Topical Antiedematogenic Activity of the Essential Oil of Psidium brownianum Mart. (OEPB) in Murine Ear Edema Models.

Psidium brownianum Mart is reported in the literature by antinociceptive and antioxidant activities, indicating that this species' secondary metabolites might be used to control inflammatory processes. The present study aimed to characterize the topical antiedematogenic activity of the essential oil of Psidium brownianum Mart. (OEPB) in ear edema models by different inflammatory agents. Female Swiss mice (25-35 g) and Wistar albino rats (200-300 g) were used throughout tests (n=6/group) on acute or chronic edema models induced by single and multiple topical applications. The OEPB is administered topically pure or at a concentration of 100 or 200 mg/mL. The antiedematogenic mechanism of OEPB was analyzed by administering capsaicin, arachidonic acid, histamine, and phenol at the best effective dose (200 mg/mL). The results showed a significant reduction of edema-induced single (28.87 %) and multiple (50.13 %) applications of croton oil compared to the negative control group. Regarding potential mechanisms of action, OEPB (200 mg/mL) inhibited the development of edema triggered by capsaicin (29.95 %), arachidonic acid (22.66 %), phenol (23.35 %), and histamine (75.46 %), suggesting an interference with the histaminergic pathway. These results indicate that OEPB presents a topical antiedematogenic effect in acute and chronic murine models, possibly interfering with inflammatory pathways triggered by mediators such as histamine.

Children and adolescents continue to be exposed to early work in Brazil.

2 million children and adolescents between 11 and 19 years old have not yet finished basic education and had left school. The current Brazilian scenario reflects the reality in which these children and adolescents are inserted, without sufficient resources for the continuity of basic or elementary education, and often the parents' lack of income leads these young people to seek work, as can be seen in several capitals and inland cities: children selling food at traffic lights, bars, restaurants, and similar situations5. According to a study carried out by Abrinq Foundation (Fundação Abrinq), in the last quarter of 2021, there were about 2.36 million adolescents aged between 14 and 17 years old in the labor market or looking for a job, of which 1.2 million were in child labor in disagreement with Brazilian legislation, including work similar to slavery, and activities harmful to health, development, and morality.

Body fat modulated activity of Gallus gallus domesticus Linnaeus (1758) and Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus (1758) in association with antibiotics against bacteria of veterinary interest.

In the Northeast of Brazil, ethnoveterinary studies have shown that the body fat from Gallus gallus domesticus and Meleagris gallopavo are used for diseases that affect domestic animals. The objective of this study was to identify the chemical composition and to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the Gallus gallus domesticus (OFGG) and Meleagris gallopavo (OFMG) fixed oils in isolation and in association with antibiotics. The OFGG and OFMG from the poultry's body fat were extracted using hexane as a solvent in Soxhlet. Their composition was indirectly determined using fatty acid methyl esters. The OFGG and OFMG antibacterial and modulatory activities against standard and multi-resistant bacterial strains were performed through the broth microdilution test. In the OFGG chemical composition, 4 constituents were identified. The saturated fatty acid (AGS) and unsaturated fatty acid (AGI) percentages were 35.1% and 64.91% respectively, with linoleic acid being the major component. In the OFMG, 3 constituents were identified. The AGS percentage was 27.71% and 72.29% for AGI, with oleic acid as the most abundant component. The oils did not present antibacterial activity when tested in isolation, presenting Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) > 512 µg/mL. However, when associated with antibiotics the OFGG showed synergistic activity with the antibiotics Amikacin, Amoxicillin, Norfloxacin and Oxytetracycline, while the OFMG promoted a synergistic action with the antibiotics Amikacin, Amoxicillin and Norfloxacin.

Vasorelaxant effect of (E,E)-farnesol in human umbilical vein ex vivo assays.

(E,E)-farnesol is a sesquiterpene acyclic alcohol produced by bacteria, protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals. The literature describes its applications in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, and also in the pharmacological context with a vasorelaxant effect. However, its effects on human umbilical vessels remain poorly investigated. Thus, this study aims to investigate, in a new way, the vasorelaxant effect of (E,E)-farnesol in human umbilical veins (HUV) from healthy donors. Rings obtained from isolated HUV were suspended in an organ bath to record their isometric tension in different experimental sections. (E,E)-farnesol (1 µmol/L to 1 mmol/L) promoted vasorelaxant effect in venous preparations contracted by depolarization (KCl 60 mmol/L) or pharmacological agonism (5-HT 10 µmol/L), with EC50 values of 239.9 µmol/L and 424 µmol/L, respectively. In calcium-free solution, this effect was also observable. (E,E)-farnesol was able to suppress contractions evoked by CaCl2 and BaCl2 suggesting a blockade of voltage-dependent (especially L-type) calcium channels. The vasorelaxant efficacy and potency of (E,E)-farnesol were affected in the presence of tetraethylammonium (1 and 10 mmol/L), glibenclamide (10 µmol/L) and BaCl2 (1 mmol/L) indicating a possible involvement of potassium channels (BKCa, KATP and KIR) in this effect. Our data suggest that (E,E)-farnesol has a promising potential to be applicable as a vasodilator in hypertensive conditions in pregnancy that alter HUV reactivity.

Beliefs and attitudes towards child epilepsy: A structural equation model.

