Moxibustion's protective role against atherosclerosis: Inhibition of Ca2+ overload-triggered oxidative stress and inflammatory response via P2Y12/PI3K/AKT pathway.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the protective mechanism of moxibustion in combating atherosclerosis (AS). METHODS: Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice, aged 8 weeks, were randomly assigned into four groups: the model group (n = 6), SC79 group (n = 6), moxibustion group (n = 6), and moxibustion+SC79 group (n = 6). All mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). Concurrently, 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice of the same genetic background were utilized as the control group (n = 6) and were given a regular diet. Macrophages were isolated via flow cytometry. The intracellular Ca2+ expression in macrophages was evaluated, and aortic plaques were quantitatively assessed through en face oil red O and Masson staining. The presence of macrophages and smooth muscle cells in AS plaques was determined by MAC-3 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) immunohistochemistry. The relative fluorescence intensity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in macrophages was identified by immunofluorescence staining. The expressions of proteins related to the P2Y12/phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxy kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway were examined by Western blotting. RESULTS: Moxibustion reduced free Ca2+ expression in macrophage cytoplasm, inhibiting Ca2+ influx and oxidative stress. Significant reductions in atherosclerotic plaque formation and inflammation markers, including TNF-α and IL-1ß, were noted in the moxibustion group. Moxibustion modulated the P2Y12/PI3K/AKT pathway, impacting various inflammatory and oxidative stress-related proteins. Introduction of the AKT activator SC79 counteracted moxibustion's benefits, highlighting the P2Y12/PI3K/AKT pathway's central role. CONCLUSION: Moxibustion, through the P2Y12/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, can inhibit Ca2+ overload-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response, decrease macrophage infiltration, and increase the content of smooth muscle cells and collagen, thereby exerting a protective effect against AS.

Enhanced Late INa Induces Intracellular Ion Disturbances and Automatic Activity in the Guinea Pig Pulmonary Vein Cardiomyocytes.

The effects of enhanced late INa, a persistent component of the Na+ channel current, on the intracellular ion dynamics and the automaticity of the pulmonary vein cardiomyocytes were studied with fluorescent microscopy. Anemonia viridis toxin II (ATX- II), an enhancer of late INa, caused increases in the basal Na+ and Ca2+ concentrations, increases in the number of Ca2+ sparks and Ca2+ waves, and the generation of repetitive Ca2+ transients. These phenomena were inhibited by eleclazine, a blocker of the late INa; SEA0400, an inhibitor of the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX); H89, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor; and KN-93, a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) inhibitor. These results suggest that enhancement of late INa in the pulmonary vein cardiomyocytes causes disturbance of the intracellular ion environment through activation of the NCX and Ca2+-dependent enzymes. Such mechanisms are probably involved in the ectopic electrical activity of the pulmonary vein myocardium.

Mitochondrial Ca2+ overload due to altered proteostasis amplifies apoptosis in C2C12 myoblasts under hypoxia: Protective role of nanocurcumin formulation.

Severe hypoxia triggers apoptosis leads to myofibers loss and is attributable to impaired intracellular calcium (iCa2+ ) homeostasis, resulting in reduced muscle activity. Hypoxia increases intracellular Ca2+ by activating the release of Ca2+ from iCa2+ stores, however, the effect of increased [iCa2+ ] on the mitochondria of muscle cells at high-altitude hypoxia is largely unexplored. This study examined mitochondrial Ca2+ overload due to altered expression of mitochondrial calcium uptake 1 (MICU1), that is, a gatekeeper of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter, impaired mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). p53 stabilization and its translocation to the mitochondria were observed following disrupted mitochondrial membrane integrity in myoblasts under hypoxia. Furthermore, the downstream effects of p53 led to the upregulation of proapoptotic proteins (Bax, Caspase-3, and cytochrome C) in myoblasts under hypoxia. Nanocurcumin-pyrroloquinoline quinone formulation (NCF; Indian patent no. 302877), developed to address hypoxia-induced consequences, was found to be beneficial in maintaining mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis and limiting p53 translocation into mitochondria under hypoxia in muscle myoblasts. NCF treatment also modulates heat shock proteins and apoptosis-regulating protein expression in myoblasts. Conclusively, we proposed that mitochondrial Ca2+ overload due to altered MICU1 expression intensifies apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunctionality. The study also reported that NCF could improve mitochondrial [Ca2+ ] homeostasis and antiapoptotic ability in C2C12 myoblasts under hypoxia.

