Tumor microenvironment and immune system preservation in early-stage breast cancer: routes for early recurrence after mastectomy and treatment for lobular and ductal forms of disease.

BACKGROUND: Intra-ductal cancer (IDC) is the most common type of breast cancer, with intra-lobular cancer (ILC) coming in second. Surgery is the primary treatment for early stage breast cancer. There are now irrefutable data demonstrating that the immune context of breast tumors can influence growth and metastasis. Adjuvant chemotherapy may be administered in patients who are at a high risk of recurrence. Our goal was to identify the processes underlying both types of early local recurrences. METHODS: This was a case-control observational study. Within 2 years of receiving adjuvant taxan and anthracycline-based chemotherapy, as well as modified radical mastectomy (MRM), early stage IDC and ILC recurred. Vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP1), and clustered differentiation (CD95) were investigated. RESULTS: Of the samples in the ductal type group, 25 showed local recurrence, and 25 did not. Six individuals in the lobular-type group did not experience recurrence, whereas seven did. Vimentin (p = 0.000 and 0.021), PDGF (p = 0.000 and 0.002), and CD95 (p = 0.000 and 0.045) expressions were significantly different in ductal and lobular carcinoma types, respectively. Measurement of ductal type was the sole significant difference found in MMP1 (p = 0.000) and α-SMA (p = 0.000). α-SMA and CD95 were two variables that helped the recurrence mechanism in the ductal type according to the pathway analysis. In contrast, the CD95 route is a recurrent mechanism for the lobular form. CONCLUSIONS: While the immune system plays a larger role in ILC, the tumor microenvironment and immune system both influence the recurrence of IDC. According to this study, improving the immune system may be a viable cancer treatment option.

Association between Homologous Recombination Repair Defect Status and Long-Term Prognosis of Early HER2-Low Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: As a newly identified subtype of HER2-negative tumors associated with a less favorable prognosis, it remains crucial to evaluate potential prognostic and predictive factors, particularly non-invasive biomarkers, for individuals with human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) low early-stage breast cancer (EBC). Multiple investigations have highlighted that HER2-negative patients with EBC exhibiting high homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) scores display lower rates of pathological complete response (PCR) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Nevertheless, no study to date has explored the correlation between HRD and the long-term prognosis in HER2-low patients with EBC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective observational study focuses on primary EBC sourced from The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset (TCGA). It reveals the gene mutation landscape in EBC with low HER2 expression and elucidates the tumor immune landscape across different HRD states. Utilizing bioinformatics analysis and Cox proportional models, along with the Kaplan-Meier method, the study assesses the correlation between HRD status and disease-specific survival (DSS), disease-free interval (DFI), and progression-free interval (PFI). Subgroup analyses were conducted to identify potential variations in the association between HRD and prognosis. RESULTS: In the patients with HER2-low breast cancer, patients with homologous recombination related genes (HRRGs) defects had an HRD score about twice that of those without related genes mutations, and were at higher risk of acquiring ARID1A, ATM, and BRCA2 mutations. We also found that most immune cell abundances were significantly higher in EBC tumors with high HRD than in EBC tumors with low HRD or HRD-medium, particularly plasma B-cell abundance, CD8 T-cell abundance, and M1 macrophages. In addition, these tumors with HRD-high also appear to have significantly higher tumor immune scores and lower interstitial scores. Then, we analyzed the relationship between different HRD status and prognosis. There was statistical significance (P = .036 and P = .046, respectively) in DSS and PFI between the HRD-low and HRD-high groups, and patients with HRD-high EBC showed relatively poor survival outcomes. A medium HRD score (hazard ratio, HR = 2.15, 95% CI: 1.04-4.41, P = .038) was a significant risk factor for PFI. Hormone receptor positivity is an important factor in obtaining medium-high HRD score and poor prognosis. CONCLUSION: Higher HRD scores were associated with poorer PFI outcomes, particularly in people with HR+/HER2-low. Varied HRD states exhibited distinctions in HRRGs and the tumor immune landscape. These insights have the potential to assist clinicians in promptly identifying high-risk groups and tailoring personalized treatments for patients with HER2-low EBC, aiming to enhance long-term outcomes.

Impact of hormone receptor status and tumor subtypes of breast cancer in young BRCA carriers.