PURPOSE: To analyze the possibly influencing factors of the beliefs and attitudes towards childhood epilepsy among users of the Family Health Strategy. METHODS: The participants were 300 users from three units of the Family Health Strategy in one city of northeastern Brazil. This primary health care service has a multidisciplinary team and operates close to the community, seeks to provide comprehensive care with actions to promote health, prevention, recovery, rehabilitation of diseases and frequent injuries in the community. Data were collected through a socioeconomic questionnaire and the Brazilian version of The Epilepsy Beliefs and Attitudes Scale - Adult Version, analyzed using descriptive statistics and structural equation analysis. RESULTS: Various associations were significant (p < 0.05), religion positively influences beliefs and attitudes (ß: 1.040; p: 0.044); an increase in educational level negatively influences beliefs and attitudes (ß: -0.723; p: 0.040); being the parent of a child negatively influences beliefs and attitudes (ß: 1.120; p: 0.043), but also positively influences beliefs (ß: -0.244; p: 0.028). CONCLUSION: This research contributed to identifying that having a religion, an increased educational level and being the parent of a child were factors that influence the beliefs and attitudes towards childhood epilepsy, aiming to contribute to a better implementation of actions directed to education in epilepsy.

Anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of Annona coriacea (Mart.) and caffeic acid in mice.

This research evaluated the anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of a hydroethanolic extract from the leaves of Annona coriacea (EHFAC) and caffeic acid (CA). Mice were intraperitoneally treated with saline, EHFAC (1, 10, 20 mg/kg) or CA (0.15 mg/kg) and subject to the elevated plus-maze, open field, rota-rod, forced swimming and reserpine-induced akinesia tests. Pro-convulsant and anticholinergic effects were also evaluated. EHFAC presented anxiolytic-like effect on the elevated plus-maze, which was partially reversed by flumazenil. A similar effect was observed with CA. In the forced swimming test, EHFAC and CA reduced the immobility time of mice; such effect was potentiated when EHFAC or CA were associated with imipramine, bupropion and fluoxetine. The antidepressant-like effect was reinforced as EHFAC partially reversed the reserpine-induced akinesia. In addition, a pre-treatment with EHFAC and CA did not decrease the latency to 1st seizure of animals that received a sub-convulsive dose of PTZ, nor reduced the intensity of oxotremorine-induced tremors. Taken together, the results indicate that EHFAC and CA have anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects, which involve important neurotransmitter systems, such as GABAergic and monoaminergic ones, being devoid of side effects, commonly associated with classical psychotropic drugs.

Antifungal activity of farnesol incorporated in liposomes and associated with fluconazole.

Candida infections represent a threat to human health. Candida albicans is the main causative agent of invasive candidiasis, especially in immunosuppressed patients. The emergence of resistant strains has required the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this context, the use of liposomes as drug carrier systems is a promising alternative in drug development. Thus, considering the evidence demonstrating that sesquiterpene farnesol is a bioactive compound with antifungal properties, this study evaluated the activity farnesol-containing liposomes against different Candida strains. The IC50 of farnesol and its liposomal formulation was assessed in vitro using cultures of Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, and Candida krusei. The Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) was established by subculture in solid medium. The occurrence of fungal dimorphism was analyzed using optical microscopy. The effects on antifungal resistance to fluconazole were assessed by evaluating the impact of combined therapy on the growth of Candida strains. The characterization of liposomes was carried out considering their vesicular size, polydispersion index, and zeta medium potential, in addition to electron microscopy analysis. Farnesol exerted an antifungal activity that might be associated with the inhibition of fungal dimorphism, especially in Candida albicans. The incorporation of farnesol into liposomes significantly increased its antifungal activity against C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei. In addition, liposomal farnesol potentiated the action of fluconazole against C. albicans and C. tropicalis. On the other hand, the association of unconjugated farnesol with fluconazole resulted in antagonistic effects. In conclusion, farnesol-containing liposomes have the potential to be used in antifungal drug development. However, further research is required to investigate how the antifungal properties of farnesol are affected by the interaction with liposomes, contributing to the modulation of antifungal resistance to conventional drugs.

Antinociceptive activity of the Psidium brownianum Mart ex DC. leaf essential oil in mice.

Chronic pain management has several adverse effects and research looking for new and effective pain management drugs posing lower undesirable effects is necessary. Given the above, the pharmacological investigation of medicinal plants significantly contributes to the dissemination of plant-derived therapeutics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of the Psidium brownianum Mart ex DC. leaf essential oil (PBEO) and the participation of the opioid pathway in this effect in mice. Swiss Mus musculus male mice were tested using acute nociception models (acetic acid induced abdominal contortions, formalin, capsaicin and hot plate tests). The possible myorelaxant action of the PBEO was tested using the rotarod test. The essential oil reduced animal nociception in chemical and heat models, with this action being devoid of a myorelaxant effect. Naloxone (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally - i.p.) partially antagonized the PBEO activity, possibly acting via opioid receptors. The results obtained provide evidence that the traditional Psidium brownianum use may be effective for pain treatment.

Toxicological and pharmacologic effects of farnesol (C15H26O): A descriptive systematic review.