Chlorpyrifos-mediated mitochondrial calcium overload induces EPC cell apoptosis via ROS/AMPK/ULK1.

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a typical organophosphate insecticide known to has serious toxicological effects on aquatic animals and causes many environmental contamination problems. To assess the effects of CPF on the epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells of the common carps from the point of calcium ion (Ca2+) transport, the CPF-exposed EPC models were primarily established, and both AO/EB staining and Annexin V/PI assay with flow cytometry analysis were subsequently implemented to identify that CPF-induced EPC cell apoptosis, in consistent with the up-regulated expression of BAX, Cyt-c, CASP3 and CASP9, and down-regulated BCL-2 expression. Then, Mag-Fluo-4 AM, Fluo-4 AM and Rhod-2 AM staining probes were co-stained with ER-Tracker Red and Mito-Tracker Green applied to image cellular Ca2+ flux, illuminating Ca2+ depleted from ER and flux into mitochondria, resulting in ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, 2-Aminoethyl Diphenylborinate (2-APB), 4-Phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) and Dorsomorphin (Compound C) were performed as the inhibitor of Ca2+ transition, ER stress and AMPK phosphorylation, suggesting CPF-mediated Ca2+ overload triggered ER stress. And the over-generation of Mito-ROS intensified oxidative stress, promoting the phosphorylation of AMPK and deteriorating cell apoptotic death. The results of this study demonstrated Ca2+ overload-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction engages in the CPF-induced apoptosis, providing a novel concept for investigating the toxicity of CPF as environmental pollution on aquatic organisms.

Effects of TND1128 (a 5-deazaflavin derivative), with self-redox ability, as a mitochondria activator on the mouse brain slice and its comparison with ß-NMN.

We have no definitive treatment for dementia characterized by prolonged neuronal death due to the enormous accumulation of foreign matter, such as ß-amyloid. Since Alzheimer's type dementia develops slowly, we may be able to delay the onset and improve neuronal dysfunction by enhancing the energy metabolism of individual neurons. TND1128, a derivative of 5-deazaflavin, is a chemical known to have an efficient self-redox ability. We expected TND1128 as an activator for mitochondrial energy synthesis. We used brain slices prepared from mice 22 ± 2 h pretreated with TND1128 or ß-NMN. We measured Ca2+ concentrations in the cytoplasm ([Ca2+]cyt) and mitochondria ([Ca2+]mit) by using fluorescence Ca2+ indicators, Fura-4F, and X-Rhod-1, respectively, and examined the protective effects of drugs on [Ca2+]cyt and [Ca2+]mit overloading by repeating 80K exposure. TND1128 (0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg s.c.) mitigates the dynamics of both [Ca2+]cyt and [Ca2+]mit in a dose-dependent manner. ß-NMN (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg s.c.) also showed significant dose-dependent mitigating effects on [Ca2+]cyt, but the effect on the [Ca2+]mit dynamics was insignificant. We confirmed the mitochondria-activating potential of TND1128 in the present study. We expect TND1128 as a drug that rescues deteriorating neurons with aging or disease.

Characterization of electropharmacological profile of an anti-atrial fibrillatory drug vernakalant along with potential risk toward torsade de pointes: Translational studies using isoflurane-anesthetized dogs and isolated rat aortic preparations.

