Infant microbes and metabolites point to childhood neurodevelopmental disorders.

This study has followed a birth cohort for over 20 years to find factors associated with neurodevelopmental disorder (ND) diagnosis. Detailed, early-life longitudinal questionnaires captured infection and antibiotic events, stress, prenatal factors, family history, and more. Biomarkers including cord serum metabolome and lipidome, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype, infant microbiota, and stool metabolome were assessed. Among the 16,440 Swedish children followed across time, 1,197 developed an ND. Significant associations emerged for future ND diagnosis in general and for specific ND subtypes, spanning intellectual disability, speech disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and autism. This investigation revealed microbiome connections to future diagnosis as well as early emerging mood and gastrointestinal problems. The findings suggest links to immunodysregulation and metabolism, compounded by stress, early-life infection, and antibiotics. The convergence of infant biomarkers and risk factors in this prospective, longitudinal study on a large-scale population establishes a foundation for early-life prediction and intervention in neurodevelopment.

Mapping Systemic Inflammation and Antibody Responses in Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C).

Initially, children were thought to be spared from disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, a month into the epidemic, a novel multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) emerged. Herein, we report on the immune profiles of nine MIS-C cases. All MIS-C patients had evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure, mounting an antibody response with intact neutralization capability. Cytokine profiling identified elevated signatures of inflammation (IL-18 and IL-6), lymphocytic and myeloid chemotaxis and activation (CCL3, CCL4, and CDCP1), and mucosal immune dysregulation (IL-17A, CCL20, and CCL28). Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood revealed reductions of non-classical monocytes, and subsets of NK and T lymphocytes, suggesting extravasation to affected tissues. Finally, profiling the autoantigen reactivity of MIS-C plasma revealed both known disease-associated autoantibodies (anti-La) and novel candidates that recognize endothelial, gastrointestinal, and immune-cell antigens. All patients were treated with anti-IL-6R antibody and/or IVIG, which led to rapid disease resolution.

Recent progress in the treatment of cancer in children.

Although significant improvements have been made in the outcomes of children with cancer, the pace of improvement has slowed in recent years as the limits of therapy intensification may have been reached for many pediatric cancers. Furthermore, with increasing numbers of pediatric cancer survivors, the long-term side effects of treatment have become increasingly apparent. Therefore, attention has shifted to the use of molecularly targeted agents and immunotherapies to improve the outcomes of children who are not cured by traditional cytotoxic chemotherapies and to decrease exposure to cytotoxic chemotherapy and reduce late effects. This review describes the recent progress in the treatment of children with cancer, focusing in particular on diseases in which targeted and immunotherapeutic agents have made an impact.

Association Between Chest Compression Pause Duration and Survival After Pediatric In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.

BACKGROUND: The association between chest compression (CC) pause duration and pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest survival outcomes is unknown. The American Heart Association has recommended minimizing pauses in CC in children to <10 seconds, without supportive evidence. We hypothesized that longer maximum CC pause durations are associated with worse survival and neurological outcomes. METHODS: In this cohort study of index pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrests reported in pediRES-Q (Quality of Pediatric Resuscitation in a Multicenter Collaborative) from July of 2015 through December of 2021, we analyzed the association in 5-second increments of the longest CC pause duration for each event with survival and favorable neurological outcome (Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category ≤3 or no change from baseline). Secondary exposures included having any pause >10 seconds or >20 seconds and number of pauses >10 seconds and >20 seconds per 2 minutes. RESULTS: We identified 562 index in-hospital cardiac arrests (median [Q1, Q3] age 2.9 years [0.6, 10.0], 43% female, 13% shockable rhythm). Median length of the longest CC pause for each event was 29.8 seconds (11.5, 63.1). After adjustment for confounders, each 5-second increment in the longest CC pause duration was associated with a 3% lower relative risk of survival with favorable neurological outcome (adjusted risk ratio, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.95-0.99]; P=0.02). Longest CC pause duration was also associated with survival to hospital discharge (adjusted risk ratio, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.96-0.99]; P=0.01) and return of spontaneous circulation (adjusted risk ratio, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.91-0.94]; P<0.001). Secondary outcomes of any pause >10 seconds or >20 seconds and number of CC pauses >10 seconds and >20 seconds were each significantly associated with adjusted risk ratio of return of spontaneous circulation, but not survival or neurological outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Each 5-second increment in longest CC pause duration during pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest was associated with lower chance of survival with favorable neurological outcome, survival to hospital discharge, and return of spontaneous circulation. Any CC pause >10 seconds or >20 seconds and number of pauses >10 seconds and >20 seconds were significantly associated with lower adjusted probability of return of spontaneous circulation, but not survival or neurological outcomes.