The objective of the present study was to perform a systematic review (SR) composed of preclinical and clinical studies which investigated the toxicological and pharmacologic effects of farnesol [Molecular formula: C15H26O; IUPAC: (3,7,11-Trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatrien-1-ol]. This SR was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Literature research was performed using PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science databases using the descriptor combinations: "farnesol and pharmacological effect" and "farnesol and toxicology". The inclusion criteria used were original articles from preclinical and clinical studies investigating the pharmacological and toxicological effects of farnesol, published between January 1960 and December 2017 which were written in English, Portuguese and Spanish. Primary research identified 414 articles, from which 76 articles were selected for final analysis following the inclusion criteria. After grouping, 51.32 and 22.37% of the articles investigated the antimicrobial and antitumor effect, respectively. Methodological biases have been observed both in pre-clinical studies with non-human animals and in clinical trials, mainly in group allocation and blinding. This SR is the first study developed to compile the studies concerning the pharmacological and toxicological effects of farnesol. This study concludes that farnesol possesses different pharmacological and toxicological features, which permit its use as an active or a coadjuvant drug.

GC-MS analysis of the fixed oil from Sus scrofa domesticus Linneaus (1758) and antimicrobial activity against bacteria with veterinary interest.

The bioprospection of zootherapeutic products can be a source of new drugs and to the creation of new strategies of natural resources conservation and management of endangered species. This fact is supported by ethnobiological studies indicating that the usage of zootherapeutic products can be replaced by the use of natural products isolated from plants and domestic animals. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has increased the need for research for new active principles. Ethnoveterinary studies in Brazil have shown that Sus scrofa domesticus fat is used for diseases associated with bacterial pathogens. The objective of this study was to identify the chemical composition and to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the fixed oil of Sus scrofa domesticus (OFSC) when used alone or associated with antibiotics. In the analysis of the oil composition, there were 4 constituents identified, with oleic acid being the major constituent. The OFSC did not present antibacterial activity when tested alone; however, it showed synergism in the modulating activity when associated with antibiotics Amikacin and Amoxicillin.

Effects of the Hyptis martiusii Benth. leaf essential oil and 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) on the central nervous system of mice.

The aim of this study was to characterize the central effects of the Hyptis martiusii leaf essential oil (OEHM) and 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) using behavioral animal models. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to characterize the chemical compounds present in the OEHM. For the behavioral tests, female Swiss mice treated with the OEHM (25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) and 1,8-cineole (50 mg/kg, i.p.) were used and subjected to the following tests: open field, elevated cross maze, rotarod, sodium pentobarbital- or ethyl ether-induced sleep time, pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsions, haloperidol-induced catalepsy, and ketamine-induced hyperkinesia. GC/MS analysis identified 20 constituents with the majority of them being monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, with eucalyptol (1,8-cineol), the major sample compound (25.93%), standing out. The results showed the OEHM (25, 50 100 and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) and its major compound (50 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced animal motility in the open field test, increased pentobarbital- and ethyl ether-induced sleep time, as well as death latency in the pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsion model. However, the tested compounds were devoid of anxiolytic-like and myorelaxant activity. In addition, the OEHM (100 and 200 mg/kg, i.p.) and 1,8-cineole (50 mg/kg, i.p.) potentiated haloperidol-induced catalepsy and reduced ketamine-induced hyperkinesia. Taken together, the results suggest the OEHM has important hypnotic-sedative and antipsychotic-like effects, which appear to be due to the monoterpene 1,8-cineole, the major compound identified in the essential oil.

Anti-inflammatory activity of herb products from Licania rigida Benth.

PURPOSE: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the systemic anti-inflammatory activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of Licania rigida Benth (EHFLR) on models of systemic inflammation in mice. METHODS: The quantitative chemical profiles of phenolic acids and flavonoids were performed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Systemic anti-inflammatory activity was determined from carrageenan and dextran-induced paw edema models and the animals were orally treated (p.o.) with EHFLR at doses of 25, 50, 100 mg/kg, indomethacin (10 mg/kg) for carrageenan-induced paw edema and promethazine (6 mg/kg) for dextran-induced paw edema. The possible mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory action of the extract were evaluated by the paw edema models induced by histamine and arachidonic acid, and by the model of carrageenan-induced peritonitis, where vascular permeability and leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity were evaluated. RESULTS: The results of the HPLC identified the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids, with chlorogenic acid (1.16%) and Caempferol (0.81%) as the main constituents. From the results, it was concluded that the extract has an LD50 ≥5000 mg/kg when administered orally in mice as this dose did not trigger deaths in any of the observed groups. EHFLR (25 mg/kg) showed a significant antiderematogenic effect on histamine and arachidonic acid-induced paw edema at the third hour of the tests, with a percentage of inhibition of 46.64% and 18.33%, respectively. The extract (25 mg/kg, p.o.) also significantly reduced vascular permeability and leukocyte migration in the peritoneal cavity. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that EHFLR exerts a systemic anti-inflammatory action, which seems to depend, at least in part, on the inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism and the action of vasoactive amines. In addition, the extract reduced the leukocyte migration in the peritoneal cavity, indicating that its action may be linked to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Antibacterial and antibiotic modifying activity evaluation of ruminants' body fat used as zootherapeutics in ethnoveterinary practices in Northeast Brazil.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Northeast Brazilian ethnoveterinary studies associated with the medicinal use of zootherapies have shown that ruminants' body fat such as sheep (Ovis aries), goats (Capra hircus) and cows (Bos taurus) are used in diseases affecting domestic animals. AIM OF THE STUDY: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the fixed oils from these ruminants in isolation and in association with antibiotics. RESULTS: Ovis aries (OFOA), Capra hircus (OFCH) and Bos taurus (OFBT) fixed oils were extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus with hexane as the solvent. Through the use of gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) the methyl esters from the ruminants' fixed oils were obtained and the fatty acids present in these oils were indirectly determined. The OFOA, OFCH and OFBT antibacterial and antibiotic modifying activities against standard and multi-resistant bacterial strains were carried out using the broth microdilution test. The fixed oils from these species did not present antibacterial activity when tested in isolation, obtaining Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MICs) values ≥ 1024 µg/mL. However, when associated with antibiotics, OFBT and OFCH showed a synergistic activity for the Amicacin, Amoxicillin, Norfloxacin and Oxytetracycline antibiotics. CONCLUSION: The OFOA promoted a synergistic action for the same antibiotics with the exception of Norfloxacin.