We simultaneously assessed electropharmacological effects of anti-atrial fibrillatory drug vernakalant and its potential risk toward torsade de pointes. Vernakalant hydrochloride in doses of 0.3 and 3 mg/kg/10 min was intravenously administered to isoflurane-anesthetized beagle dogs without (n = 5) and with (n = 4) α-adrenoceptor blockade. Its vascular effect was analyzed using the rat aortae (n = 12). Vernakalant increased total peripheral vascular resistance and preload to left ventricle, leading to transient elevation of mean blood pressure indirectly via non-adrenergic pathway. Vernakalant suppressed sinus automaticity, ventricular contractility and intra-atrial/atrioventricular nodal/intraventricular conductions, and decreased cardiac output. Moreover, vernakalant prolonged atrial/ventricular effective refractory period by 53/55 ms, respectively, whereas it delayed ventricular repolarization in a reverse frequency-dependent manner. The extent of prolongation in early/late ventricular repolarization and electrically vulnerable period was 26/32 and 9 ms, respectively when QT-interval prolongation was the greatest. We compared them with those of known anti-atrial fibrillatory drugs; ranolazine, amiodarone, dronedarone, dl-sotalol and bepridil. The magnitude of vernakalant to alter those variables was the greater among those drugs except that the atrial selectivity was the lesser of those. Thus, vernakalant is expected to be efficacious against atrial fibrillation, but caution should be excised on its use for patients having labile ventricular function and repolarization.

Nano-modulators with the function of disrupting mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis and photothermal conversion for synergistic breast cancer therapy.

Breast cancer treatment has been a global puzzle, and apoptosis strategies based on mitochondrial Ca2+ overload have attracted extensive attention. However, various limitations of current Ca2+ nanogenerators make it difficult to maintain effective Ca2+ overload concentrations. Here, we constructed a multimodal Ca2+ nano-modulator that, for the first time, combined photothermal therapy (PTT) and mitochondrial Ca2+ overload strategies to inhibit tumor development. By crosslinking sodium alginate (SA) on the surface of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles encapsulating with Cur and ICG, we prepared a synergistic Ca2+ nano-regulator SA/Cur@CaCO3-ICG (SCCI). In vitro studies have shown that SCCI further enhanced photostability while preserving the optical properties of ICG. After uptake by tumor cells, SCCI can reduce mitochondrial membrane potential and down-regulate ATP production by producing large amounts of Ca2+ at low pH. Near-infrared light radiation (NIR) laser irradiation made the tumor cells heat up sharply, which not only accelerated the decomposition of CaCO3, but also produced large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) followed by cell apoptosis. In vivo studies have revealed that the Ca2+ nano-regulators had excellent targeting, biocompatibility, and anti-tumor effects, which can significantly inhibit the proliferation of tumor cells and play a direct killing effect. These findings indicated that therapeutic strategies based on ionic interference and PTT had great therapeutic potential, providing new insights into antitumor therapy.

TRPM4 inhibition by meclofenamate suppresses Ca2+-dependent triggered arrhythmias.

AIMS: Cardiac arrhythmias are a major factor in the occurrence of morbidity and sudden death in patients with cardiovascular disease. Disturbances of Ca2+ homeostasis in the heart contribute to the initiation and maintenance of cardiac arrhythmias. Extrasystolic increases in intracellular Ca2+ lead to delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered activity, which can result in heart rhythm abnormalities. It is being suggested that the Ca2+-activated nonselective cation channel TRPM4 is involved in the aetiology of triggered activity, but the exact contribution and in vivo significance are still unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: In vitro electrophysiological and calcium imaging technique as well as in vivo intracardiac and telemetric electrocardiogram measurements in physiological and pathophysiological conditions were performed. In two distinct Ca2+-dependent proarrhythmic models, freely moving Trpm4-/- mice displayed a reduced burden of cardiac arrhythmias. Looking further into the specific contribution of TRPM4 to the cellular mechanism of arrhythmias, TRPM4 was found to contribute to a long-lasting Ca2+ overload-induced background current, thereby regulating cell excitability in Ca2+ overload conditions. To expand these results, a compound screening revealed meclofenamate as a potent antagonist of TRPM4. In line with the findings from Trpm4-/- mice, 10 µM meclofenamate inhibited the Ca2+ overload-induced background current in ventricular cardiomyocytes and 15 mg/kg meclofenamate suppressed catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia-associated arrhythmias in a TRPM4-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: The presented data establish that TRPM4 represents a novel target in the prevention and treatment of Ca2+-dependent triggered arrhythmias.