Evinacumab for Pediatric Patients With Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia.

BACKGROUND: Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by severely elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels due to profoundly defective LDL receptor (LDLR) function. Given that severely elevated LDL-C starts in utero, atherosclerosis often presents during childhood or adolescence, creating a largely unmet need for aggressive LDLR-independent lipid-lowering therapies in young patients with HoFH. Here we present the first evaluation of the efficacy and safety of evinacumab, a novel LDLR-independent lipid-lowering therapy, in pediatric patients with HoFH from parts A and B of a 3-part study. METHODS: The phase 3, part B, open-label study treated 14 patients 5 to 11 years of age with genetically proven HoFH (true homozygotes and compound heterozygotes) with LDL-C >130 mg/dL, despite optimized lipid-lowering therapy (including LDLR-independent apheresis and lomitapide), with intravenous evinacumab 15 mg/kg every 4 weeks. RESULTS: Evinacumab treatment rapidly and durably (through week 24) decreased LDL-C with profound reduction in the first week, with a mean (SE) LDL-C reduction of -48.3% (10.4%) from baseline to week 24. ApoB (mean [SE], -41.3% [9.0%]), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-48.9% [9.8%]), and total cholesterol (-49.1% [8.1%]) were similarly decreased. Treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 10 (71.4%) patients; however, only 2 (14.3%) reported events that were considered to be treatment-related (nausea and abdominal pain). One serious treatment-emergent adverse event of tonsillitis occurred (n=1), but this was not considered treatment-related. CONCLUSIONS: Evinacumab constitutes a new treatment for pediatric patients with HoFH and inadequately controlled LDL-C despite optimized lipid-lowering therapy, lowering LDL-C levels by nearly half in these extremely high-risk and difficult-to-treat individuals. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT04233918.

The Macrophage Landscape Across the Lifespan of a Human Cardiac Allograft.

BACKGROUND: Much of our knowledge of organ rejection after transplantation is derived from rodent models. METHODS: We used single-nucleus RNA sequencing to investigate the inflammatory myocardial microenvironment in human pediatric cardiac allografts at different stages after transplantation. We distinguished donor- from recipient-derived cells using naturally occurring genetic variants embedded in single-nucleus RNA sequencing data. RESULTS: Donor-derived tissue resident macrophages, which accompany the allograft into the recipient, are lost over time after transplantation. In contrast, monocyte-derived macrophages from the recipient populate the heart within days after transplantation and form 2 macrophage populations: recipient MP1 and recipient MP2. Recipient MP2s have cell signatures similar to donor-derived resident macrophages; however, they lack signatures of pro-reparative phagocytic activity typical of donor-derived resident macrophages and instead express profibrotic genes. In contrast, recipient MP1s express genes consistent with hallmarks of cellular rejection. Our data suggest that recipient MP1s activate a subset of natural killer cells, turning them into a cytotoxic cell population through feed-forward signaling between recipient MP1s and natural killer cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings reveal an imbalance of donor-derived and recipient-derived macrophages in the pediatric cardiac allograft that contributes to allograft failure.

From vacant to vivid: The nutritional landscape drives infant gut microbiota establishment.

