The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on aortic valve surgical service: a single centre experience.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus-disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic imposed an unprecedented burden on the provision of cardiac surgical services. The reallocation of workforce and resources necessitated the postponement of elective operations in this cohort of high-risk patients. We investigated the impact of this outbreak on the aortic valve surgery activity at a single two-site centre in the United Kingdom. METHODS: Data were extracted from the local surgical database, including the demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of patients operated on from March 2020 to May 2020 with only one of the two sites resuming operative activity and compared with the respective 2019 period. A similar comparison was conducted with the period between June 2020 and August 2020, when operative activity was restored at both institutional sites. The experience of centres world-wide was invoked to assess the efficiency of our services. RESULTS: There was an initial 38.2% reduction in the total number of operations with a 70% reduction in elective cases, compared with a 159% increase in urgent and emergency operations. The attendant surgical risk was significantly higher [median Euroscore II was 2.7 [1.9-5.2] in 2020 versus 2.1 [0.9-3.7] in 2019 (p = 0.005)] but neither 30-day survival nor freedom from major post-operative complications (re-sternotomy for bleeding/tamponade, transient ischemic attack/stroke, renal replacement therapy) was compromised (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). Recommencement of activity at both institutional sites conferred a surgical volume within 17% of the pre-COVID-19 era. CONCLUSIONS: Our institution managed to offer a considerable volume of aortic valve surgical activity over the first COVID-19 outbreak to a cohort of higher-risk patients, without compromising post-operative outcomes. A backlog of elective cases is expected to develop, the accommodation of which after surgical activity normalisation will be crucial to monitor.

Catheter ablation vs. thoracoscopic surgical ablation in long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation: CASA-AF randomized controlled trial.

AIMS: Long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (LSPAF) is challenging to treat with suboptimal catheter ablation (CA) outcomes. Thoracoscopic surgical ablation (SA) has shown promising efficacy in atrial fibrillation (AF). This multicentre randomized controlled trial tested whether SA was superior to CA as the first interventional strategy in de novo LSPAF. METHODS AND RESULTS: We randomized 120 LSPAF patients to SA or CA. All patients underwent predetermined lesion sets and implantable loop recorder insertion. Primary outcome was single procedure freedom from AF/atrial tachycardia (AT) ≥30 s without anti-arrhythmic drugs at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included clinical success (≥75% reduction in AF/AT burden); procedure-related serious adverse events; changes in patients' symptoms and quality-of-life scores; and cost-effectiveness. At 12 months, freedom from AF/AT was recorded in 26% (14/54) of patients in SA vs. 28% (17/60) in the CA group [OR 1.128, 95% CI (0.46-2.83), P = 0.83]. Reduction in AF/AT burden ≥75% was recorded in 67% (36/54) vs. 77% (46/60) [OR 1.13, 95% CI (0.67-4.08), P = 0.3] in SA and CA groups, respectively. Procedure-related serious adverse events within 30 days of intervention were reported in 15% (8/55) of patients in SA vs. 10% (6/60) in CA, P = 0.46. One death was reported after SA. Improvements in AF symptoms were greater following CA. Over 12 months, SA was more expensive and provided fewer quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) compared with CA (0.78 vs. 0.85, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Single procedure thoracoscopic SA is not superior to CA in treating LSPAF. Catheter ablation provided greater improvements in symptoms and accrued significantly more QALYs during follow-up than SA. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN18250790 and ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02755688.

Identification of myocardial diffuse fibrosis by 11 heartbeat MOLLI T 1 mapping: averaging to improve precision and correlation with collagen volume fraction.