BACKGROUND: Hormone receptor expression is a known positive prognostic and predictive factor in breast cancer; however, limited evidence exists on its prognostic impact on prognosis of young patients harboring a pathogenic variant (PV) in the BRCA1 and/or BRCA2 genes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This international, multicenter, retrospective cohort study included young patients (aged ≤40 years) diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and harboring germline PVs in BRCA genes. We investigated the impact of hormone receptor status on clinical behavior and outcomes of breast cancer. Outcomes of interest [disease-free survival (DFS), breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS), and overall survival (OS)] were first investigated according to hormone receptor expression (positive versus negative), and then according to breast cancer subtype [luminal A-like versus luminal B-like versus triple-negative versus human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer]. RESULTS: From 78 centers worldwide, 4709 BRCA carriers were included, of whom 2143 (45.5%) had hormone receptor-positive and 2566 (54.5%) hormone receptor-negative breast cancer. Median follow-up was 7.9 years. The rate of distant recurrences was higher in patients with hormone receptor-positive disease (13.1% versus 9.6%, P < 0.001), while the rate of second primary breast cancer was lower (9.1% versus 14.7%, P < 0.001) compared to patients with hormone receptor-negative disease. The 8-year DFS was 65.8% and 63.4% in patients with hormone receptor-positive and negative disease, respectively. The hazard ratio of hormone receptor-positive versus negative disease changed over time for DFS, BCSS, and OS (P < 0.05 for interaction of hormone receptor status and survival time). Patients with luminal A-like breast cancer had the worst long-term prognosis in terms of DFS compared to all the other subgroups (8-year DFS: 60.8% in luminal A-like versus 63.5% in triple-negative versus 65.5% in HER2-positive and 69.7% in luminal B-like subtype). CONCLUSIONS: In young BRCA carriers, differences in recurrence pattern and second primary breast cancer among hormone receptor-positive versus negative disease warrant consideration in counseling patients on treatment, follow-up, and risk-reducing surgery.

Baseline gut microbiota as a predictive marker for the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with early breast cancer: a multicenter prospective cohort study in the Setouchi Breast Project-14.

PURPOSE: Various studies have demonstrated the causal relationship between gut microbiota and efficacy of chemotherapy; however, the impact of gut microbiota on breast cancer has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the associations between the gut microbiota before neoadjuvant chemotherapy and its consequent efficacy in breast cancer. METHODS: This prospective observational study included patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy for primary early breast cancer at eight institutions between October 1, 2019, and March 31, 2022. We performed 16S rRNA analysis of fecal samples and α and ß diversity analyses of the gut microbiota. The primary endpoint was the association between the gut microbiota and pathological complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS: Among the 183 patients, the pCR rate after neoadjuvant chemotherapy was 36.1% in all patients and 12.9% (9/70), 69.5% (41/59), and 29.6% (16/54) in those with the luminal, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, and triple-negative types, respectively. The α diversity of the gut microbiota did not significantly differ between patients with pCR and those without pCR. Among the gut microbiota, two species (Victivallales, P = 0.001 and Anaerolineales, P = 0.001) were associated with pCR, and one (Gemellales, P = 0.002) was associated with non-pCR. CONCLUSION: Three species in the gut microbiota had potential associations with neoadjuvant chemotherapy efficacy, but the diversity of the gut microbiota was not associated with response to chemotherapy. Further research is needed to validate our findings.

The impact of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents administration concomitantly with adjuvant anti-HER2 treatments on the outcomes of patients with early breast cancer: a sub-analysis of the ALTTO study.

PURPOSE: To assess whether erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA) administration impacts the outcomes of patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer (EBC). METHODS: ALTTO (NCT00490139) patients were categorized by ESA use during adjuvant anti-HER2 treatment. Disease-free-survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), and time-to-distant recurrence (TTDR) were analyzed by ESA administration, with subgroup analyses according to prognostic factors. Log-rank tests and Cox modeling were performed. Adverse events (AEs) of ESA-interest were compared. RESULTS: Among 8381 patients recruited in ALTTO, 123 (1.5%) received ESA concomitantly with study treatment. The median age of patients receiving ESA was 54 years, 39.0% premenopausal, most had tumor size > 2 cm (56.9%), node-positive (58.5%), and positive estrogen receptor expression (61.8%). Median follow-up was shorter in the ESA group [6.1 years (IQR 5.3-7.0) vs. 6.9 years (6.0-7.1); p < 0.001]. There was no DFS difference by ESA administration (log-rank p = 0.70), with 3- and 7-year DFS of 89.2% (95% CI 81.8-93.8%) and 81.6% (71.4-88.5%) in ESA group vs. 88.3% (87.6-89.0%) and 80.0% (79.1-80.9%) in No-ESA group. In subgroup analyses, the interaction of ESA administration with menopausal status was statistically significant (unadjusted p = 0.024; stratified p = 0.033), favoring premenopausal women receiving ESA. We observed no significant association of ESA administration with OS (log-rank p = 0.57; 7-year OS in ESA 88.6% vs. 90.0% in non-ESA) or TTDR. ESA-interest AEs were experienced by eight (6.5%) patients receiving ESA and 417 (5.1%) in the No-ESA group (p = 0.41). CONCLUSION: ESA administration to patients receiving adjuvant anti-HER2 treatment for HER2-positive EBC was safe and not associated with a negative impact on survival outcomes.

