RESUMEN
Artificial intelligence (AI) is accelerating the development of unconventional computing paradigms inspired by the abilities and energy efficiency of the brain. The human brain excels especially in computationally intensive cognitive tasks, such as pattern recognition and classification. A long-term goal is de-centralized neuromorphic computing, relying on a network of distributed cores to mimic the massive parallelism of the brain, thus rigorously following a nature-inspired approach for information processing. Through the gradual transformation of interconnected computing blocks into continuous computing tissue, the development of advanced forms of matter exhibiting basic features of intelligence can be envisioned, able to learn and process information in a delocalized manner. Such intelligent matter would interact with the environment by receiving and responding to external stimuli, while internally adapting its structure to enable the distribution and storage (as memory) of information. We review progress towards implementations of intelligent matter using molecular systems, soft materials or solid-state materials, with respect to applications in soft robotics, the development of adaptive artificial skins and distributed neuromorphic computing.
Asunto(s)
Inteligencia Artificial , Materiales Biomiméticos , Biomimética/tendencias , Diseño de Equipo , Robótica/tendencias , Coloides , Ambiente , Enzimas/metabolismo , Homeostasis , Humanos , Estimulación Física , Piel ArtificialRESUMEN
Conventionally, engineers have employed rigid materials to fabricate precise, predictable robotic systems, which are easily modelled as rigid members connected at discrete joints. Natural systems, however, often match or exceed the performance of robotic systems with deformable bodies. Cephalopods, for example, achieve amazing feats of manipulation and locomotion without a skeleton; even vertebrates such as humans achieve dynamic gaits by storing elastic energy in their compliant bones and soft tissues. Inspired by nature, engineers have begun to explore the design and control of soft-bodied robots composed of compliant materials. This Review discusses recent developments in the emerging field of soft robotics.
Asunto(s)
Biomimética/instrumentación , Diseño de Equipo , Robótica/instrumentación , Robótica/métodos , Animales , Fenómenos Biomecánicos/fisiología , Biomimética/tendencias , Módulo de Elasticidad , Electrónica , Peces/fisiología , Fuerza de la Mano/fisiología , Humanos , Locomoción , Industria Manufacturera , Robótica/tendenciasRESUMEN
Cellular life is orchestrated by the biochemical components of cells that include nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and cofactors such as metabolites and metals, all of which coalesce and function synchronously within the cell. Metalloenzymes allow for such complex chemical processes, as they catalyze a myriad of biochemical reactions both efficiently and selectively, where the metal cofactor provides additional functionality to promote reactivity not readily achieved in their absence. While the past 60 years have yielded considerable insight on how enzymes catalyze these reactions, a need to engineer and develop artificial metalloenzymes has been driven not only by industrial and therapeutic needs, but also by innate human curiosity. The design of miniature enzymes, both rationally and through serendipity, using both organic and inorganic building blocks has been explored by many scientists over the years and significant progress has been made. Herein, recent developments over the past 5 years in areas that have not been recently reviewed are summarized, and prospects for future research in these areas are addressed.
Asunto(s)
Biomimética , Enzimas , Metaloproteínas , Biomimética/normas , Biomimética/tendencias , Catálisis , Enzimas/síntesis química , Humanos , Metaloproteínas/química , Compuestos Orgánicos , Biología Sintética/tendenciasRESUMEN
The role of skin in the human body is indispensable, serving as a barrier, moderating homeostatic balance, and representing a pronounced endpoint for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Despite the extensive achievements of in vitro skin models, they do not recapitulate the complexity of human skin; thus, there remains a dependence on animal models during preclinical drug trials, resulting in expensive drug development with high failure rates. By imparting a fine control over the microenvironment and inducing relevant mechanical cues, skin-on-a-chip (SoC) models have circumvented the limitations of conventional cell studies. Enhanced barrier properties, vascularization, and improved phenotypic differentiation have been achieved by SoC models; however, the successful inclusion of appendages such as hair follicles and sweat glands and pigmentation relevance have yet to be realized. The present Review collates the progress of SoC platforms with a focus on their fabrication and the incorporation of mechanical cues, sensors, and blood vessels.