OBJECTIVES: Our objectives involved identifying whether repeated averaging in basal and mid left ventricular myocardial levels improves precision and correlation with collagen volume fraction for 11 heartbeat MOLLI T 1 mapping versus assessment at a single ventricular level. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For assessment of T 1 mapping precision, a cohort of 15 healthy volunteers underwent two CMR scans on separate days using an 11 heartbeat MOLLI with a 5(3)3 beat scheme to measure native T 1 and a 4(1)3(1)2 beat post-contrast scheme to measure post-contrast T 1, allowing calculation of partition coefficient and ECV. To assess correlation of T 1 mapping with collagen volume fraction, a separate cohort of ten aortic stenosis patients scheduled to undergo surgery underwent one CMR scan with this 11 heartbeat MOLLI scheme, followed by intraoperative tru-cut myocardial biopsy. Six models of myocardial diffuse fibrosis assessment were established with incremental inclusion of imaging by averaging of the basal and mid-myocardial left ventricular levels, and each model was assessed for precision and correlation with collagen volume fraction. RESULTS: A model using 11 heart beat MOLLI imaging of two basal and two mid ventricular level averaged T 1 maps provided improved precision (Intraclass correlation 0.93 vs 0.84) and correlation with histology (R 2 = 0.83 vs 0.36) for diffuse fibrosis compared to a single mid-ventricular level alone. ECV was more precise and correlated better than native T 1 mapping. CONCLUSION: T 1 mapping sequences with repeated averaging could be considered for applications of 11 heartbeat MOLLI, especially when small changes in native T 1/ECV might affect clinical management.

Right Coronary Artery and Left Anterior Descending Artery Occlusion after Aortic Valve Replacement.

Coronary artery stenosis is a potentially life-threatening complication after heart valve surgery. The details are presented of a patient with unobstructed coronary arteries, who underwent routine aortic valve replacement and developed dissection of the right coronary artery (RCA) on the third postoperative day, and occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery one month after surgery. This complication required prompt clinical recognition and diagnosis by repeat coronary angiography, and a rapid intervention with coronary artery bypass grafting or with angioplasty and stenting.

Left atrial intramural hematoma after percutaneous coronary intervention.

We describe a rare complication of a complex chronic total occlusion recanalization procedure. Perforation of a distal right coronary artery collateral results in a left atrial intramural hematoma with consequent circulatory collapse. Access to prompt transoesophageal echocardiography and urgent surgical intervention were lifesaving and the case highlights possible implications on the planning of complex chronic total occlusion recanalization procedures.

Long-term clinical outcomes and cost-effectiveness of catheter vs thoracoscopic surgical ablation in long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation using continuous cardiac monitoring: CASA-AF randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Long-term clinical outcomes of catheter ablation (CA) compared to thoracoscopic surgical ablation (SA) to treat patients with long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (LSPAF) are not known. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the long-term (36-month) clinical efficacy, quality of life, and cost-effectiveness of SA and CA in LSPAF. METHODS: Participants were followed up for 3 years using implantable loop recorders and questionnaires to assess the change in quality of life. Intention-to-treat analyses were used to report the findings. RESULTS: Of the 115 patients with LSPAF treated, 104 (90.4%) completed 36-month follow-up [CA: n = 57 (95%); SA: n = 47 (85%)]. After a single procedure without antiarrhythmic drugs, 7 patients (12%) in the CA arm and 5 (11%) in the SA arm [hazard ratio 1.22; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81-1.83; P = .41] were free from atrial fibrillation/tachycardia (AF/AT) ≥30 seconds at 36 months. Thirty-three patients (58%) in the CA arm and 26 (55%) in the SA arm (hazard ratio 1.04; 95% CI 0.57-1.88; P = .91) had their AF/AT burden reduced by ≥75%. The overall impact on health-related quality of life was similar, with mean quality-adjusted life year estimates of 2.45 (95% CI 2.31-2.59) for CA and 2.32 (95% CI 2.13-2.52) for SA. Estimated costs were higher for SA (mean £24,682; 95% CI £21,746-£27,618) than for CA (mean £18,002; 95% CI £15,422-£20,581). CONCLUSION: In symptomatic LSPAF, CA and SA were equally effective at achieving arrhythmia outcomes (freedom from AF/AT ≥30 seconds and ≥75% burden reduction) after a single procedure without antiarrhythmic drugs. However, SA is significantly more costly than CA.