Deconstructing neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in early breast cancer: lack of prognostic utility and biological correlates across tumor subtypes.

PURPOSE: The prognostic utility and biological correlates of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a potential biomarker of the balance between immune response and the inflammatory status, are still uncertain in breast cancer (BC). METHODS: We analysed a cohort of 959 women with early breast cancer, mostly treated with neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy. Clinical and pathological data, survival, NLR (continuous and categorical) and stromal tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (sTIL) were evaluated. RESULTS: NLR was only weakly associated with Ki67, while no association was found for grade, histology, immunohistochemical subtype or stage. Lymphocyte infiltration of the tumor did not correlate with NLR (Rho: 0.05, p = 0.30). These results were similar in the whole group and across the different BC subtypes, with no differences in triple negative BC. Relapse free interval (RFI), breast cancer specific survival (BCSS) and overall survival (OS) changed according to pre-treatment NLR neither in the univariate nor in the multivariate Cox models (RFI: HR 0.948, p = 0.61; BCSS: HR 0.920, p = 0.57; OS: HR 0.96, p = 0.59). CONCLUSION: These results question the utility of NLR as a prognostic biomarker in early breast cancer and suggest the lack of correlation of NLR with tumor microenvironment immune response.

Real-world use of multigene signatures in early breast cancer: differences to clinical trials.

PURPOSE: In Italy, Lombardy was the first region to reimburse multigene assays (MGAs) for patients otherwise candidates for chemotherapy. This is a real-world experience of MGAs usage in six referral cancer centers in Lombardy. METHODS: Among MGAs, Oncotype DX (RS) was used in 97% of cases. Consecutive patients tested with Oncotype DX from July 2020 to July 2022 were selected. The distribution of clinicopathologic features by RS groups (low RS: 0-25, high RS: 26-100) was assessed using chi-square and compared with those of the TAILORx and RxPONDER trials. RESULTS: Out of 1,098 patients identified, 73% had low RS. Grade and Ki67 were associated with RS (p < 0.001). In patients with both G3 and Ki67 > 30%, 39% had low RS, while in patients with both G1 and Ki67 < 20%, 7% had high RS. The proportion of low RS in node-positive patients was similar to that in RxPONDER (82% vs 83%), while node-negative patients with low RS were significantly less than in TAILORx (66% vs 86%, p < 0.001). The distribution of Grade was different from registration trials, with more G3 and fewer G1 (38% and 3%) than in TAILORx (18% and 27%) and RxPONDER (10% and 24%) (p < 0.001). Patients ≤ 50 years were overrepresented in this series (41%) than in TAILORx and RxPONDER (31% and 24%, respectively) (p < 0.001) and, among them, 42% were node positive. CONCLUSIONS: In this real-world series, Oncotype DX was the test almost exclusively used. Despite reimbursement being linked to pre-test chemotherapy recommendation, almost 3/4 patients resulted in the low-RS group. The significant proportion of node-positive patients ≤ 50 years tested indicates that oncologists considered Oncotype DX informative also in this population.

