Intrathrombotic appearances of AQP-1 and AQP-3 in relation to thrombus age in murine deep vein thrombosis model.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane-bound proteins for water transportation and are useful for diagnosing drowning and wound vitality in forensic pathology. Here, we examined intrathrombotic expression of AQP-1 and AQP-3 using deep vein thrombosis models in mice. To perform immunohistochemical analyses, we used anti-AQP-1 and anti-AQP-3 antibodies. In thrombus samples with the post-ligation intervals of 1 to 5 days, AQP-1+ areas were over 70%. At 7 days after the IVC ligation, AQP-1+ areas became less than 50%, eventually decreasing to 11% at 21 days. At 3 days after the IVC ligation, AQP-3+ cells started to appear from the peripheral area. Thereafter, the positive cell number progressively increased and reached to a peak at 10 days after the IVC ligation. When the intrathrombotic AQP-1+ area was as large as the intrathrombotic collagen area or smaller, it would indicate a thrombus age of ≥ 10 days. AQP-3+ cell number of > 30 would indicate a thrombus age of 10-14 days. Collectively, our study implied that the detection of AQP-1 and AQP-3 would be useful for the determination of thrombus age.

Effect of nisin on microbiome-brain-gut axis neurochemicals by Escherichia coli-induced diarrhea in mice.

The effects of nisin on the neurochemicals, Aquaporin-3 (AQP-3) and intestinal microorganisms in the brain-gut axis of mice were analyzed by using enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) and high throughput sequencing in this investigation, to further revealed the relationship between intestinal flora abundance in mice and neurochemicals in the brain-gut axis. Using HE staining found damage of structure of small intestine villi in the model group (Escherichia coli O1, E. coli O1). Compared with normal control and ciprofloxacin groups, using ELISA showed that nisin increased the highest norepinephrine (NE) expression in the brain, expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) in the duodenum, and increased the expression of AQP-3 in jejunum. Using high-throughput sequencing showed the highest diversity of cecal microflora in nisin group (ACE-index = 1417.25, Chao1-index = 1378.45), but the cecal microflora in the negative control group (ACE-index = 969.54, Chao1-index = 340.29) exhibited the lowest species diversity. Our data indicated that nisin regulates neurochemicals, AQP-3 and cecal microflora imbalance in mice.

GIL: a blood group system review.

The GIL blood group system was added to the list of systems already recognized by the International Society for Blood Transfusion in 2002. It was designated as system 29 after the antigen was located on the aquaglyceroporin 3 (AQP3) protein and the gene encoding the protein was identified in 2002. There is only one antigenin the system, GIL, and the antigen, as well as the system, was named after the antigen-negative proband identified in the United States who had made anti-GIL. It was later shown to be the same as an unidentified high-incidence antigen lacking from the red blood cells of a French woman. Coincidentally all the antibodies found have been produced as a result of pregnancy. While there has not been a direct link to a disease, the absence of the AQP3 protein may result in a worse than expected rate of survival of patients with bladder cancer as compared with patients with the same disease who express the protein. Future work may center on using GIL as a marker for AQP3 and involving it in targeted cancer therapies.

Prognostic value of serum aquaporin-1, aquaporin-3 and galectin-3 for young patients with colon cancer.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the long-term prognosis value of serum galectin-3, aquaporin (AQP)-1 and AQP-3 in young patients with colon cancer. METHODS: A total of 100 young patients with colon cancer, 100 cases of benign colon and 100 healthy people were collected. All colon cancer patients were followed up for 42 months. RESULTS: Compared with the benign lesion group and the control group, preoperative serum galectin-3, AQP-1 and AQP-3 concentrations were significantly increased in patients with colon cancer (P < 0.05). The immunohistochemistry scores of galectin-3, AQP-1 and AQP-3 in colon cancer patients were positively correlated with serum galectin-3, AQP-1 and AQP-3 concentrations (P < 0.05). Serum galectin-3, AQP-1 and AQP-3 concentrations were positively correlated with TNM staging (galectin-3: rPearson = 0.502, P < 0.001; AQP-1: rPearson = 0.415, P < 0.001; AQP-3: rPearson = 0.454, P < 0.001) and differentiation (galectin-3: rPearson = 0.377, P = 0.004; AQP-1: rPearson = 0.411, P = 0.001; AQP-3: rPearson = 0.483, P < 0.001). Receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis showed that the area under ROC curve (AUC) of the combination of galectin-3, AQP-1 and AQP-3 in distinguishing colon cancer was 0.907. The sensitivity in the parallel mode was 87.6%, and the specificity in the serial mode was 98.2%. Compared with the low galectin-3 group, low AQP-1 group and low AQP-3 group, the survival time of patients in the high galectin-3 group (χ2 = 13.929, P < 0.001), high AQP-1 group (χ2 = 10.157, P = 0.001) and high AQP-3 group (χ2 = 4.364, P = 0.037) were significantly shortened. CONCLUSION: Galectin-3 combined with AQP-1 and AQP-3 had important value in the identification of young patients with colon cancer and was of great value in evaluating long-term prognosis.