Cell Membrane-Anchoring Nano-Photosensitizer for Light-Controlled Calcium-Overload and Tumor-Specific Synergistic Therapy.

Poor selectivity and unintended toxicity to normal organs are major challenges in calcium ion (Ca2+ ) overload tumor therapy. To address this issue, a cell membrane-anchoring nano-photosensitizer (CMA-nPS) is constructed for inducing tumor-specific Ca2+ overload through multistage endogenous Ca2+ homeostasis disruption under light guidance, i.e., the extracellular Ca2+ influx caused by cell membrane damage, followed by the intracellular Ca2+ imbalance caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. CMA-nPS is decorated by two types of functionalized cell membranes, the azide-modified macrophage cell membrane is used to conjugate the dibenzocyclooctyne-decorated photosensitizer, and the vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G)-modified NIH3T3 cell membrane is used to guide the anchoring of photosensitizer to the lung cancer cell membrane. The in vitro study shows that CMA-nPS mainly anchors on the cell membrane, and further causes membrane damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as intracellular Ca2+ overload upon light irradiation. Synergistically enhanced antitumor efficiency is observed in vitro and in vivo. This study provides a new synergistic strategy for Ca2+ -overload-based cancer therapy, as well as a strategy for anchoring photosensitizer on the cell membrane, offering broad application prospects for the treatment of lung cancer.

ATR prevents Ca2+ overload-induced necrotic cell death through phosphorylation-mediated inactivation of PARP1 without DNA damage signaling.

Hyperactivation of PARP1 is known to be a major cause of necrotic cell death by depleting NAD+ /ATP pools during Ca2+ overload which is associated with many ischemic diseases. However, little is known about how PARP1 hyperactivity is regulated during calcium overload. In this study we show that ATR kinase, well known for its role in DNA damage responses, suppresses ionomycin, glutamate, or quinolinic acid-induced necrotic death of cells including SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. We found that the inhibition of necrosis requires the kinase activity of ATR. Specifically, ATR binds to and phosphorylates PARP1 at Ser179 after the ionophore treatments. This site-specific phosphorylation inactivates PARP1, inhibiting ionophore-induced necrosis. Strikingly, all of this occurs in the absence of detectable DNA damage and signaling up to 8 hours after ionophore treatment. Furthermore, little AIF was released from mitochondria/cytoplasm for nuclear import, supporting the necrotic type of cell death in the early period of the treatments. Our results reveal a novel ATR-mediated anti-necrotic mechanism in the cellular stress response to calcium influx without DNA damage signaling.

Mechanisms of eccentric contraction-induced muscle damage and nutritional supplementations for mitigating it.

Eccentric contraction (ECC) often results in large and long-lasting force deficits accompanied by muscle soreness, primarily due to muscle damage. In this sense, exercises that involve ECC are less desirable. Paradoxically, exercise training that includes a substantial eccentric phase leads to a more powerful activation of the genes responsible for skeletal muscle remodeling (e.g., hypertrophy) than other types of training that emphasize a concentric or isometric phase. Therefore, effective strategies that lessen ECC-induced muscle damage will be of interest and importance to many individuals. The purpose of this brief review is to highlight the published literature on the effects of ECC and/or nutritional supplementations on proteins, lipids, metabolic and ionic changes, and enzyme activities in skeletal muscles subjected to an acute bout of ECC. First, we discuss the potential mechanisms by which ECC causes muscle damage. Previous findings implicate a Ca2+ overload-oxidative modification pathway as one possible mechanism contributing to muscle damage. Thereafter, the efficacy of two nutritional supplementations, i.e., L-arginine and antioxidant, is discussed because L-arginine and antioxidant would be expected to ameliorate the adverse effects of Ca2+ overload and oxidative modification, respectively. Of these, L-arginine ingestion before ECC seems likely to be the effective strategy for mitigating ECC-related proteolysis. More studies are needed to establish the effectiveness of antioxidant ingestion. The application of effective strategies against muscle damage may contribute to improvements in health and fitness, muscle function, and sports performance.