Phytochemical Analysis and Central Effects of Annona Muricata Linnaeus: Possible Involvement of the Gabaergic and Monoaminergic Systems.

Annona muricata Linnaeus (Annonaceae), popularly known as graviola, is used in folk medicine as both sedative and anticonvulsant. This study correlates the neurochemical profile with the behavioral effects of the hydroalcoholic extract from the leaves of Annona muricata (HLEAM) in mice, proposing to elucidate their mechanism of action on the central nervous system. Flavonoids and phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. The acute toxicity (median lethal dose - LD50) was determined by probitos method using the percentage of mortality based on the Hippocratic screen. HLEAM (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) was tested, intraperitoneally (i.p.), in models of sedation, anxiety, motor coordination, and seizures. The endogenous levels of dopamine, norepinephrine and DOPAC were assayed by reverse-phase HPLC with electrochemical detection. The HPLC analysis of the extract revealed the presence of flavonoids (quercetin, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, rutin, and kaempferol) and phenolics acids (gallic, chlorogenic, ellagic and caffeic acids). The LD50 was 1091.7 mg/kg and Hippocratic screening indicated central nervous system depressant effect. HLEAM presented sedative effects at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, as well as anxiolytic and anticonvulsant effects at a dose of 100 mg/kg. In addition, these effects were partially reversed by flumazenil. The monoamines analysis by HPLC showed that HLEAM decreased the level of norepinefrine and dopamine in the mouse brain striatum. Thus, the results indicate a possible interaction of HLEAM with the GABAergic and monoaminergic systems, adding medicinal value to the popular use of the plant for the treatment of behavioral and neurological disorders.

Antiulcerogenic activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Annona muricata Linnaeus in mice.

Annona muricata Linnaeus, popularly known as "graviola" and also called soursop, is a species typical of countries with a tropical climate, and it is used in folk medicine as an anticancer, analgesic and antispasmodic agent. The aim of the present study was to validate the gastroprotective activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of A. muricata (HEAM) and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of action for this effect. Gastric lesions were induced in mice by absolute ethanol, acidified ethanol or indomethacin. Before, the animals were pretreated with saline, omeprazole or HEAM orally at doses of 50-400 mg/kg. To determine the mechanism of action of the extract, we investigated, using specific inhibitors, the involvement of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins (PGEs), ATP-dependent K+ channels and α2-noradrenergic receptors. HEAM showed significant antiulcer activity against lesions induced by absolute ethanol, acidified ethanol or indomethacin, which was mediated by endogenous gastric prostaglandins.

Avaliação da atividade moduladora e citotóxica do óleo essencial das folhas de Hyptis martiusii Benth / Evaluación de la actividad moduladora y citotóxica del aceite esencial de las hojas de Hyptis martiusii Benth / Assessment of Modulatory and Cytotoxic Activity of the Essential Oil in Hyptis Martiusii Benth Leaves

Resumo Introdução: a espécie Hyptis martiusii Benth, comumente chamada de "cidrera del campo", têm múltiplas propriedades biológicas, como ser inseticida, antifúngica e anti-inflamatória. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a atividade moduladora do óleo essencial das folhas frescas de Hyptis martiusii em associação com diferentes antibióticos contra as bactérias Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa, e avaliar a atividade citotóxica da espécie. Materiais e métodos: o estudo utilizou a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) como uma forma de avaliar a modulação com uma inoculação de 100 microlitros de cada estirpe bacteriana. As provas de citotoxicidade se realizaram mediante cultivo in vitro de células do tecido conectivo de camundongo (fibroblastos de mamíferos). Resultados: a pesquisa demonstrou que o óleo essencial das folhas de Hyptis martiusii Benth (OEHM) apresenta sinergismo só em associação com os antibióticos gentamicina e imipenem contra as bactérias Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Escherichia coli. No entanto, apresenta antagonismo em associação com amicacina, gentamicina e imipenem contra as três bactérias estudadas. Para além da ciprofloxacina não demonstrou resultados relevantes. Em relação com a atividade citotóxica, a concentração letal média (LC50) expôs um valor de 263,12 [ig/ml. Conclusão: finalmente, revelou-se que a H. martiusii apresenta atividade citotóxica sinérgica contra as bactérias avaliadas.