Antimicrobial resistance as a super wicked problem: how do we engage the public to be part of the solution.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is now regarded as one of the greatest global challenges of the 21st century. The complexity, urgent timeframe, and lack of clear solution to AMR have contributed to its classification as a 'super wicked problem'. Yet knowledge surveys of the general public have found that they still harbour numerous misconceptions linked to both the sources and impact of AMR. This confusion is compounded by AMR being a One Health issue, and therefore a factor in not just human health but in other industries, such as farming. This can further inhibit understanding and knowledge transfer around AMR for those without a prior knowledge base. In order to address the escalating risk that AMR presents, however, it is essential to address this knowledge gap and engage with the public to support wide scale changes in behaviour and consumer choice. The WHO now requires national action plans tackling AMR to include patient and public involvement/engagement (PPI/E) to support changing the trajectory of AMR. Despite this, little detail is available as part of strategic plans on how PPI/E should be undertaken in order to aid implementation. This paper discusses a number of approaches to support the design and delivery of PPI/E in relation to AMR, including the different social behaviour models underlying successful PPI/E strategies, and key considerations linked to specific activity types. The framework produced includes features for steps from initial planning and design through to evaluation. The aim is to help improve the ability of scientists and healthcare professionals to produce high quality AMR PPI/E.

Left Atrial Function Predicts Atrial Arrhythmia Recurrence Following Ablation of Long-Standing Persistent Atrial Fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Left atrial (LA) function following catheter or surgical ablation of de-novo long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) and its impact on AF recurrence was studied in patients participating in the CASA-AF trial (Catheter Ablation vs. Thoracoscopic Surgical Ablation in Long Standing Persistent Atrial Fibrillation). METHODS: All patients underwent echocardiography preablation, 3 and 12 months post-ablation. LA structure and function were assessed by 2-dimensional volume and speckle tracking strain measurements of LA reservoir, conduit, and contractile strain. Left ventricular diastolic function was measured using transmitral Doppler filling velocities and myocardial tissue Doppler velocities to derive the e', E/e', and E/A ratios. Continuous rhythm monitoring was achieved using an implantable loop recorder. RESULTS: Eighty-three patients had echocardiographic data suitable for analysis. Their mean age was 63.6±9.7 years, 73.5% were male, had AF for 22.8±11.6 months, and had a mean LA maximum volume of 48.8±13.8 mL/m2. Thirty patients maintained sinus rhythm, and 53 developed AF recurrence. Ablation led to similar reductions in LA volumes at follow-up in both rhythm groups. However, higher LA emptying fraction (36.3±10.6% versus 27.9±9.9%; P<0.001), reservoir strain (22.6±8.5% versus 16.7±5.7%; P=0.001), and contractile strain (9.2±3.4% versus 5.6±2.5%; P<0.001) were noted in the sinus rhythm compared with AF recurrence group following ablation at 3 months. Diastolic function was better in the sinus rhythm compared with the AF recurrence group with an E/A ratio of 1.5±0.5 versus 2.2±1.2 (P<0.001) and left ventricular E/e' ratio of 8.0±2.1 versus 10.3±4.1 (P<0.001), respectively. LA contractile strain at 3 months was the only independent predictor of AF recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Following ablation for long-standing persistent AF, improvement in LA function was greater in those who maintained sinus rhythm. LA contractile strain at 3 months was the most important determinant of AF recurrence following ablation. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Unique identifier: NCT02755688.

Assessment of left ventricular tissue mitochondrial bioenergetics in patients with stable coronary artery disease.

Recurrent myocardial ischemia can lead to left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). In this observational cohort study, we assessed for chronic metabolomic and transcriptomic adaptations within LV myocardium of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. During surgery, paired transmural LV biopsies were acquired on the beating heart from regions with and without evidence of inducible ischemia on preoperative stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance. From 33 patients, 63 biopsies were acquired, compared to analysis of LV samples from 11 donor hearts. The global myocardial adenosine triphosphate (ATP):adenosine diphosphate (ADP) ratio was reduced in patients with CAD as compared to donor LV tissue, with increased expression of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes encoding the electron transport chain complexes across multiple cell types. Paired analyses of biopsies obtained from LV segments with or without inducible ischemia revealed no significant difference in the ATP:ADP ratio, broader metabolic profile or expression of ventricular cardiomyocyte genes implicated in OXPHOS. Differential metabolite analysis suggested dysregulation of several intermediates in patients with reduced LV ejection fraction, including succinate. Overall, our results suggest that viable myocardium in patients with stable CAD has global alterations in bioenergetic and transcriptional profile without large regional differences between areas with or without inducible ischemia.