Agonist-induced Piezo1 activation promote mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells.

OBJECTIVE: Mechanical damage plays an essential role in the progression of atherosclerosis. Piezo1 is a new mechanically sensitive ion channel. The present study investigated the vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) apoptosis induced by Piezo1 activation and explored its underlying mechanism. METHODS: We evaluated cell viability and apoptosis rate with cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry assay, respectively. And then Western blot was performed to measure the relative protein. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular Ca2+ were assessed via fluorescence microscope, and the mitochondrial transmembrane potential was monitored by JC-10 staining. RESULTS: Our in vitro study revealed that mice in the ApoE-/- group compared with control mice showed higher Piezo1 expression(P < 0.05). Besides, Yoda1, a Piezo1 agonist, triggered Ca2+ overload, mitochondrial damage, accumulation of ROS, and VSMCs apoptosis in a dose-depend manner. Furthermore, BAPT-AM (an intracellular Ca2+ chelator) and NAC (an antioxidant) suppressed the mitochondrial damage and attenuated the VSMCs apoptosis. CONCLUSION: Our study suggested that Piezo1 induced VSMCs apoptosis because of Ca2+ overload, excessive ROS generation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, which indicated that Piezo1 has potential value in treating vascular diseases.

Boosting nutrient starvation-dominated cancer therapy through curcumin-augmented mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and obatoclax-mediated autophagy inhibition as supported by a novel nano-modulator GO-Alg@CaP/CO.

BACKGROUND: By hindering energy supply pathway for cancer cells, an alternative therapeutic strategy modality is put forward: tumor starvation therapy. And yet only in this blockade of glucose supply which is far from enough to result in sheer apoptosis of cancer cells. RESULTS: In an effort to boost nutrient starvation-dominated cancer therapy, here a novel mitochondrial Ca2+ modulator Alg@CaP were tailor-made for the immobilization of Glucose oxidase for depriving the intra-tumoral glucose, followed by the loading of Curcumin to augment mitochondrial Ca2+ overload to maximize the therapeutic efficiency of cancer starvation therapy via mitochondrial dysfunctions. Also, autophagy inhibitors Obatoclax were synchronously incorporated in this nano-modulator to highlight autophagy inhibition. CONCLUSION: Here, a promising complementary modality for the trebling additive efficacy of starvation therapy was described for cutting off the existing energy sources in starvation therapy through Curcumin-augmented mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and Obatoclax-mediated autophagy inhibition.

Double-activation of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening via calcium overload and reactive oxygen species for cancer therapy.

BACKGROUND: Calcium ions (Ca2+) participates in various intracellular signal cascades and especially plays a key role in pathways relevant to cancer cells. Mitochondrial metabolism stimulated by calcium overload can trigger the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), which leads to cancer cell death. METHODS: Herein, a mitochondrial pathway for tumour growth inhibition was built via the double-activation of MPTP channel. Fe2+ doped covalent organic frameworks (COF) was synthesised and applied as template to grow CaCO3 shell. Then O2 was storaged into Fe2+ doped COF, forming O2-FeCOF@CaCO3 nanocomposite. After modification with folic acid (FA), O2-FeCOF@CaCO3@FA (OFCCF) can target breast cancer cells and realize PDT/Ca2+ overload synergistic treatment. RESULTS: COF can induce the production of 1O2 under 650 nm irradiation for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Low pH and hypoxia in tumour microenvironment (TME) can activate the nanocomposite to release oxygen and Ca2+. The released O2 can alleviate hypoxia in TME, thus enhancing the efficiency of COF-mediated PDT. Abundant Ca2+ were released and accumulated in cancer cells, resulting in Ca2+ overload. Notably, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ overload ensure the sustained opening of MPTP, which leads to the change of mitochondria transmembrane potential, the release of cytochrome c (Cyt c) and the activation of caspases 3 for cancer cell apoptosis. CONCLUSION: This multifunctional nanosystem with TME responded abilities provided a novel strategy for innovative clinical cancer therapy.