Resumen Introducción: la especie Hyptis martiusii Benth, comúnmente llamada "cidreira do campo", tiene múltiples propiedades biológicas, como ser insecticida, antifúngica y antiinflamatoria. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la actividad moduladora del aceite esencial de las hojas frescas de Hyptis martiusii en asociación con diferentes antibióticos contra las bacterias Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli y Pseudomonas aeruginosa, y evaluar la actividad citotóxica de la especie. Materiales y métodos: el estudio utilizó la concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) como una forma de evaluar la modulación con una inoculación de 100 microlitros de cada cepa bacteriana. Las pruebas de citotoxicidad se realizaron mediante cultivo in vitro de células de tejido conectivo de ratón (fibroblastos de mamíferos). Resultados: la investigación demostró que el aceite esencial de las hojas de Hyptis martiusii Benth (OEHM) presenta sinergismo solo en asociación con los antibióticos gentamicina e imipenem contra las bacterias Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Escherichia coli. Sin embargo, presenta antagonismo en asociación con amikacina, gentamicina e imipenem contra las tres bacterias estudiadas. Además de la ciprofloxacina, no demostró resultados relevantes. En relación con la actividad citotóxica, la concentración letal media (CL50) exhibió un valor de 263,12 [ig/ml. Conclusión: finalmente, se reveló que la H. martiusii presenta actividad citotóxica sinérgica contra las bacterias evaluadas.

Abstract Introduction: The species Hyptis martiusii Benth. commonly called "cidreira do campo" has multiple biological properties, such as antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and insecticide. The aim of this study was to investigate the modulating activity of the essential oil of the fresh leaves of Hyptis martiusii in association with different antibiotics against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as also the cytotoxic activity of this species. Materials and methods: The study used the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) as a way of assessing the modulation using an inoculation of 100 microliters of each bacterial strain. The cytotoxicity tests were conducted using in vitro culture of mouse connective tissue cells (fibroblasts of mammals). Results: The research demonstrated that the essential oil from leaves of Hyptis martiusii Benth (OEHM) presented synergism only when associated with the antibiotics gentamicin and imipenem against the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. However, it presented antagonism in association with amikacin, gentamicin and imipenem against the three studied bacteria. In addition to the ciprofloxacin showed no relevant results. In relation to the cytotoxic activity the lethal concentration (LC50) exhibited a value of 263.12 [ig/ml. Conclusion: Ultimately it was established, that H. Martiusii presents a synergistic cytotoxic activity against the evaluated bacteria.

Modulação in vitro da atividade antibiótica pelo óleo essencial dos frutos de Piper tuberculatum Jacq / Modulación in vitro de la actividad antibiótica por el aceite esencial de frutos de Piper tuberculatum Jacq / In vitro modulation of the antibiotic activity of essential oil from fruits of Piper tuberculatum Jacq

Introdução: Piper tuberculatum Jacq., popularmente conhecida como pimenta-longaou pimenta-d'Arda, é utilizada empiricamente no tratamento de doenças respiratórias (asma, bronquite e tosse) e digestivas (dores abdominais e diarreias). Na literatura é descrita com importantes atividades anti-inflamatória, antimicrobiana, antileucêmico e anti-helmíntica. Objetivos: avaliar a atividade moduladora do óleo essencial dos frutos de P. tuberculatum (OEPT) em associação com diferentes antibióticos frente à Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli e Pseudomona aeruginosa. Metodos: Os frutos (frescos) de P. tuberculatum foram coletados em Barbalha/CE e submetidos à hidrodestilação em aparelho tipo Clevenger para ser extraído o óleo essencial, após a extração o óleo essencial foi tratado com sulfato de sódio anidro para eliminação da umidade residual. A avaliação da atividade antibacteriana e modulação (em resistência bacteriana) frente às cepas de S. aureus (SA358), E. coli (EC27) e P. aeruginosa (PA03) foram determinadas pelo método de microdiluição para identificar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), realizada em triplicata. CIM de ≤ 256 µg/mL foi considerado clinicamente relevante. Resultados: a atividade antibacteriana do OEPT exibiu um CIM de ≥ 1024 µg/mL contra as cepas de bactérias de padrão resistente a múltiplas drogas. Na avaliação da atividade moduladora, o OEPT antagonizou o efeito da amicacina contra E. coli e S. aureus, mas teve efeito sinérgico contra P. aeruginosa. Combinado com a getamicina o óleo exibiu antagonismo frente a E. coli, no entanto não apresentou resultado relevante contra S. aureas e P. aeruginosa. A associação do OEPT com o antibiótico imipenem resultou efeito mais relevante, apresentando sinergismo para todas as bactérias avaliadas, por outro lado, em associação com ciprofloxacino não apresentou efeito significante em relação ao controle. Conclusão: O OEPT apresentou uma melhor atividade quando associado ao imipenem frente todas as bactérias avaliadas, mostrando ser uma possível alternativa no desenvolvimento de novos fármacos com atividade antibacteriana advindos de produtos fitoterápicos(AU)