Hepatocellular carcinoma in an adult with Alagille syndrome: case report and literature review.

Alagille syndrome (AS) is an autosomal dominant multisystem disorder which can lead to hepatopathy and the development of focal hepatic lesions. The majority of the hepatic lesions are benign, including regenerative nodules, focal hyperplasia, and adenoma. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is extremely rare in AS, with very few cases reported in the literature. A 38-year-old man complaining of acute right upper quadrant pain with long-standing diagnosis of Alagille syndrome. On imaging, the patient had a large hepatic mass in the right lobe, with arterial hyperenhancement, washout appearance, and areas of internal hemorrhage. The patient underwent a right hepatectomy and histopathology demonstrated HCC. The patient passed away 3 months after the surgery due to infectious complications. HCC is a rare complication of AS, although rare, it should be considered. This case also emphasizes the need of HCC screening in patients with AS in order to allow an early diagnosis and treatment, which can improve patients' outcome.

Impact of choice of skin preparation solution in cardiac surgery on rate of surgical site infection: a propensity score matched analysis.

BACKGROUND: Antiseptic skin preparations containing chlorhexidine gluconate and povidone iodine are routinely used to reduce the risk of surgical site infection (SSI). This study assesses the efficacy of two alcohol-based solutions, 2% chlorhexidine-alcohol and 10% povidone iodine-alcohol, on the incidence of cardiac SSI. METHODS: A total of 738 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery had skin preparation with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate in 70% isopropanol (ChloraPrep, BD Ltd, UK) were propensity matched to 738 patients with skin prepared with 10% povidone-iodine in 30% industrial methylated spirit (Videne Alcoholic Tincture, Ecolab Ltd, UK). Continuous, prospective SSI surveillance data were collected for all these patients. A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected perioperative data was performed. RESULTS: The overall rate of SSI was similar in the chlorhexidine-alcohol and povidone-iodine-alcohol groups (3.3% versus 3.8%; P = 0.14; relative risk [RR] = 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.52-1.78). Superficial (1.2% versus 1.8%; P = 0.18; RR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.48-1.80) and deep incisional (1.2% versus 1.6%; P = 0.24) SSI rates were also similar with 10% povidone-iodine-alcohol being marginally more effective against organ-space infections (0.8% versus 0.4%; P = 0.05; RR = 0.38; 95% CI = 0.20-1.01). CONCLUSION: Our analysis confirms that alcohol-based skin preparation in cardiac surgery with povidone-iodine reduces the incidence of organ-space infections with no significant superiority in preventing incisional SSI compared with chlorhexidine-alcohol.

Catheter Ablation versus Thoracoscopic Surgical Ablation in Long Standing Persistent Atrial Fibrillation (CASA-AF): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Atrial fibrillation is the commonest arrhythmia which raises the risk of heart failure, thromboembolic stroke, morbidity and death. Pharmacological treatments of this condition are focused on heart rate control, rhythm control and reduction in risk of stroke. Selective ablation of cardiac tissues resulting in isolation of areas causing atrial fibrillation is another treatment strategy which can be delivered by two minimally invasive interventions: percutaneous catheter ablation and thoracoscopic surgical ablation. The main purpose of this trial is to compare the effectiveness and safety of these two interventions. METHODS/DESIGN: Catheter Ablation versus Thoracoscopic Surgical Ablation in Long Standing Persistent Atrial Fibrillation (CASA-AF) is a prospective, multi-centre, randomised controlled trial within three NHS tertiary cardiovascular centres specialising in treatment of atrial fibrillation. Eligible adults (n = 120) with symptomatic, long-standing, persistent atrial fibrillation will be randomly allocated to either catheter ablation or thoracoscopic ablation in a 1:1 ratio. Pre-determined lesion sets will be delivered in each treatment arm with confirmation of appropriate conduction block. All patients will have an implantable loop recorder (ILR) inserted subcutaneously immediately following ablation to enable continuous heart rhythm monitoring for at least 12 months. The devices will be programmed to detect episodes of atrial fibrillation and atrial tachycardia ≥ 30 s in duration. The patients will be followed for 12 months, completing appropriate clinical assessments and questionnaires every 3 months. The ILR data will be wirelessly transmitted daily and evaluated every month for the duration of the follow-up. The primary endpoint in the study is freedom from atrial fibrillation and atrial tachycardia at the end of the follow-up period. DISCUSSION: The CASA-AF Trial is a National Institute for Health Research-funded study that will provide first-class evidence on the comparative efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of thoracoscopic surgical ablation and conventional percutaneous catheter ablation for long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation. In addition, the results of the trial will provide information on the effects on patients' quality of life. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN Registry, ISRCTN18250790 . Registered on 24 April 2015.