From the moment of birth, the newborn gastrointestinal tract is infiltrated by various bacteria originating from both maternal and environmental sources. These colonizing bacteria form a complex microbiota community that undergoes continuous changes until adulthood and plays an important role in infant health. The maturation of the infant gut microbiota is driven by many factors and follows a distinct patterned trajectory, with specific bacterial taxa establish in the intestine in accordance with developmental milestones as the infant grows. In this review, we highlight how elements such as diet and host physiology select for specific microbial functions and shape the composition of the bacterial community in the large intestine.

Volumetric analysis of age- and sex-related changes in the corpus striatum and thalamus in the 1-18 age group: a retrospective magnetic resonance imaging study.

Studies of the development and asymmetry of the corpus striatum and thalamus in early childhood are rare. Studies investigating these structures across the lifespan have not presented their changes during childhood and adolescence in detail. For these reasons, this study investigated the effect of age and sex factors on the development and asymmetry of the corpus striatum and thalamus in the 1-18 age group. In this retrospective study, we included 652 individuals [362 (56%) males] aged 1-18 years with normal brain MRI between 2012 and 2021. Absolute and relative volumes of the corpus striatum and thalamus were obtained by segmentation of three-dimensional T1-weighted MRIs with volBrain1.0. We created age-specific volume data and month-based development models with the help of SPSS (ver.28). The corpus striatum and thalamus had cubic absolute volumetric developmental models. The relative volume of the caudate and thalamus (only males) is consistent with the decreasing "growth" model, the others with the decreasing cubic model. The absolute volumes of the males' bilateral corpus striatum and thalamus and the relative volumes of the caudate and thalamus of the females were significantly larger (P < 0.05). The caudate showed right > left lateralization; putamen, globus pallidus, and thalamus showed left > right lateralization.

Childhood-onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by thin-filament sarcomeric variants.

Up to 20% of children with sarcomeric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) have disease-causing variants in genes coding for thin-filament proteins. However, data on genotype-phenotype correlations for thin-filament disease are limited. This study describes the natural history and outcomes of children with thin-filament-associated HCM and compares it to thick-filament-associated disease.Longitudinal data were collected from 40 children under 18 years with a disease-causing variant in a thin-filament protein from a single quaternary referral centre. Twenty-one (female n=6, 35.5%) were diagnosed with HCM at a median age of 13.0 years (IQR 8.3-14.0). Over a median follow-up of 5.0 years (IQR 4.0-8.5), three (14.3%) experienced one or more major adverse cardiac events (MACE) (two patients had an out-of-hospital arrest and eight appropriate implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) therapies in three patients). One gene carrier died suddenly at age 9 years. Compared with those with thick-filament disease, children with thin-filament variants more commonly experienced non-sustained ventricular tachycardia [NSVT; n=6 (28.6%) vs n=14 (10.8%), p=0.024] or underwent ICD insertion (thin, n=13 (61.9%) vs thick, n=50 (38.5%), p=0.040). However, there was no difference in the incidence of MACE (thin 2.47/100 pt years (95% CI 0.80 to 7.66) vs thick 3.63/100 pt years (95% CI 2.25 to 5.84)) or an arrhythmic event (thin 1.65/100 pt years (95% CI 0.41 to 6.58) vs thick 2.55/100 pt years (95% CI 1.45 to 4.48), p value 0.43).This study suggests that adverse events in thin-filament disease are predominantly arrhythmic and may occur in the absence of hypertrophy, but overall short-term outcomes do not differ significantly from thick-filament disease.