Introducción: Piper tuberculatum Jacq. popularmente conocida como pimenta-longa o pimenta-d'Arda, se utiliza empíricamente en el tratamiento de enfermedades respiratorias (asma, bronquitis y tos) y digestivas (dolor abdominal y diarrea). En la literatura es describe con importantes actividades antiinflamatorias, antimicrobianas, antileucémicas y antihelmínticas. Objetivo: evaluar la actividad moduladora de los aceites esenciales de frutos de P. tuberculatum (AEPT) en asociación con diferentes antibióticos contra Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli y Pseudomona aeruginosa. Metodología: los frutos (frescos) de P. tuberculatum fueron recolectados en Barbalha/CE y sometidos a hidrodestilación en un equipo Clevenger, para extraer el aceite essencial (AEPT), el cual, una vez extraído, fue tratado con sulfato de sodio anhidro para eliminar la humedad residual. Se evaluó su actividad antibacteriana contra las cepas de S. aureus (SA358), E. coli (EC27) y P. aeruginosas (PA03). Empleando el método de microdilución se determinó la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM), con tres réplicas por cada tratamiento. Un valor de CIM ≤ 256 µg/mL se considera clínicamente relevante. Resultados: la actividad antibacteriana del AEPT exhibió una CIM ≥ 1024 µg/mL contra las cepas estándar de bacterias resistentes a múltiples fármacos. En efecto, la actividad AEPT antagoniza el efecto de amikacina contra E. coli y S. aureus, pero tenía un efecto sinérgico contra P. aeruginosa. Combinado con la getamicina el aceite exhibió antagonismo contra E. coli, sin embargo no presentó resultado relevante ante S. aureus y P. aeruginosa. La asociación de AEPT con el antibiótico imipenem resultó el efecto más relevante, mostrando sinergismo frente a todas las bacterias evaluadas. Por el contrario, en asociación con ciprofloxacina no mostró ningún efecto significativo con respecto al control. Conclusión: el AEPT presentó una mejor actividad cuando se asoció a imipenem, frente todas las bacterias evaluadas, demostrando ser una posible alternativa en el desarrollo de nuevos fármacos con actividad antimicrobiana, a partir de productos herbarios(AU)

Introduction: Piper tuberculatum Jacq., commonly known as pimenta-longa or pimenta-d'Arda, is empirically used to treat respiratory conditions (asthma, bronchitis and coughing) and digestive disorders (abdominal pain and diarrhea). Reference may be found in the literature to outstanding antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antileukemic and antihelmintic activity. Objective: Evaluate the modulatory activity of essential oils from fruits of P. tuberculatum (AEPT) combined with various antibiotics againstStaphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomona aeruginosa. Methods: Fresh fruits of P. tuberculatum were collected in Barbalha, CE, and subjected to hydrodistillation in a Clevenger set to extract the essential oil (AEPT). The oil extracted was then treated with anhydrous sodium sulfate to eliminate residual humidity. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against strains of S. aureus (SA358), E. coli (EC27) and P. aeruginosas (PA03). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the microdilution method, with three replications for each treatment. A MIC ≤ 256 µg/mL was considered to be clinically relevant. Results: Antibacterial activity of AEPT displayed a MIC of ≥1024 µg/mL against standard strains of multi-drug resistant bacteria. In fact, activity of AEPT antagonized the effect of amikacin against E. coli and S. aureus, but had a synergic effect against P. aeruginosa. Combined with gentamicin, the oil exhibited antagonism against E. coli, but no relevant result was obtained against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Combination of AEPT with the antibiotic imipenem had the most relevant effect, displaying synergism against all the bacteria evaluated. However, in combination with ciprofloxacin it did not show any significant effect with respect to the control. Conclusion: AEPT displayed better activity against all the bacteria evaluated when combined with imipenem, proving to be a possible alternative for the development of new herbal drugs with antimicrobial activity(AU)

Modulação in vitro da atividade antibiótica pelo óleo essencial dos frutos de Piper tuberculatum Jacq / In vitro modulation of the antibiotic activity of essential oil from fruits of Piper tuberculatum Jacq

Introdução: Piper tuberculatum Jacq., popularmente conhecida como pimenta-longa ou pimenta-d'Arda, é utilizada empiricamente no tratamento de doenças respiratórias (asma, bronquite e tosse) e digestivas (dores abdominais e diarreias). Na literatura é descrita com importantes atividades anti-inflamatória, antimicrobiana, antileucêmico e anti-helmíntica. Objetivos: avaliar a atividade moduladora do óleo essencial dos frutos de P. tuberculatum (OEPT) em associação com diferentes antibióticos frente à Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli e Pseudomona aeruginosa. Metodos: Os frutos (frescos) de P. tuberculatum foram coletados em Barbalha/CE e submetidos à hidrodestilação em aparelho tipo Clevenger para ser extraído o óleo essencial, após a extração o óleo essencial foi tratado com sulfato de sódio anidro para eliminação da umidade residual. A avaliação da atividade antibacteriana e modulação (em resistência bacteriana) frente às cepas de S. aureus (SA358), E. coli (EC27) e P. aeruginosa (PA03) foram determinadas pelo método de microdiluição para identificar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM), realizada em triplicata. CIM de ≤ 256 µg/mL foi considerado clinicamente relevante. Resultados: a atividade antibacteriana do OEPT exibiu um CIM de ≥ 1024 µg/mL contra as cepas de bactérias de padrão resistente...(AU)

