78) in practical application degree of spatial epidemiology. To enhance professional capacity, 65.95% (893/1354) of postgraduates hoped that universities would deliver a credit-course of spatial epidemiology. CONCLUSIONS: A huge unmet education and training demand in spatial epidemiology existed in the current education system of public health postgraduates in China. To enhance the competency-oriented professional capacity in preparedness and response to a future pandemic, it is urgent to incorporate the teaching and training of spatial epidemiology into the compulsory curriculum system of public health postgraduates in China.

Health system barriers to timely routine measles vaccinations in rural southwest China: a qualitative study on the perspectives of township vaccination professionals and village doctors.

OBJECTIVES: A well-functioning health system ensures timely routine measles vaccinations for age-appropriate children, minimising measles risk. However, there is limited knowledge about the impact of the performance of immunisation programmes in health systems on the timeliness of measles vaccination. This study aimed to identify health system barriers to timely routine measles vaccination in rural southwest China, integrating the perspectives of township vaccination professionals and village doctors. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Qualitative study among township vaccination professionals and village doctors in rural Guangxi, southwest China. METHODS: 20 focus group discussions (FGDs) at township level and 120 in-depth interviews (IDIs) at village level, based on a four-theme framework. We used convenience sampling to recruit 60 township vaccination professionals and 120 village doctors in 2015. Instruments used were a semistructured questionnaire and interview outlines. We collected township and village-level data focusing on themes of health resources allocation, pattern of vaccination services, management and supervision of vaccination services, and perceptions of vaccination policy. The FGDs and IDIs were audio-recorded and transcribed. Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis approach was adopted to synthesise findings into meaningful subthemes, narrative text and illustrative quotations. RESULTS: The health system barriers to timely routine vaccinations were explored across four themes. Barriers in the health resources allocation theme comprised (1) inadequacy of vaccination-related human resources (eg, lack of township vaccination professionals and lack of young village doctors), and (2) incompatible and non-identical information system of vaccination services across regions. Barriers in the pattern of vaccination services theme included inflexible vaccination services models, for example, routine vaccination services being offered monthly on fixed vaccination days, limited numbers of vaccination days per month, vaccination days being set on non-local market days, vaccination days being clustered into a specific period and absence of formal vaccination appointments. Ineffective economic incentive mechanism was identified as a barrier in the management and supervision of vaccination services theme. Low-degree participation of village doctors in routine vaccination services was identified as a barrier in the perceptions of vaccination policy theme. CONCLUSIONS: We encourage policymakers and stakeholders to apply these findings to improve the timeliness of routine vaccination. Barriers to timely routine vaccination include inadequate allocation of vaccination-related resources and inflexible vaccination service delivery models. Financial and non-financial incentives should be used to retain and recruit vaccination professionals and village doctors. Strengthening information systems with unified data standards enables cross-regional data exchange. Optimising immunisation services and rationalising vaccination days could eliminate health system barriers and improve vaccination timeliness in rural China.

Multi-level determinants of failure to receive timely and complete measles vaccinations in Southwest China: a mixed methods study.

BACKGROUND: Measles outbreaks re-emerged in 2013-2014 in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China, where measles immunisation coverage is high. The discrepancy between the vaccination coverage and outbreaks indicates that timeliness is crucial, yet there is limited knowledge on the health system barriers to timely vaccination. Using integrated evidence at the household, village clinic, and township hospital levels, this study aimed to identify the determinants of failure in receiving timely measles vaccinations among children in rural Guangxi. METHODS: A multi-stage stratified cluster sampling survey with a nested qualitative study was conducted among children aged 18-54 months in Longan, Zhaoping, Wuxuan, and Longlin counties of Guangxi from June to August 2015. The status of timely vaccinations for the first dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV1) and the second dose of measles-containing vaccine (MCV2) was verified via vaccination certificates. Data on household-level factors were collected using structured questionnaires, whereas data on village and township-level factors were obtained through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Determinants of untimely measles vaccinations were identified using multilevel logistic regression models. RESULTS: A total of 1216 target children at the household level, 120 villages, and 20 township hospitals were sampled. Children were more likely to have untimely vaccination when their primary guardian had poor vaccination knowledge [MCV1, odds ratio (OR) = 1.72; MCV2, OR = 1.51], had weak confidence in vaccines (MCV1, OR = 1.28-4.58; MCV2, OR = 1.42-3.12), had few practices towards vaccination (MCV1, OR = 12.5; MCV2, OR = 3.70), or had low satisfaction with vaccination service (MCV1, OR = 2.04; MCV2, OR = 2.08). This trend was also observed in children whose village doctor was not involved in routine vaccination service (MCV1, OR = 1.85; MCV2, OR = 2.11) or whose township hospital did not provide vaccination notices (MCV1, OR = 1.64; MCV2, OR = 2.05), vaccination appointment services (MCV1, OR = 2.96; MCV2, OR = 2.74), sufficient and uniformly distributed sessions for routine vaccination (MCV1, OR = 1.28; MCV2, OR = 1.17; MCV1, OR = 2.08), or vaccination service on local market days (MCV1, OR = 2.48). CONCLUSIONS: Guardians with poor knowledge, weak beliefs, and little practice towards vaccination; non-involvement of village doctors in routine vaccinations; and inconvenient vaccination services in township hospitals may affect timely measles vaccinations among children in rural China.