A randomized comparison of off-pump and on-pump multivessel coronary-artery bypass surgery.

BACKGROUND: The effect of the use of coronary-artery bypass surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass and cardiac arrest ("off pump") on graft patency remains uncertain. We undertook a prospective, randomized, controlled study to compare graft-patency rates and clinical outcomes in off-pump surgery with conventional, "on-pump" surgery. METHODS: We randomly assigned 50 patients to undergo on-pump coronary-artery bypass grafting and 54 to undergo off-pump surgery. Surgical and anesthetic techniques were standardized for both groups. Clinical outcomes and troponin T levels were measured. Three months later, the patients underwent coronary angiography, including quantitative analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 63 years, and 87 percent were men. The on-pump group received a mean of 3.4 grafts, and the off-pump group 3.1 (P=0.41). There were no deaths. There was no significant difference in the median postoperative length of stay between the two groups (seven days in each group). The area under the curve of troponin T levels was higher during the first 72 hours in the on-pump group than in the off-pump group (30.96 hr x microg per liter vs. 19.33 hr x microg per liter, P=0.02). At three months, 127 of 130 grafts were patent in the on-pump group (98 percent), as compared with 114 of 130 in the off-pump group (88 percent, P=0.002). The patency rate was higher for all graft territories in the on-pump group than in the off-pump group. CONCLUSIONS: In this randomized study, off-pump coronary surgery was as safe as on-pump surgery and caused less myocardial damage. However, the graft-patency rate was lower at three months in the off-pump group than in the on-pump group, and this difference has implications with respect to the long-term outcome.

Fungal endocarditis of the eustachian valve in carcinoid heart disease: a case report.

The case is presented of a fungal-origin endocarditis affecting the eustachian valve. During surgery for pulmonary and tricuspid valve replacement, a 54-year-old male with carcinoid disease was found to have a 3-cm vegetation attached to the eustachian valve. Histopathological assessment of the vegetation revealed the presence of Candida species. The patient made a good postoperative recovery and was continued on a three-month course of antifungal therapy.

Catheter ablation vs electrophysiologically guided thoracoscopic surgical ablation in long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation: The CASA-AF Study.

BACKGROUND: Catheter ablation (CA) outcomes for long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation (LSPAF) remain suboptimal. Thoracoscopic surgical ablation (SA) provides an alternative approach in this difficult to treat cohort. OBJECTIVE: To compare electrophysiological (EP) guided thoracoscopic SA with percutaneous CA as the first-line strategy in the treatment of LSPAF. METHODS: Fifty-one patients with de novo symptomatic LSPAF were recruited. Twenty-six patients underwent electrophysiologically guided thoracoscopic SA. Conduction block was tested for all lesions intraoperatively by an independent electrophysiologist. In the CA group, 25 consecutive patients underwent stepwise left atrial (LA) ablation. The primary end point was single-procedure freedom from atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial tachycardia (AT) lasting >30 seconds without antiarrhythmic drugs at 12 months. RESULTS: Single- and multiprocedure freedom from AF/AT was higher in the SA group than in the CA group: 19 of 26 patients (73%) vs 8 of 25 patients (32%) (P = .003) and 20 of 26 patients (77%) vs 15 of 25 patients (60%) (P = .19), respectively. Testing of the SA lesion set by an electrophysiologist increased the success rate in achieving acute conduction block by 19%. In the SA group, complications were experienced by 7 of 26 patients (27%) vs 2 of 25 patients (8%) in the CA group (P = .07). CONCLUSION: In LSPAF, meticulous electrophysiologically guided thoracoscopic SA as a first-line strategy may provide excellent single-procedure success rates as compared with those of CA, but there is an increased up-front risk of nonfatal complications.