Introducción: Piper tuberculatum Jacq. popularmente conocida como pimenta-longa o pimenta-d'Arda, se utiliza empíricamente en el tratamiento de enfermedades respiratorias (asma, bronquitis y tos) y digestivas (dolor abdominal y diarrea). En la literatura es describe con importantes actividades antiinflamatorias, antimicrobianas, antileucémicas y antihelmínticas. Objetivo: evaluar la actividad moduladora de los aceites esenciales de frutos de P. tuberculatum (AEPT) en asociación con diferentes antibióticos contra Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli y Pseudomona aeruginosa. Metodología: los frutos (frescos) de P. tuberculatum fueron recolectados en Barbalha/CE y sometidos a hidrodestilación en un equipo Clevenger, para extraer el aceite essencial (AEPT), el cual, una vez extraído, fue tratado con sulfato de sodio anhidro para eliminar la humedad residual. Se evaluó su actividad antibacteriana contra las cepas de S. aureus (SA358), E. coli (EC27) y P. aeruginosas (PA03). Empleando el método de microdilución se determinó la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM), con tres réplicas por cada tratamiento. Un valor de CIM ≤ 256 µg/mL se considera clínicamente...(AU)

Introduction: Piper tuberculatum Jacq., commonly known as pimenta-longa or pimenta-d'Arda, is empirically used to treat respiratory conditions (asthma, bronchitis and coughing) and digestive disorders (abdominal pain and diarrhea). Reference may be found in the literature to outstanding antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, antileukemic and antihelmintic activity. Objective: Evaluate the modulatory activity of essential oils from fruits of P. tuberculatum (AEPT) combined with various antibiotics againstStaphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomona aeruginosa. Methods: Fresh fruits of P. tuberculatum were collected in Barbalha, CE, and subjected to hydrodistillation in a Clevenger set to extract the essential oil (AEPT). The oil extracted was then treated with anhydrous sodium sulfate to eliminate residual humidity. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against strains of S. aureus (SA358), E. coli (EC27) and P. aeruginosas (PA03). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the microdilution method, with three replications for each treatment. A MIC ≤ 256 µg/mL was considered to be clinically relevant. Results: Antibacterial activity of AEPT displayed a MIC of ≥1024 µg/mL against standard strains of multi-drug resistant bacteria. In fact, activity of AEPT antagonized the effect of amikacin against...(AU)

Cuidador de criança com câncer: religiosidade e espiritualidade como mecanismos de enfrentamento / Cuidador del niño con cáncer: religiosidad y espiritualidad como mecanismos de afrontamiento / Children caregiver with cancer: religiosity and spirituality as coping mechanisms

Introdução: Apesar dos grandes avanços na terapia oncológica, o câncer ainda se apresenta como uma doença de diagnóstico relacionado ao medo da morte que causa sofrimento na criança afetada e sua família. Em todos os casos, os cuidadores passam por mudanças drásticas nas suas vidas e sofrem diante do tratamento da criança com câncer, assim, buscam estratégias de apoio que os ajude a enfrentar essa situação adversa. Objetivo: Investigar o papel da religiosidade e da espiritualidade como mecanismo de enfrentamento utilizado pelos cuidadores familiares diante do câncer infantil. Materiais e Métodos: O local onde foi realizada a pesquisa foi o Instituto de Apoio à Criança com Câncer, no município de Barbalha (CE). Os sujeitos foram cuidadores familiares e o instrumento para coleta de dados foi uma entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados foram analisados mediante a Análise Temática. Resultados: Os dados coletados foram aglomerados em duas categorias temáticas: a fé como fonte de apoio nos momentos delicados do tratamento e as expectativas para o término do tratamento. Discussão: Os relatos evidenciaram o uso da religiosidade e da espiritualidade como componentes inerentes ao enfrentamento do câncer infantil por cuidadores familiares. Conclusões: A busca pela religião e o uso da espiritualidade pelos cuidadores está muito presente diante do enfrentamento do câncer infantil. Desse modo, o profissional de saúde deve ser uma fonte de respeito e de apoio às crenças, à religião e aos valores dos cuidadores familiares.

Introducción: A pesar de los grandes avances en el tratamiento del cáncer, el cáncer todavía se presenta como una enfermedad de diagnóstico relacionado con el miedo de la muerte, que causa sufrimiento en el niño afectado y su familia. En todos los casos, los cuidadores viven cambios drásticos en sus rutinas durante en el tratamiento de niños con cáncer, por lo tanto, buscan a estrategias de apoyo para ayudar a afrontar esta situación adversa. Objetivo: Investigar el papel de la religión y de la espiritualidad como un mecanismo de defensa utilizado por los cuidadores familiares para lidiar con el cáncer infantil. Materiales y Métodos: La investigación se realizó en el Instituto de Apoyo a Niños con Cáncer en el municipio de Barbalha (CE). Los participantes fueron los cuidadores familiares y el instrumento para recogida de datos fue una entrevista semi-estructurada. Los datos fueron analizados mediante Análisis Temático. Resultados: Los datos fueron organizados en dos temas: la fe como una fuente de apoyo en momentos delicados de tratamiento y las expectativas para el final del tratamiento. Discusión: Los discursos mostraron el uso de la religión y de la espiritualidad como componentes inherentes a hacer frente al cáncer de la niñez por los cuidadores familiares. Conclusiones: La religión y la espiritualidad están muy presentes durante el enfrentamiento del cáncer infantil por los cuidadores. Así, profesionales de la salud deben ser una fuente de respeto y apoyo a las creencias, la religión y los valores de los cuidadores familiares.