Neuromuscular and cardiovascular phenotypes in paediatric titinopathies: a multisite retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Pathogenic variants in TTN cause a spectrum of autosomal dominant and recessive cardiovascular, skeletal muscle and cardioskeletal disease with symptom onset across the lifespan. The aim of this study was to characterise the genotypes and phenotypes in a cohort of TTN+paediatric patients. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was performed at four academic medical centres. Patients with pathogenic or truncating variant(s) in TTN and paediatric-onset cardiovascular and/or neuromuscular disease were eligible. RESULTS: 31 patients from 29 families were included. Seventeen patients had skeletal muscle disease, often with proximal weakness and joint contractures, with average symptom onset of 2.2 years. Creatine kinase levels were normal or mildly elevated; electrodiagnostic studies (9/11) and muscle biopsies (11/11) were myopathic. Variants were most commonly identified in the A-band (14/32) or I-band (13/32). Most variants were predicted to be frameshift truncating, nonsense or splice-site (25/32). Seventeen patients had cardiovascular disease (14 isolated cardiovascular, three cardioskeletal) with average symptom onset of 12.9 years. Twelve had dilated cardiomyopathy (four undergoing heart transplant), two presented with ventricular fibrillation arrest, one had restrictive cardiomyopathy and two had other types of arrhythmias. Variants commonly localised to the A-band (8/15) or I-band (6/15) and were predominately frameshift truncating, nonsense or splice-site (14/15). CONCLUSION: Our cohort demonstrates the genotype-phenotype spectrum of paediatric-onset titinopathies identified in clinical practice and highlights the risk of life-threatening cardiovascular complications. We show the difficulties of obtaining a molecular diagnosis, particularly in neuromuscular patients, and bring awareness to the complexities of genetic counselling in this population.

NASP gene contributes to autism by epigenetic dysregulation of neural and immune pathways.

BACKGROUND: Epigenetics makes substantial contribution to the aetiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and may harbour a unique opportunity to prevent the development of ASD. We aimed to identify novel epigenetic genes involved in ASD aetiology. METHODS: Trio-based whole exome sequencing was conducted on ASD families. Genome editing technique was used to knock out the candidate causal gene in a relevant cell line. ATAC-seq, ChIP-seq and RNA-seq were performed to investigate the functional impact of knockout (KO) or mutation in the candidate gene. RESULTS: We identified a novel candidate gene NASP (nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein) for epigenetic dysregulation in ASD in a Chinese nuclear family including one proband with autism and comorbid atopic disease. The de novo likely gene disruptive variant tNASP(Q289X) subjects the expression of tNASP to nonsense-mediated decay. tNASP KO increases chromatin accessibility, promotes the active promoter state of genes enriched in synaptic signalling and leads to upregulated expression of genes in the neural signalling and immune signalling pathways. Compared with wild-type tNASP, tNASP(Q289X) enhances chromatin accessibility of the genes with enriched expression in the brain. RNA-seq revealed that genes involved in neural and immune signalling are affected by the tNASP mutation, consistent with the phenotypic impact and molecular effects of nasp-1 mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans. Two additional patients with ASD were found carrying deletion or deleterious mutation in the NASP gene. CONCLUSION: We identified novel epigenetic mechanisms mediated by tNASP which may contribute to the pathogenesis of ASD and its immune comorbidity.

Phenotypic characterisation of SMAD4 variant carriers.

BACKGROUND: Both hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) and juvenile polyposis syndrome (JPS) are known to be caused by SMAD4 pathogenic variants, with overlapping symptoms for both disorders in some patients. Additional connective tissue disorders have also been reported. Here, we describe carriers of SMAD4 variants followed in an HHT reference centre to further delineate the phenotype. METHODS: Observational study based on data collected from the Clinical Investigation for the Rendu-Osler Cohort database. RESULTS: Thirty-three participants from 15 families, out of 1114 patients with HHT, had an SMAD4 variant (3%).Regarding HHT, 26 out of 33 participants (88%) had a definite clinical diagnosis based on Curaçao criteria. Complication frequencies were as follows: epistaxis (n=27/33, 82%), cutaneous telangiectases (n=19/33, 58%), pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (n=17/32, 53%), hepatic arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) (n=7/18, 39%), digestive angiodysplasia (n=13/22, 59%). No cerebral AVMs were diagnosed.Regarding juvenile polyposis, 25 out of 31 participants (81%) met the criteria defined by Jass et al for juvenile polyposis syndrome. Seven patients (21%) had a prophylactic gastrectomy due to an extensive gastric polyposis incompatible with endoscopic follow-up, and four patients (13%) developed a digestive cancer.Regarding connective tissue disorders, 20 (61%) had at least one symptom, and 4 (15%) participants who underwent echocardiography had an aortic dilation. CONCLUSION: We describe a large cohort of SMAD4 variant carriers in the context of HHT. Digestive complications are frequent, early and diffuse, justifying endoscopy every 2 years. The HHT phenotype, associating pulmonary and hepatic AVMs, warrants systematic screening. Connective tissue disorders broaden the phenotype associated with SMAD4 gene variants and justify systematic cardiac ultrasound and skeletal complications screening.