Treatment utilization and effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemotherapy comparing men and women diagnosed with breast cancer: a Swedish retrospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: Evidence supporting the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in early breast cancer is based on studies mainly including women, whereas the utilization and effectiveness of NAC in men is less studied. The present study aimed to investigate the utilization and effectiveness of NAC in men and women with early breast cancer. METHODS: Eligible patients were identified through the Swedish National Breast Cancer Quality Register, that includes all newly diagnosed breast cancer cases in Sweden from 2008 and onwards. For the treatment utilization analysis, all patients with stage I-III between 2008 and 2020 were included (n = 82,888), whereas for the effectiveness analysis the cohort was restricted to patients receiving NAC (n = 6487). For both analyses, multivariate logistic regression models were applied to investigate potential sex disparities in NAC utilization and effectiveness, adjusted for patient- and tumor characteristics. RESULTS: In the NAC utilization analysis, 487 men and 82,401 women with stage I-III were included. No statistically significant difference between sexes in terms of NAC utilization was observed (adjusted Odds Ratio (adjOR): 1.135; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.606-2.128) with an overall utilization rate of 4.9% in men compared to 7.8% in women. Among the 24 men and 6463 women who received NAC, the pathologic complete response (pCR) rates were 16.7% and 21.2%, respectively (adjOR: 1.141; 95% CI 0.141-9.238). CONCLUSION: The present study did not find any sex disparities in NAC utilization or effectiveness in terms of pCR. This supports the current recommendations of treating men with breast cancer with the same indications for NAC as women.

Therapeutic impact of 18F-FDG PET/CT for initial staging in patients with clinical stage I and IIA, HER2-positive, or triple-negative breast cancer.

PURPOSE: While 18F-FDG PET/CT (FDG-PET/CT) is consensual for clinical stage ≥ IIB breast cancers (BC), its benefit for stage I or IIA HER2+ or triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients lacks sufficient evidence. We reported a single-institution, retrospective study evaluating FDG-PET/CT impact on patient management and staging for stage I or IIA HER2+ or Triple-Negative BC. METHODS: Patients who underwent FDG-PET/CT staging before any treatment between January 2015 and December 2020 at Oscar Lambret Center were included. EXCLUSIONS: patients with symptoms or conventional imaging suggestive of metastatic dissemination, or with prior malignancies. Initial stage was determined from mammography, breast ultrasound, breast MRI, and clinical examination. Staging and therapeutic impact based on FDG-PET/CT findings collected, including intra- (modification of dose/site/strategy in a type of management previously indicated) and inter-modality (modification of planned treatment strategy) changes. RESULTS: The cohort included 287 female patients with clinical stage I or IIA, HER2+ , or TNBC. Therapeutic impact observed for 18% of patients (n = 52), with 2% (n = 7) undergoing inter-modality change with omission of planned surgery. The impact on patient management was higher for stage IIA patients (20%, 47/237) than for stage I patients (10%, 5/50). Among stage IIA disease, changes in management were more important for T2N0 patients (22%, 44/205) than for T1N1 patients (9%, 3/32). While not statistically significant, trends suggest usefulness of FDG-PET/CT for T2N0 patients. CONCLUSION: Considering substantial therapeutic implications, our study suggests the usefulness of FDG-PET/CT for patients with stage IIA, HER2-positive, or Triple-Negative BC with tumor size > 2 cm (T2N0).

The emerging predictive and prognostic role of HER2 in HER2-negative early breast cancer: a retrospective study.

PURPOSE: Many patients with early breast cancer (eBC) undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy do not achieve pathological complete response (pCR), which is a prognostic factor. We examined the role of HER2-low expression in predicting pCR and prognosis in HER2-negative eBC. METHODS: We evaluated patients with stage I-III HER2-negative BC, treated between 2013 and 2023 at The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London. Tumors were classified based on estrogen receptor (ER) status and into HER2-low and HER2-zero subgroups. We analyzed pCR rates, relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: 754 patients were included in the analysis. pCR rate was 8.9% in the ER+ /HER2-low, 16.5% in the ER+ /HER2-zero, 38.9% in the ER- ER-/HER2-low and 35.9% in the ER-/HER2-zero eBC (p < 0.001). Multivariable analysis showed a significantly lower pCR rate in HER2-low compared to HER2-zero BC in the ER+ subgroup. At a median follow-up of 63.8 months (59.9-67.4), we observed longer OS in HER2-low compared to HER2-zero patients in the overall and in the ER+ population. There was no predictive or prognostic impact of HER2-low status in the ER- population. CONCLUSION: This study supports the interpretation of HER2 status as a possible prognostic and predictive biomarker for HER2-negative eBC, especially among patients with ER+ disease.

Unveiling the HER2-low phenomenon: exploring immunohistochemistry and gene expression to characterise HR-positive HER2-negative early breast cancer.