Introduction: Although there have been great advances in oncologic therapy, cancer still presents itself as a diagnostic disease related to the fear of death, which causes pain in the affected child and her family. In any case, caregivers experience drastic changes in their routines and suffer during the treatment of children with cancer, so seek support strategies that helps them to confront this adverse situation. Objective: To investigate the role of religion and spirituality as a coping mechanism used by family caregivers front of childhood cancer. Materials and Methods: The place where the research was conducted was the Institute for the Support of Children with Cancer in the municipality of Barbalha (CE). The subjects were family caregivers and the instrument for data collection was one semi-structured interview. Data were analyzed by a Thematic Analysis. Results: Data were crowded into two themes: faith as a source of support in delicate moments of treatment and expectations for the end of treatment. Discussion: Reports showed the use of religion and spirituality as components inherent in coping with childhood cancer by family caregivers. Conclusions: The search for the religion and the use of spirituality by caregivers is very present during the confrontation of childhood cancer. Thus, health professionals should be a source of respect and support the beliefs, religion and values of family caregivers.

Atividade moduladora sobre antibióticos pelo extrato aquoso das folhas de Bauhinia ungulata L / Actividad modulador acerca de antibióticos por el extracto acuoso de las hojas de Bauhinia ungulata l / Modulatory activity about antibiotics by aqueous extract of the leaves of Bauhinia ungulata l

Introdução: cepas de Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa são caracterizadas como importantes causadores de infeções bacterianas e destacam-se como um preocupante problema de saúde pública. A atividade antibacteriana de várias plantas tem sido estudada com a finalidade de diminuir a resistência microbiana existente com relação aos fármacos já industrializados. O gênero Bauhinia compreende cerca de 300 espécies que são conhecidas no Brasil como pata-de-vaca. A espécie Bauhinia ungulata Lin é bastante utilizada no controle glicêmico, mas, também, apresenta outras atividades, dentre elas é relatado uma ação antibacteriana. Objetivo: verificar o potencial modulador da espécie B. ungulata em associação a outros medicamentos já testados contra cepas de S. aureus, E. coli e P. aeruginosa. Métodos: as folhas da B. ungulata Lin foram coletadas no distrito de Arajara, Chapada do Araripe, estado do Ceará, Brasil. Foi utilizado o extrato aquoso das folhas de Bauhinia ungulata em associação aos antibióticos Amicacina, Gentamicina, Imipenem e Ciprofloxacino, esperando que o extrato agisse com antagonismo ou sinergismo frente ao efeito dos antibióticos. Resultados: o extrato das folhas de B. ungulata Lin apresentou relevante atividade sinérgica sobre os antibióticos utilizados (amicacina, gentamicina, imipenem e ciprofloxacino). Conclusão: portanto, o extrato em associação com os fármacos potencializou o efeito destes, revelando uma atividade antibacteriana significante(AU)

Introducción: las cepas de Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa son causa importante de infecciones bacterianas y se destacan como un problema de salud pública. La actividad antibacteriana de varias plantas se ha estudiado con el fin de reducir la resistencia microbiana existente con respecto a los medicamentos ya industrializados. El género Bauhinia comprende alrededor de 300 especies que se les conoce en Brasil como pata-de-vaca. La especie Bauhinia ungulata Lin es ampliamente utilizada en control de la glucemia, pero también ofrece otras actividades, entre ellas es divulgado una acción antibacteriana. Objetivo: verificar el potencial modulador de las especies B. ungulata en asociación con otros fármacos probados contra cepas de S. aureus, E. coli y P. aeruginosa. Métodos: las hojas de B. ungulata Lin fueron recolectados en el distrito de Arajara, Chapada do Araripe, estado de Ceará, Brasil. Se utilizó el extracto acuoso de hojas de B. ungulata en asociación con antibióticos amikacina, gentamicina imipinem y ciprofloxacina, con la esperanza de que el extracto actúa con antagonismo o sinergismo, delantero de los efectos de los antibióticos. Resultados: el extracto de las hojas de B. ungulata Lin presenta relevante actividad sinérgica de los antibióticos utilizados (amikacina, gentamicina, ciprofloxacina y imipinem). Conclusión: el extracto en asociación con las drogas aumentó el efecto de estos, revelando una significativa actividad antibacteriana(AU)

Introduction: strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeruginosa are characterized as important causes of bacterial infections and stand out as a worrying public health problem. The antibacterial activity of several plants has been studied for the purpose of reducing the existing microbial resistance with respect to drugs already industrialized. The genus Bauhinia it comprises about 300 species they are known in Brazil as pata-de-vaca. The specie Bauhinia ungulata Lin is widely used in glycemic control, but also features other activities, among them is reported an antibacterial action. Objective: to verify the potential modulator of the species B. ungulata in association with other drugs tested against strains of S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Methods: The leaves of B. ungulata Lin were collected in the District of Arajara, Chapada do Araripe, Ceará state, Brazil. We used the water extract of leaves of B. ungulata in association with antibiotics amikacin, gentamicin, imipinem and ciprofloxacin, hoping that the extract acted with antagonism or synergism, front of the effects of antibiotics. Results: the extract of the leaves of B. ungulata Lin presented relevant synergistic activity about the antibiotics used (amikacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin and imipinem). Conclusion: therefore, the extract in association with the drugs increased the effect of these, revealing a significant antibacterial activity(AU)