Asunto(s)
Biomimética , Dispositivos Laboratorio en un Chip , Microfluídica , Piel Artificial , Animales , Biomimética/normas , Biomimética/tendencias , Humanos , Dispositivos Laboratorio en un Chip/tendencias , Piel Artificial/tendencias , Ingeniería de Tejidos/tendenciasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: A biotooth is defined as a complete living tooth, made in laboratory cultures from a spontaneous interplay between epithelial and mesenchymal cell-based frontal systems. A good solution to these problems is to use induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). However, no one has yet formulated culture conditions that effectively differentiate iPSCs into dental epithelial and dental mesenchymal cells phenotypes analogous to those present in tooth development. RESULTS: Here, we tried to induce differentiation methods for dental epithelial cells (DEC) and dental mesenchymal cells from iPSCs. For the DEC differentiation, the conditional media of SF2 DEC was adjusted to embryoid body. Moreover, we now report on a new cultivation protocol, supported by transwell membrane cell culture that make it possible to differentiate iPSCs into dental epithelial and mesenchymal cells with abilities to initiate the first stages in de novo tooth formation. CONCLUSIONS: Implementation of technical modifications to the protocol that maximize the number and rate of iPSC differentiation, into mesenchymal and epithelial cell layers, will be the next step toward growing an anatomically accurate biomimetic tooth organ. Developmental Dynamics 248:129-139, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas de Cultivo de Célula/métodos , Células Madre Pluripotentes Inducidas/citología , Diente/citología , Animales , Biomimética/métodos , Biomimética/tendencias , Diferenciación Celular , Células Epiteliales/fisiología , Humanos , Mesodermo/citología , Mesodermo/fisiología , Diente/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
Over the last decades, the fabrication of 3D tissues has become commonplace in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. However, conventional 3D biofabrication techniques such as scaffolding, microengineering, and fiber and cell sheet engineering are limited in their capacity to fabricate complex tissue constructs with the required precision and controllability that is needed to replicate biologically relevant tissues. To this end, 3D bioprinting offers great versatility to fabricate biomimetic, volumetric tissues that are structurally and functionally relevant. It enables precise control of the composition, spatial distribution, and architecture of resulting constructs facilitating the recapitulation of the delicate shapes and structures of targeted organs and tissues. This Review systematically covers the history of bioprinting and the most recent advances in instrumentation and methods. It then focuses on the requirements for bioinks and cells to achieve optimal fabrication of biomimetic constructs. Next, emerging evolutions and future directions of bioprinting are discussed, such as freeform, high-resolution, multimaterial, and 4D bioprinting. Finally, the translational potential of bioprinting and bioprinted tissues of various categories are presented and the Review is concluded by exemplifying commercially available bioprinting platforms.
Asunto(s)
Bioimpresión/métodos , Impresión Tridimensional , Medicina Regenerativa/tendencias , Investigación Biomédica Traslacional , Biomimética/métodos , Biomimética/tendencias , Humanos , Medicina Regenerativa/métodos , Ingeniería de Tejidos/métodos , Investigación Biomédica Traslacional/métodos , Investigación Biomédica Traslacional/tendenciasAsunto(s)
Biomimética/tendencias , Fuerza de la Mano , Robótica/instrumentación , Robótica/métodos , Biomimética/instrumentación , Biomimética/métodos , Comercio/economía , Mano/fisiología , Fuerza de la Mano/fisiología , Humanos , Aprendizaje Automático/tendencias , Movimiento (Física) , Redes Neurales de la Computación , Docilidad , Robótica/tendencias , Programas Informáticos , Propiedades de Superficie , Recursos HumanosRESUMEN
Synthetic biology aims to create functional devices, systems and organisms with novel and useful functions on the basis of catalogued and standardized biological building blocks. Although they were initially constructed to elucidate the dynamics of simple processes, designed devices now contribute to the understanding of disease mechanisms, provide novel diagnostic tools, enable economic production of therapeutics and allow the design of novel strategies for the treatment of cancer, immune diseases and metabolic disorders, such as diabetes and gout, as well as a range of infectious diseases. In this Review, we cover the impact and potential of synthetic biology for biomedical applications.