PURPOSE: HER2-low breast cancer (BC) is a novel entity with relevant therapeutic implications, especially in hormone receptor (HR) positive BC. This study examines whether HER2 mRNA through the 21-gene assay, Oncotype DX (ODX), can refine the diagnosis of HER2-low and HER2-zero, obtained by immunohistochemistry (IHC). METHODS: Between Jan 2021 and Jan 2023, 229 consecutive HR-positive HER2-negative early BC (T1-3 N0-1) have been characterised by IHC and ODX. HER2 status by IHC was either zero (IHC-0) or low (IHC-1 + and IHC-2 + /ISH-negative) while HER2-zero was further divided into HER2-null (IHC-0) and HER2-ultralow (IHC-1-10%). HER2 gene expression by ODX was negative if lower 10.7. RESULTS: The distribution of HER2 IHC was as follows: 53.3% HER2-0, 29.25% HER2-1 + , and 17.5% HER2-2 + . The clinicopathological characteristics were similar in the three groups, with higher PgR-negative rate in HER2-zero (13.9% vs 3% vs 5%). The distribution of RS was homogeneous in the three groups with the median HER2 gene expression of 9.20 [IQR: 8.70-9.60]. HER2 gene expression gradually increased as the IHC score, with substantial overlap. After adjusting for confounders, HER2-1 + and HER2 2 + had a significant positive correlation between HER2 gene expression and IHC [OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.68, p < 0.001; OR 1.96, 95% CI 1.61 to 2.37, p < 0.001] compared to the HER2-zero group. HER2 gene expression did not differ between HER2-null and HER2-ultralow subgroups. CONCLUSION: Due to the substantial overlap, the HER2 gene expression is unable to properly distinguish HER2-low and HER2-zero IHC whose accurate identification is critical in the context of HER2-negative BC.

Clinicopathological and molecular predictors of [18F]FDG-PET disease detection in HER2-positive early breast cancer: RESPONSE, a substudy of the randomized PHERGain trial.

BACKGROUND: The PHERGain study (NCT03161353) is assessing early metabolic responses to neoadjuvant treatment with trastuzumab-pertuzumab and chemotherapy de-escalation using a [18Fluorine]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography ([18F]FDG-PET) and a pathological complete response-adapted strategy in HER2-positive (HER2+) early breast cancer (EBC). Herein, we present RESPONSE, a PHERGain substudy, where clinicopathological and molecular predictors of [18F]FDG-PET disease detection were evaluated. METHODS: A total of 500 patients with HER2 + EBC screened in the PHERGain trial with a tumor size > 1.5 cm by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were included in the RESPONSE substudy. PET[-] criteria entailed the absence of  ≥ 1 breast lesion with maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) ≥ 1.5 × SUVmean liver + 2 standard deviation. Among 75 PET[-] patients screened, 21 with SUVmax levels < 2.5 were randomly selected and matched with 21 PET[+] patients with SUVmax levels ≥ 2.5 based on patient characteristics associated with [18F]FDG-PET status. The association between baseline SUVmax and [18F]FDG-PET status ([-] or [+]) with clinicopathological characteristics was assessed. In addition, evaluation of stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs) and gene expression analysis using PAM50 and Vantage 3D™ Cancer Metabolism Panel were specifically compared in a matched cohort of excluded and enrolled patients based on the [18F]FDG-PET eligibility criteria. RESULTS: Median SUVmax at baseline was 7.2 (range, 1-39.3). Among all analyzed patients, a higher SUVmax was associated with a higher tumor stage, larger tumor size, lymph node involvement, hormone receptor-negative status, higher HER2 protein expression, increased Ki67 proliferation index, and higher histological grade (p < 0.05). [18F]FDG-PET [-] criteria patients had smaller tumor size (p = 0.014) along with the absence of lymph node involvement and lower histological grade than [18F]FDG-PET [+] patients (p < 0.01). Although no difference in the levels of sTILs was found among 42 matched [18F]FDG-PET [-]/[+] criteria patients (p = 0.73), [18F]FDG-PET [-] criteria patients showed a decreased risk of recurrence (ROR) and a lower proportion of PAM50 HER2-enriched subtype than [18F]FDG-PET[+] patients (p < 0.05). Differences in the expression of genes involved in cancer metabolism were observed between [18F]FDG-PET [-] and [18F]FDG-PET[+] criteria patients. CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the clinical, biological, and metabolic heterogeneity of HER2+ breast cancer, which may facilitate the selection of HER2+ EBC patients likely to benefit from [18F]FDG-PET imaging as a tool to guide therapy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov; NCT03161353; registration date: May 15, 2017.