Successful double bioprosthetic valve replacement in a 64-year-old man with carcinoid syndrome and bipolar disorder: case report.

The case is described of a 64-year-old man with bipolar disorder and severe carcinoid heart disease who required a double valve replacement. Multidisciplinary team involvement and extensive preoperative investigations resulted in a successful regimen which prevented reactivation of carcinoid syndrome and avoided the serious side effects of lantreotide and lithium therapy. In addition, two bioprosthetic valves were used, thereby avoiding the potential complications of anticoagulation in a patient with known hepatic metastases.

Correlation between thrombin potential and bleeding after cardiac surgery in adults.

We used a sensitive assay to measure thrombin potential in 20 patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass surgery for coronary artery bypass grafts. We measured coagulation factors II, V, VII, VIII and X. Blood loss was measured as the total amount in the mediastinal drains in the first 24 h postoperatively. Thrombin potential was median 107 nmol/l.min (range 62-181) preoperatively and median 46 nmol/l.min (range 19-120) postoperatively. Coagulation factors II, V, VII,VIII and X were within normal limits preoperatively. Factor II fell from 77 IU/dl preoperatively to 37 IU/dl at 120 min postoperatively. Factor V fell from 85 IU/dl preoperatively to 61 IU/dl postoperatively. Factor VII fell from 91 IU/dl to 66 IU/dl postoperatively. Factor VIII was 128 IU/dl preoperatively and 127 IU/dl postoperatively. Factor X fell from 90 IU/dl preoperatively to 50 IU/dl postoperatively. Total blood loss in 24 h in the mediastinal drains postoperatively was mean 673 ml, median 650 ml (range 250-2000). Reduction in thrombin potential correlated inversely with postoperative blood loss, r= -0.75 (Spearman correlation). The fall in the thrombin potential correlated with the prothrombin level (r = 0.75) and factor X (r = 0.47).

Determinants of successful endoscopic internal thoracic artery harvesting: a prospective analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Endoscopic internal thoracic artery (ITA) harvesting is employed during minimal-access coronary artery bypass grafting. To improve case selection, we prospectively analyzed our entire experience to identify variables that predict intraoperative conversion to sternotomy. METHODS: We performed a prospective study from September 1999 to November 2003 of 100 consecutive patients with an endoscopically harvested left ITA (LITA). Success was defined as an endoscopic dissection of the LITA sufficient to reach the anastomosis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent preoperative and procedural predictors of success. RESULTS: The measured parameters (mean +/- SD) were age (62 +/- 9 years), height (174 +/- 9 cm), weight (81 +/- 14 kg), and logistic Euroscore (2.0 +/- 1.7). Patients comprised 8 (8%) women, 17 (17%) with urgent operations, 42 (42%) with multiple vessel disease, 17 (17%) with a left ventricular ejection fraction <50%, 2 (2%) redo procedures, and 3 (3%) with pleural disease. The Zeus robot was used in 17 patients (17%). Eight-eight (88%) of the LITA were successfully harvested endoscopically. Among the 12 patients who underwent conversions, pleural adhesions were the most common finding (n = 4, 33%). One LITA was unusable. In the final multivariate model, lung disease was a negative predictor of successful endoscopic harvest (odds ratio, 0.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.63; P =.012). The variables of age, sex, left ventricular function, logistic Euroscore, operative priority, and use of the Zeus robot did not achieve statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Acceptable conversion rates and low conduit wastage are achievable during a unit's initial experience. Lung disease is associated with increased conversion frequency, and surgeons embarking on endoscopic harvesting should consider excluding these patients to improve their chances of success. Pleural adhesions increase the technical difficulty of surgery.