Genotype and phenotype correlation of PHACTR1-related neurological disorders.

BACKGROUND: PHACTR1 (phosphatase and actin regulators) plays a key role in cortical migration and synaptic activity by binding and regulating G-actin and PPP1CA. This study aimed to expand the genotype and phenotype of patients with de novo variants in PHACTR1 and analyse the impact of variants on protein-protein interaction. METHODS: We identified seven patients with PHACTR1 variants by trio-based whole-exome sequencing. Additional two subjects were ascertained from two centres through GeneMatcher. The genotype-phenotype correlation was determined, and AlphaFold-Multimer was used to predict protein-protein interactions and interfaces. RESULTS: Eight individuals carried missense variants and one had CNV in the PHACTR1. Infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) was the unifying phenotype in eight patients with missense variants of PHACTR1. They could present with other types of seizures and often exhibit drug-resistant epilepsy with a poor prognosis. One patient with CNV displayed a developmental encephalopathy phenotype. Using AlphaFold-Multimer, our findings indicate that PHACTR1 and G-actin-binding sequences overlap with PPP1CA at the RPEL3 domain, which suggests possible competition between PPP1CA and G-actin for binding to PHACTR1 through a similar polymerisation interface. In addition, patients carrying missense variants located at the PHACTR1-PPP1CA or PHACTR1-G-actin interfaces consistently exhibit the IESS phenotype. These missense variants are mostly concentrated in the overlapping sequence (RPEL3 domain). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with variants in PHACTR1 can have a phenotype of developmental encephalopathy in addition to IESS. Moreover, our study confirmed that the variants affect the binding of PHACTR1 to G-actin or PPP1CA, resulting in neurological disorders in patients.

Long-read sequencing identifies an SVA_D retrotransposon insertion deep within the intron of ATP7A as a novel cause of occipital horn syndrome.

BACKGROUND: SINE-VNTR-Alu (SVA) retrotransposons move from one genomic location to another in a 'copy-and-paste' manner. They continue to move actively and cause monogenic diseases through various mechanisms. Currently, disease-causing SVA retrotransposons are classified into human-specific young SVA_E or SVA_F subfamilies. In this study, we identified an evolutionarily old SVA_D retrotransposon as a novel cause of occipital horn syndrome (OHS). OHS is an X-linked, copper metabolism disorder caused by dysfunction of the copper transporter, ATP7A. METHODS: We investigated a 16-year-old boy with OHS whose pathogenic variant could not be detected via routine molecular genetic analyses. RESULTS: A 2.8 kb insertion was detected deep within the intron of the patient's ATP7A gene. This insertion caused aberrant mRNA splicing activated by a new donor splice site located within it. Long-read circular consensus sequencing enabled us to accurately read the entire insertion sequence, which contained highly repetitive and GC-rich segments. Consequently, the insertion was identified as an SVA_D retrotransposon. Antisense oligonucleotides (AOs) targeting the new splice site restored the expression of normal transcripts and functional ATP7A proteins. AO treatment alleviated excessive accumulation of copper in patient fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner. Pedigree analysis revealed that the retrotransposon had moved into the OHS-causing position two generations ago. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of a human monogenic disease caused by the SVA_D retrotransposon. The fact that the evolutionarily old SVA_D is still actively transposed, leading to increased copy numbers may make a notable impact on rare genetic disease research.

Expanding the phenotype of Kleefstra syndrome: speech, language and cognition in 103 individuals.