Asunto(s)
Biomimética/métodos , Biotecnología/métodos , Ingeniería Genética/métodos , Modelos Biológicos , Biología Sintética , Animales , Aptámeros de Nucleótidos/uso terapéutico , Materiales Biomiméticos/uso terapéutico , Biomimética/tendencias , Biotecnología/tendencias , Línea Celular , Línea Celular Tumoral , Diseño de Fármacos , Epigenómica/métodos , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Genes Sintéticos , Ingeniería Genética/tendencias , Humanos , Fototransducción , Ratones , Medicina Preventiva/métodos , Medicina Preventiva/tendencias , Proteómica/métodos , Biología Sintética/métodos , Biología Sintética/tendencias , Integración de Sistemas , Transcripción Genética , Vacunas Sintéticas/uso terapéuticoAsunto(s)
Biomimética/instrumentación , Biomimética/métodos , Dureza , Robótica/instrumentación , Robótica/tendencias , Animales , Materiales Biomiméticos , Biomimética/tendencias , Movimiento/fisiología , Octopodiformes/anatomía & histología , Octopodiformes/fisiología , Docilidad , Impresión Tridimensional , Robótica/métodosAsunto(s)
Órganos Artificiales , Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Materiales Biomiméticos/química , Biomimética , Huesos/química , Ropa de Protección , Animales , Materiales Biocompatibles/síntesis química , Materiales Biomiméticos/síntesis química , Biomimética/tendencias , Vidrio/química , Humanos , Ensayo de Materiales , Nácar/química , Nanoestructuras/química , Docilidad , Ropa de Protección/tendenciasRESUMEN
There has been increasing interest in utilizing bottom-up approaches to develop synthetic cells. A popular methodology is the integration of functionalized synthetic membranes with biological systems, producing "hybrid" artificial cells. This Concept article covers recent advances and the current state-of-the-art of such hybrid systems. Specifically, we describe minimal supramolecular constructs that faithfully mimic the structure and/or function of living cells, often by controlling the assembly of highly ordered membrane architectures with defined functionality. These studies give us a deeper understanding of the nature of living systems, bring new insights into the origin of cellular life, and provide novel synthetic chassis for advancing synthetic biology.
Asunto(s)
Células Artificiales/química , Biomimética/tendencias , Membranas/química , Biología Sintética/tendencias , Fenómenos BiológicosAsunto(s)
Materiales Biomiméticos , Biomimética/instrumentación , Fotosíntesis , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Energía Solar , Materiales Biomiméticos/química , Materiales Biomiméticos/economía , Materiales Biomiméticos/efectos de la radiación , Biomimética/economía , Biomimética/tendencias , Hidrógeno/química , Fotosíntesis/efectos de la radiación , Energía Solar/economía , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
In biological systems, molecular motors have been developed to harness Brownian motion and perform specific tasks. Among the cytoskeletal motor proteins, kinesins ensure directional transport of cargoes to the periphery of the cell by taking discrete steps along microtubular tracks. In the past decade there has been an increasing interest in the development of molecules that mimic aspects of the dynamics of biological systems and can became a starting point for the creation of artificial transport systems.To date, both DNA-based and small-molecule walkers have been developed, each taking advantage of the different chemistries available to them. DNA strollers exploit orthogonal base pairing and utilize strand-displacement reactions to control the relative association of the component parts. Small-molecule walkers take advantage of the reversibility of weak noncovalent interactions as well as the robustness of dynamic covalent bonds in order to transport molecular fragments along surfaces and molecular tracks using both diffusional processes and ratchet mechanisms. Here we review both types of synthetic systems, including their designs, dynamics, and how they are being used to perform functions by controlled mechanical motion at the molecular level.
Asunto(s)
Materiales Biomiméticos/química , Biomimética/tendencias , ADN/química , Bibliotecas de Moléculas Pequeñas/química , Animales , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Biomimética/instrumentación , Biomimética/métodos , Difusión , Células Eucariotas/química , Humanos , Luz , Microtúbulos/química , Proteínas Motoras Moleculares/química , Movimiento (Física)RESUMEN
α-Helices are common secondary structural elements forming key parts of the large, generally featureless interfacial regions of many therapeutically-relevant protein-protein interactions (PPIs). The rational design of helix mimetics is an appealing small-molecule strategy for the mediation of aberrant PPIs, however the first generation of scaffolds presented a relatively small number of residues on a single recognition surface. Increasingly, helices involved in PPIs are found to have more complex binding modes, utilizing two or three recognition surfaces, or binding with extended points of contact. To address these unmet needs the design and synthesis of new generations of multi-sided, extended, and supersecondary structures are underway.
Asunto(s)
Biomimética , Diseño de Fármacos , Animales , Sitios de Unión , Biomimética/tendencias , Calmodulina/química , Humanos , Estructura Secundaria de ProteínaRESUMEN
In a world with ever decreasing natural reserves, researchers are striving to find sustainable methods of producing components for technology. Bioinspired, biokleptic and biomimetic materials can be used to form a wide range of technologically relevant materials under environmentally friendly conditions. Here we investigate a range of biotemplated and bioinspired materials that can be used to develop components for devices, such as optics, photonics, photovoltaics, circuits and data storage.