C5b-9 mediates ferroptosis of tubular epithelial cells in trichloroethylene-sensitization mice.

Occupational medicamentose-like dermatitis due to trichloroethylene (OMDT) is a key but unresolved question. OMDT patients often present multiple organ damage, including kidney damage. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. The purpose of our study was to explore the effect of tubule-specific C5b-9 deposition induced by TCE sensitization on renal tubular ferroptosis and its mechanism. By analyzing pathological changes of TCE-sensitization-mice kidney, we observed a significant renal tubular ferroptosis, which was alleviated by CD59, a C5b-9 inhibitory protein. Moreover, this phenomenon was also replicated in a C5b-9-attacked HK-2 cell model. Further experiments identified that C5b-9 induced cytosolic Ca2+ overload in renal tubular epithelia cells from TCE-sensitization-mice and HK-2 cells. Furthermore, in vitro experiments showed that BAPTA-AM, an intracellular Ca2+ chelator, could rescued ferroptosis induced by C5b-9 in HK-2 cells. Taken together, TCE sensitization induced renal tubular ferroptosis is mediated by C5b-9 and cytosolic Ca2+ overload may play a key role.

Modification of Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Alterations in Subcellular Organelles by Ischemic Preconditioning.

It is now well established that ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is associated with the compromised recovery of cardiac contractile function. Such an adverse effect of I/R injury in the heart is attributed to the development of oxidative stress and intracellular Ca2+-overload, which are known to induce remodeling of subcellular organelles such as sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and myofibrils. However, repeated episodes of brief periods of ischemia followed by reperfusion or ischemic preconditioning (IP) have been shown to improve cardiac function and exert cardioprotective actions against the adverse effects of prolonged I/R injury. This protective action of IP in attenuating myocardial damage and subcellular remodeling is likely to be due to marked reductions in the occurrence of oxidative stress and intracellular Ca2+-overload in cardiomyocytes. In addition, the beneficial actions of IP have been attributed to the depression of proteolytic activities and inflammatory levels of cytokines as well as the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid factor 2-mediated signal transduction pathway. Accordingly, this review is intended to describe some of the changes in subcellular organelles, which are induced in cardiomyocytes by I/R for the occurrence of oxidative stress and intracellular Ca2+-overload and highlight some of the mechanisms for explaining the cardioprotective effects of IP.

Zearalenone Induces MLKL-Dependent Necroptosis in Goat Endometrial Stromal Cells via the Calcium Overload/ROS Pathway.

Zearalenone (ZEA) is a fungal mycotoxin known to exert strong reproductive toxicity in animals. As a newly identified type of programmed cell death, necroptosis is regulated by receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL). However, the role and mechanism of necroptosis in ZEA toxicity remain unclear. In this study, we confirmed the involvement of necroptosis in ZEA-induced cell death in goat endometrial stromal cells (gESCs). The release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the production of PI-positive cells markedly increased. At the same time, the expression of RIPK1 and RIPK3 mRNAs and P-RIPK3 and P-MLKL proteins were significantly upregulated in ZEA-treated gESCs. Importantly, the MLKL inhibitor necrosulfonamide (NSA) dramatically attenuated gESCs necroptosis and powerfully blocked ZEA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial dysfunction. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibited ZEA-induced cell death. In addition, the inhibition of MLKL alleviated the intracellular Ca2+ overload caused by ZEA. The calcium chelator BAPTA-AM markedly suppressed ROS production and mitochondrial damage, thus inhibiting ZEA-induced necroptosis. Therefore, our results revealed the mechanism by which ZEA triggers gESCs necroptosis, which may provide a new therapeutic strategy for ZEA poisoning.