Safety and efficacy analysis of neoadjuvant pertuzumab, trastuzumab and standard chemotherapy for HER2-positive early breast cancer: real-world data from NeoPowER study.

BACKGROUND: The addition of pertuzumab (P) to trastuzumab (H) and standard chemotherapy (CT) as neoadjuvant treatment (NaT) for patients with HER2 + breast cancer (BC), has shown to increase the pathological complete response (pCR) rate, without main safety concerns. The aim of NeoPowER trial is to evaluate safety and efficacy of P + H + CT in a real-world population. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of stage II-III, HER2 + BC patients treated with NaT: who received P + H + CT (neopower group) in 5 Emilia Romagna institutions were compared with an historical group who received H + CT (control group). The primary endpoint was the safety, secondary endpoints were pCR rate, DRFS and OS and their correlation to NaT and other potential variables. RESULTS: 260 patients were included, 48% received P + H + CT, of whom 44% was given anthraciclynes as part of CT, compared to 83% in the control group. The toxicity profile was similar, excluding diarrhea more frequent in the neopower group (20% vs. 9%). Three patients experienced significant reductions in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), all receiving anthracyclines. The pCR rate was 46% (P + H + CT) and 40% (H + CT) (p = 0.39). The addition of P had statistically correlation with pCR only in the patients receiving anthra-free regimens (OR = 3.05,p = 0.047). Preoperative use of anthracyclines (OR = 1.81,p = 0.03) and duration of NaT (OR = 1.18,p = 0.02) were statistically related to pCR. 12/21 distant-relapse events and 14/17 deaths occurred in the control group. Patients who achieve pCR had a significant increase in DRFS (HR = 0.23,p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Adding neoadjuvant P to H and CT is safe. With the exception of diarrhea, rate of adverse events of grade > 2 did not differ between the two groups. P did not increase the cardiotoxicity when added to H + CT, nevertheless in our population all cardiac events occurred in patients who received anthracycline-containing regimens. Not statistically significant, higher pCR rate is achievable in patients receiving neoadjuvant P + H + CT. The study did not show a statistically significant correlation between the addition of P and long-term outcomes.

Immunotherapy for Early-Stage Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Is Earlier Better?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: In this narrative review, we discuss the optimal timing of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in early triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), the landscape of predictive biomarkers for the use of immunotherapy, and the mounting literature suggesting a benefit for an early use of ICI. RECENT FINDINGS: TNBC is associated with a poor prognosis relative to other breast cancer subtypes, and until recently, the treatment of TNBC was limited to cytotoxic chemotherapy. In 2021, the immune-checkpoint inhibitor, pembrolizumab, was approved in combination with neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with high-risk early stage TNBC. This approval changed the treatment paradigm of early TNBC concomitantly raised several challenges in clinical practice, pertaining to patient selection, toxicity management, and post-neoadjuvant treatment, among others. The introduction of neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy has transformed the treatment landscape for early TNBC. However, several challenges, including patient selection, toxicity management, and the identification of predictive biomarkers, need to be addressed. Future research should focus on refining the timing and duration of immunotherapy, optimizing the chemotherapy partner, and exploring novel predictive biomarkers of response or toxicity.

Real-world data on patients with early breast cancer who were prescribed abemaciclib adjuvant therapy in Japan.

Aim: To understand the real-world use of abemaciclib in Japanese patients with early breast cancer (EBC). Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted using a Japanese administrative claims database in patients with hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative EBC who received abemaciclib adjuvant therapy from December 2021-March 2023. Patient characteristics and treatment patterns were summarized. Results: Among 374 patients, 38.2, 51.6 and 63.4% patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, respectively; 13.1% were chemotherapy naive. Tamoxifen (37.7%), letrozole (35.6%), anastrozole (24.3%) were the commonly prescribed concomitant adjuvant endocrine therapies. Abemaciclib dose reductions were observed in 42.0% patients. Conclusion: Use of abemaciclib for treatment of high-risk EBC was described, which could help inform patient selection and treatment patterns.