OBJECTIVES: Speech and language impairments are core features of the neurodevelopmental genetic condition Kleefstra syndrome. Communication has not been systematically examined to guide intervention recommendations. We define the speech, language and cognitive phenotypic spectrum in a large cohort of individuals with Kleefstra syndrome. METHOD: 103 individuals with Kleefstra syndrome (40 males, median age 9.5 years, range 1-43 years) with pathogenic variants (52 9q34.3 deletions, 50 intragenic variants, 1 balanced translocation) were included. Speech, language and non-verbal communication were assessed. Cognitive, health and neurodevelopmental data were obtained. RESULTS: The cognitive spectrum ranged from average intelligence (12/79, 15%) to severe intellectual disability (12/79, 15%). Language ability also ranged from average intelligence (10/90, 11%) to severe intellectual disability (53/90, 59%). Speech disorders occurred in 48/49 (98%) verbal individuals and even occurred alongside average language and cognition. Developmental regression occurred in 11/80 (14%) individuals across motor, language and psychosocial domains. Communication aids, such as sign and speech-generating devices, were crucial for 61/103 (59%) individuals including those who were minimally verbal, had a speech disorder or following regression. CONCLUSIONS: The speech, language and cognitive profile of Kleefstra syndrome is broad, ranging from severe impairment to average ability. Genotype and age do not explain the phenotypic variability. Early access to communication aids may improve communication and quality of life.

Congenital anaemia associated with loss-of-function variants in DNA polymerase epsilon 1.

DNA polymerase epsilon (Pol ε), a component of the core replisome, is involved in DNA replication. Although genetic defects of Pol ε have been reported to cause immunodeficiency syndromes, its role in haematopoiesis remains unknown. Here, we identified compound heterozygous variants (p.[Asp1131fs];[Thr1891del]) in POLE, encoding Pol ε catalytic subunit A (POLE1), in siblings with a syndromic form of severe congenital transfusion-dependent anaemia. In contrast to Diamond-Blackfan anaemia, marked reticulocytopenia or marked erythroid hypoplasia was not found. Their bone marrow aspirates during infancy revealed erythroid dysplasia with strongly positive TP53 in immunostaining. Repetitive examinations demonstrated trilineage myelodysplasia within 2 years from birth. They had short stature and facial dysmorphism. HEK293 cell-based expression experiments and analyses of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) disclosed a reduced mRNA level of Asp1131fs-POLE1 and defective nuclear translocation of Thr1891del-POLE1. Analysis of iPSCs showed compensatory mRNA upregulation of the other replisome components and increase of the TP53 protein, both suggesting dysfunction of the replisome. We created Pole-knockout medaka fish and found that heterozygous fishes were viable, but with decreased RBCs. Our observations expand the phenotypic spectrum of the Pol ε defect in humans, additionally providing unique evidence linking Pol ε to haematopoiesis.

Variant characterisation and clinical profile in a large cohort of patients with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome and a family with Weyers acrofacial dysostosis.

BACKGROUND: Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EvC) is a recessive disorder characterised by acromesomelic limb shortening, postaxial polydactyly, nail-teeth dysplasia and congenital cardiac defects, primarily caused by pathogenic variants in EVC or EVC2. Weyers acrofacial dysostosis (WAD) is an ultra-rare dominant condition allelic to EvC. The present work aimed to enhance current knowledge on the clinical manifestations of EvC and WAD and broaden their mutational spectrum. METHODS: We conducted molecular studies in 46 individuals from 43 unrelated families with a preliminary clinical diagnosis of EvC and 3 affected individuals from a family with WAD and retrospectively analysed clinical data. The deleterious effect of selected variants of uncertain significance was evaluated by cellular assays. MAIN RESULTS: We identified pathogenic variants in EVC/EVC2 in affected individuals from 41 of the 43 families with EvC. Patients from each of the two remaining families were found with a homozygous splicing variant in WDR35 and a de novo heterozygous frameshift variant in GLI3, respectively. The phenotype of these patients showed a remarkable overlap with EvC. A novel EVC2 C-terminal truncating variant was identified in the family with WAD. Deep phenotyping of the cohort recapitulated 'classical EvC findings' in the literature and highlighted findings previously undescribed or rarely described as part of EvC. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents the largest cohort of living patients with EvC to date, contributing to better understanding of the full clinical spectrum of EvC. We also provide comprehensive information on the EVC/EVC2 mutational landscape and add GLI3 to the list of genes associated with EvC-like phenotypes.