Biodegradable Ca2+ Nanomodulators Activate Pyroptosis through Mitochondrial Ca2+ Overload for Cancer Immunotherapy.

Pyroptosis provides a new direction and broad prospects for cancer immunotherapy. However, the development of a nanoplatform as a pyroptosis inducer is limited, and the discovery of a new type of nano-pyroptosis inducer for cancer immunotherapy is still imminent. Herein, biodegradable Ca2+ nanomodulators (CaNMs) are prepared as pyroptosis inducers for cancer immunotherapy via mitochondrial Ca2+ overload. The obtained CaNMs can decompose under low pH to release Ca2+ and curcumin, leading to a sudden surge in mitochondrial Ca2+ ions, eventually resulting in pyroptosis. We not only confirm the occurrence of mitochondrial Ca2+ overload-triggered pyroptosis for the first time but also reveal the robust immune responses via CaNMs, along with remarkably suppressing tumor proliferation and lung metastasis. This work will provide new strategies and inspiration for pyroptosis-mediated cancer treatments, greatly contributing to the further development of Ca2+ nanomodulators.

Ca2+ overload- and ROS-associated mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to δ-tocotrienol-mediated paraptosis in melanoma cells.

Melanoma is an aggressive tumor with still poor therapy outcomes. δ-tocotrienol (δ-TT) is a vitamin E derivative displaying potent anti-cancer properties. Previously, we demonstrated that δ-TT triggers apoptosis in human melanoma cells. Here, we investigated whether it might also activate paraptosis, a non-canonical programmed cell death. In accordance with the main paraptotic features, δ-TT was shown to promote cytoplasmic vacuolization, associated with endoplasmic reticulum/mitochondrial dilation and protein synthesis, as well as MAPK activation in A375 and BLM cell lines. Moreover, treated cells exhibited a significant reduced expression of OXPHOS complex I and a marked decrease in oxygen consumption and mitochondrial membrane potential, culminating in decreased ATP synthesis and AMPK phosphorylation. This mitochondrial dysfunction resulted in ROS overproduction, found to be responsible for paraptosis induction. Additionally, δ-TT caused Ca2+ homeostasis disruption, with endoplasmic reticulum-derived ions accumulating in mitochondria and activating the paraptotic signaling. Interestingly, by using both IP3R and VDAC inhibitors, a close cause-effect relationship between mitochondrial Ca2+ overload and ROS generation was evidenced. Collectively, these results provide novel insights into δ-TT anti-melanoma activity, highlighting its ability to induce mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated paraptosis. δ-tocotrienol induces paraptotic cell death in human melanoma cells, causing endoplasmic reticulum dilation and mitochondrial swelling. These alterations induce an impairment of mitochondrial function, ROS production and calcium overload.

Synergistic Combination of Bioactive Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles and the Chemotherapeutic Doxorubicin to Overcome Tumor Multidrug Resistance.

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the biggest obstacles in cancer chemotherapy. Here, a remarkable reversal of MDR in breast cancer through the synergistic effects of bioactive hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAPNs) and doxorubicin (DOX) is shown. DOX loaded HAPNs (DHAPNs) exhibit a 150-fold reduction in IC50 compared with free DOX for human MDR breast cancer MCF-7/ADR cells, and lead to almost complete inhibition of tumor growth in vivo without obvious side effects of free DOX. This high efficacy and specificity could be attributed to multiple action mechanisms of HAPNs. In addition to acting as the conventional nanocarriers to facilitate the cellular uptake and retention of DOX in MCF-7/ADR cells, more importantly, drug-free HAPNs themselves are able to prevent drug being pumped out of MDR cells through targeting mitochondria to induce mitochondrial damage and inhibit ATP production and to trigger sustained mitochondrial calcium overload and apoptosis in MDR cancer cells while not affecting normal cells. The results demonstrate that this simple but versatile bioactive nanoparticle provides a practical approach to effectively overcome MDR.