Abemaciclib (150 mg twice daily) is prescribed with hormonal therapy for the treatment of early breast cancer (EBC) with high risk of recurrence. We used a big database from Japan that has anonymized information about 44 million patients from 480 hospitals. We aim to describe the characteristics of patients with EBC who receive abemaciclib and their treatment patterns in Japan.We included 374 patients with EBC who had breast cancer surgery and were prescribed abemaciclib with hormonal therapy between December 2021 and March 2023. The median age of patients is 54 years, almost all (99.2%) are female. The most commonly prescribed hormonal therapy with abemaciclib is tamoxifen (37.7%), letrozole (35.6%) and anastrozole (24.3%).Of the 374 patients who were prescribed abemaciclib, 38.2% patients received chemotherapy before surgery, 51.6% received chemotherapy after surgery and 63.4% received radiation therapy after surgery; whereas, 13.1% received no perioperative chemotherapy before abemaciclib therapy. Around 42% of patients reduced their dose from starting dose of abemaciclib. Higher proportion of older patients and patients with low body weight, had dose reduction. Majority of the patients are prescribed either an antidiarrheal agent or probiotic within a day of starting abemaciclib.This is the first study describing patient characteristics and treatment patterns of Japanese patients who are prescribed abemaciclib in the clinical practice. The results will help understand who can benefit from abemaciclib, and to choose the most appropriate patients to receive abemaciclib for the treatment of EBC.

Longitudinal assessment of real-world patient adherence: a 12-month electronic patient-reported outcomes follow-up of women with early breast cancer undergoing treatment.

BACKGROUND: Electronic patient-reported outcomes (ePROs) assess patients' health status and quality of life, improving patient care and treatment effects, yet little is known about their use and adherence in routine patient care. AIMS: We evaluated the adherence of invasive breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients to ePROs follow-up and whether specific patient characteristics are related to longitudinal non-adherence. METHODS: Since November 2016, the Breast Center at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin has implemented an ongoing prospective PRO routine program, requiring patients to complete ePROs assessments and consent to email-based follow-up in the first 12 months after therapy starts. Frequencies and summary statistics are presented. Multiple logistic regression models were performed to determine an association between patient characteristics and non-adherence. RESULTS: Out of 578 patients, 239 patients (41.3%, 95%CI: 37.3-45.5%) completed baseline assessment and all five ePROs follow-up during the first 12 months after therapy. On average, above 70% of those patients responded to the ePROs follow-up assessment. Adherence to the ePROs follow-up was higher during the COVID-19 pandemic than in the time periods before (47.4% (111/234) vs. 33.6% (71/211)). Factors associated with longitudinal non-adherence were younger age, a higher number of comorbidities, no chemotherapy, and a low physical functioning score in the EORTC QLQ-C30 at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: The study reveals moderate adherence to 12-month ePROs follow-up assessments in invasive early breast cancer and DCIS patients, with response rates ranging from 60 to 80%. Emphasizing the benefits for young patients and those with high disease burdens might further increase adherence.

High serum levels of leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG-1) are associated with poor survival in patients with early breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG-1) is a secreted glycoprotein that is mainly produced in the liver. Elevated levels of LRG-1 are found in a multitude of pathological conditions including eye diseases, diabetes, infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. In patients with early breast cancer (BC), high intratumoral LRG-1 protein expression levels are associated with reduced survival. In this study, we assessed serum levels of LRG-1 in patients with early BC and investigated its correlation with the presence of disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) in the bone marrow and survival outcomes. METHODS: Serum LRG-1 levels of 509 BC patients were determined using ELISA and DTCs were assessed by immunocytochemistry using the pan-cytokeratin antibody A45-B/B3. We stratified LRG-1 levels according to selected clinical parameters. Using the log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test and multivariate Cox regression analysis, Kaplan-Meier survival curves and prognostic relevance were assessed. RESULTS: Mean serum levels of LRG-1 were 29.70 ± 8.67 µg/ml. Age was positively correlated with LRG-1 expression (r = 0.19; p < 0.0001) and significantly higher LRG-1 levels were found in patients over 60 years compared to younger ones (30.49 ± 8.63 µg/ml vs. 28.85 ± 8.63 µg/ml; p = 0.011) and in postmenopausal patients compared to premenopausal patients (30.15 ± 8.34 µg/ml vs. 26.936.94 µg/ml; p = 0.002). Patients with no DTCs showed significantly elevated LRG-1 levels compared to the DTC-positive group (30.51 ± 8.69 µg/ml vs. 28.51 ± 8.54 µg/ml; p = 0.004). Overall and BC-specific survival was significantly lower in patients with high serum LRG-1 levels (above a cut-off of 33.63 µg/ml) compared to patients with lower LRG-1 levels during a mean follow-up of 8.5 years (24.8% vs. 11.1% BC-specific death; p = 0.0003; odds ratio 2.63, 95%CI: 1.56-4.36). Multivariate analyses revealed that LRG-1 is an independent prognostic marker for BC-specific survival (p = 0.001; hazard ratio 2.61). CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the potential of LRG-1 as an independent prognostic biomarker in patients with early BC.