Management of Persistent, Post-adenotonsillectomy Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children: An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder. Although adenotonsillectomy is first-line management for pediatric OSA, up to 40% of children may have persistent OSA. This document provides an evidence-based clinical practice guideline on the management of children with persistent OSA. The target audience is clinicians, including physicians, dentists, and allied health professionals, caring for children with OSA. Methods: A multidisciplinary international panel of experts was convened to determine key unanswered questions regarding the management of persistent pediatric OSA. We conducted a systematic review of the relevant literature. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach was used to rate the quality of evidence and the strength of the clinical recommendations. The panel members considered the strength of each recommendation and evaluated the benefits and risks of applying the intervention. In formulating the recommendations, the panel considered patient and caregiver values, the cost of care, and feasibility. Results: Recommendations were developed for six management options for persistent OSA. Conclusions: The panel developed recommendations for the management of persistent pediatric OSA based on limited evidence and expert opinion. Important areas for future research were identified for each recommendation.

Detection of Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome Following Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline.

BACKGROUND: Many children undergo allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) for the treatment of malignant and non-malignant conditions. Unfortunately, pulmonary complications occur frequently post-HSCT, with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) being the most common non-infectious pulmonary complication. Current international guidelines contain conflicting recommendations regarding post-HSCT surveillance for BOS, and a recent National Institutes of Health workshop highlighted the need for a standardized approach to post-HSCT monitoring. As such, this guideline provides an evidence-based approach to detection of post-HSCT BOS in children. METHODS: A multinational, multidisciplinary panel of experts identified six questions regarding surveillance for, and evaluation of post-HSCT BOS in children. Systematic review of the literature was undertaken to answer each question. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach was used to rate the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations. RESULTS: The panel members considered the strength of each recommendation and evaluated the benefits and risks of applying the intervention. In formulating the recommendations, the panel considered patient and caregiver values, the cost of care, and feasibility. Recommendations addressing the role of screening pulmonary function testing and diagnostic tests in children with suspected post-HSCT BOS were made. Following a Delphi process, new diagnostic criteria for pediatric post-HSCT BOS were also proposed. CONCLUSIONS: This document provides an evidence-based approach to detection of post-HSCT BOS in children, while also highlighting considerations for implementation of each recommendation. Further, the document describes important areas for future research.

Antibiotics taken within the first year of life are linked to infant gut microbiome disruption and elevated atopic dermatitis risk.

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease in both pediatric and adult populations. The development of AD has been linked to antibiotic usage, which causes perturbation of the microbiome and has been associated with abnormal immune system function. However, imbalances in the gut microbiome itself associated with antibiotic usage have been inconsistently linked to AD. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to elucidate the timing and specific factors mediating the relationship between systemic (oral or intravenous) antibiotic usage and AD. METHODS: We used statistical modeling and differential analysis to link CHILD Cohort Study participants' history of antibiotic usage and early-life gut microbiome alterations to AD. RESULTS: Here we report that systemic antibiotics during the first year of life, as compared to later, are associated with AD risk (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.81; 95% CI: 1.28-2.57; P < .001), with an increased number of antibiotic courses corresponding to a dose response-like increased risk of AD risk (1 course: aOR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.17-2.38; 2 or more courses: aOR: 2.16; 95% CI: 1.30-3.59). Further, we demonstrate that microbiome alterations associated with both AD and systemic antibiotic usage fully mediate the effect of antibiotic usage on the development of AD (ßindirect = 0.072; P < .001). Alterations in the 1-year infant gut microbiome of participants who would later develop AD included increased Tyzzerella nexilis, increased monosaccharide utilization, and parallel decreased Bifidobacterium and Eubacterium spp, and fermentative pathways. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that early-life antibiotic usage, especially in the first year of life, modulates key gut microbiome components that may be used as markers to predict and possibly prevent the development of AD.