The Evolving Role of Genomic Testing in Early Breast Cancer: Implications for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy.

Multigene prognostic genomic assays have become indispensable in managing early breast cancer (EBC), offering crucial information for risk stratification and guiding adjuvant treatment strategies in conjunction with traditional clinicopathological parameters. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) guidelines endorse these assays, though some clinical contexts still lack definitive recommendations. The dynamic landscape of EBC management demands further refinement and optimization of genomic assays to streamline their incorporation into clinical practice. The breast cancer community is poised at the brink of transformative advances in enhancing the clinical utility of genomic assays, aiming to significantly improve the precision and effectiveness of both diagnosis and treatment for women with EBC. This article methodically examines the testing methodologies, clinical validity and utility, costs, diagnostic frameworks, and methodologies of the established genomic tests, including the Oncotype Dx Breast Recurrence Score®, MammaPrint, Prosigna®, EndoPredict®, and Breast Cancer Index (BCI). Among these tests, Prosigna and EndoPredict® have at present been validated only on a prognostic level, while Oncotype Dx, MammaPrint, and BCI hold both a prognostic and predictive role. Oncologists and pathologists engaged in the management of EBC will find in this review a thorough comparison of available genomic assays, as well as strategies to optimize the utilization of the information derived from them.

Small Non-Coding RNAs and Their Role in Locoregional Metastasis and Outcomes in Early-Stage Breast Cancer Patients.

Deregulation of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) has been associated with the onset of metastasis. We evaluated the expression of sncRNAs in patients with early-stage breast cancer, performing RNA sequencing in 60 patients for whom tumor and sentinel lymph node (SLN) samples were available, and conducting differential expression, gene ontology, enrichment and survival analyses. Sequencing annotation classified most of the sncRNAs into small nucleolar RNA (snoRNAs, 70%) and small nuclear RNA (snRNA, 13%). Our results showed no significant differences in sncRNA expression between tumor or SLNs obtained from the same patient. Differential expression analysis showed down-regulation (n = 21) sncRNAs and up-regulation (n = 2) sncRNAs in patients with locoregional metastasis. The expression of SNHG5, SNORD90, SCARNA2 and SNORD78 differentiated luminal A from luminal B tumors, whereas SNORD124 up-regulation was associated with luminal B HER2+ tumors. Discriminating analysis and receiver-operating curve analysis revealed a signature of six snoRNAs (SNORD93, SNORA16A, SNORD113-6, SNORA7A, SNORA57 and SNORA18A) that distinguished patients with locoregional metastasis and predicted patient outcome. Gene ontology and Reactome pathway analysis showed an enrichment of biological processes associated with translation initiation, protein targeting to specific cell locations, and positive regulation of Wnt and NOTCH signaling pathways, commonly involved in the promotion of metastases. Our results point to the potential of several sncRNAs as surrogate markers of lymph node metastases and patient outcome in early-stage breast cancer patients. Further preclinical and clinical studies are required to understand the biological significance of the most significant sncRNAs and to validate our results in a larger cohort of patients.

[Own experience of indocyanine green use in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in N.N. Petrov NMRC of Oncology]. / Sobstvennyi opyt ispol'zovaniya indotsianina zelenogo v diagnostike i lechenii raka molochnoi zhelezy v NMITs onkologii im. N.N. Petrova.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possibility of using the method of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) detection with indocyanine green (ICG) in patients with early breast cancer and its informativeness. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A «Determination of sentinel lymph nodes by fluorescence method intraoperatively with the use of indocyanine green¼ study, in which 168 patients are currently included, is being conducted in the clinic of the N.N. Petrov NMRC of Oncology from 2017 through the present. All patients who underwent biopsy of sentinel lymph nodes (BSLN) were primary with a T1-2N0M0 stage of process. RESULTS: The average number of axillary lymph nodes removed in BSLN was 3 (1-5). Accumulation of ICG was found in 147 (88%) patients, accumulation of labeled radiocolloid - in 137 (82%), in combination of ICG/radiocolloid - in 167 (99%) based on the results of imaging. CONCLUSION: The obtained results prove that the informativeness and relative simplicity of this method use allow its application in any hospital where breast cancer is surgically treated, as well as in the absence of radioisotopic equipment.