A Call to Action: Urgently Strengthening the Future Physician-Scientist Workforce in Infectious Diseases.

Infectious diseases (ID) research is vital for global public health, typically led by physician-scientists. This Perspective addresses challenges in the ID workforce and suggests solutions. Physician-scientists have made key discoveries that have significantly impacted human health. The importance of ID research in understanding diseases, leading to treatments and vaccines, is emphasized, along with the need to address persistent and new infections, antimicrobial resistance, and threats like HIV and influenza. The paper analyzes the physician-scientist workforce's struggles, including funding, training, and research-practice integration gaps. We suggest increased funding, better training, and mentorship, more collaborative and interdisciplinary research, and improved recognition systems. The article stresses the urgency of supporting physician-scientists in ID, advocating for proactive prevention and preparedness, and calls for immediate action to enhance ID research and care.

Embracing the (r)evolution of social media and digital scholarship in pediatric nephrology education.

Free Open-Access Medical Education (FOAMed) has transformed medical education in the past decade by complementing and substituting for traditional medical education when needed. The attractiveness of FOAMed resources is due to their inexpensive nature, wide availability, and user ability to access on demand across a variety of devices, making it easy to create, share, and participate. The subject of nephrology is complex, fascinating, and challenging. Traditional didactic lectures can be passive and ineffective in uncovering these difficult concepts and may need frequent revisions. Active teaching methods like flipped classrooms have shown some benefits, and these benefits can only be multifold with current social media tools. Social media will inspire the involvement of students and allow them to create and share educational content in a "trendy way," encouraging the participation of their peers and thus building an educational environment more conducive to them while promoting revision and retainment. FOAMed also promotes asynchronous learning, spaced learning, microlearning, and multimodal presentation with a meaningful variation. This article discusses the evolution of digital education, social media platforms, tools for creating and developing FOAMed resources, and digital scholarship.

The future is bright: artificial intelligence for trainee medical officers in Australia and New Zealand.

Given their frontline role in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand (ANZ) healthcare, trainee medical officers (TMOs) will play a crucial role in the development and use of artificial intelligence (AI) for clinical care, ongoing medical education and research. As 'digital natives', particularly those with technical expertise in AI, TMOs should also be leaders in informing the safe uptake and governance of AI within ANZ healthcare as they have a practical understanding of its associated risks and benefits. However, this is only possible if a culture of broad collaboration is instilled while the use of AI in ANZ is still in its initial phase.

A Brief Review of Anatomy Education in Korea, Encompassing Its Past, Present, and Future Direction.

Anatomy is a foundational subject in medicine and serves as its language. Hippocrates highlighted its importance, while Herophilus pioneered human dissection, earning him the title of the founder of anatomy. Vesalius later established modern anatomy, which has since evolved historically. In Korea, formal anatomy education for medical training began with the introduction of Western medicine during the late Joseon Dynasty. Before and after the Japanese occupation, anatomy education was conducted in the German style, and after liberation, it was maintained and developed by a small number of domestic anatomists. Medicine in Korea has grown alongside the country's rapid economic and social development. Today, 40 medical colleges produce world-class doctors to provide the best medical care service in the country. However, the societal demand for more doctors is growing in order to proactively address to challenges such as public healthcare issues, essential healthcare provision, regional medical service disparities, and an aging population. This study examines the history, current state, and challenges of anatomy education in Korea, emphasizing the availability of medical educators, support staff, and cadavers for gross anatomy instruction. While variations exist between Seoul and provincial medical colleges, each manages to deliver adequate education under challenging conditions. However, the rapid increase in medical student enrollment threatens to strain existing anatomy education resources, potentially compromising educational quality. To address these concerns, we propose strategies for training qualified gross anatomy educators, ensuring a sustainable cadaver supply, and enhancing infrastructure.

The past, present and future of medical education in Cambodia.

This paper describes the past, present, and future of medical education in Cambodia. Although doctor training began in 1902, the first medical school was not founded until 1946. Since the colonial era, the curriculum and teaching strategies have been strongly influenced by the French system, dominated by didactic lectures and the apprenticeship model. Three chronic issues have plagued medical education in the country following the Khmer Rouge regime: a shortage of doctors, poor-quality training, and lack of relevance to the current and future population needs. An increasing number of medical schools and yearly student enrollment have addressed the first issue. Today, the fundamental challenges have shifted from quantity to ensuring the quality and relevance of medical education. Competency-based medical education (CBME) has been adopted as a new curricular model to tackle the latter two issues. Active collaboration between government institutions, public universities, and development partners drives this curricular reform at the national and institutional levels. This paper further examines the challenges associated with medical education and proposes recommendations.

[State of the art: Simulation in US]. / State of the art: Simulation in der Ultraschallausbildung.

Technical simulation of diagnostic and therapeutic procedures is of growing relevance for student education and advanced medical training and has already been introduced in the field of ultrasound. This review gives a broad overview on different levels of simulation for ultrasound diagnostics and highlights the technical background of the methodology. A critical review of the literature reveals recommendations for implementing simulation techniques in medical studies and professional ultrasound training. An analysis of strengths and weaknesses shows the advantages of simulation especially in the context of individual learning situations and COVID-19-related restrictions for personal interaction. However, simulation techniques cannot replace the experiences of complex clinical examinations with direct interaction to real patients. Therefore, future applications may focus on repetition and assessment of achieved competencies by using standardized feedback mechanisms in order to preserve the limited resources for practical medical training.

[The integrated programs in medical education: modern trends and development prospects].

The article considers possibilities of forming integrated educational programs of personnel training. The integration supposes interdisciplinary approach and inclusion within curricula, besides medical subjects, disciplines from different fields of science. As practice demonstrates, this approach provides larger spectrum of professional knowledge, skills and competencies and contributes into better career guidance and subsequent employment of graduates.

It is not about the destination but the journey: A dive into student-staff partnership processes.

Student-staff partnership advocates the active involvement of students' voices in the design of education. Although the concept of student-staff partnership is rapidly gaining momentum in health professions education, the current practices are more outcome-focused and pay less attention to the partnership process itself. Students' involvement in most of the claimed partnerships has been viewed as input information to the educational design process rather than inviting them to the more pronounced role as partners. In this commentary, we elaborate on different levels of students' involvement in educational design, before highlighting the possible dynamics between students and staff in partnership. We propose five key features of dynamics involved in the process of real student-staff partnerships and a Process-Outcome Model for Student-staff Partnership. We advocate that moving beyond outcomes and diving deeper into the partnership processes is the way forward to establishing true student-staff partnerships.

Cadaver surgical training in Japan: its past, present, and ideal future perspectives.

The framework for cadaver surgical training (CST) in Japan was established in 2012, based on the "Guidelines for Cadaver Dissection in Education and Research of Clinical Medicine" of the Japan Surgical Society (JSS) and the Japanese Association of Anatomists. Subsequently, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare allocated funding from its budget for CST. By 2019, CST was being practiced in 33 medical schools and universities. Currently, the CST Promotion Committee of the JSS reviews each CST report submitted by medical schools and universities and provides guidance based on professional autonomy. This paper outlines the history of CST in Japan and presents a plan for its future. To sustain and oversee CST implementation, an operating organization, funded by stakeholders, such as government agencies, academic societies, and private companies, is needed.

Adaptations in clinical examinations of medical students in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical examinations (assessments) are integral to ensuring that medical students can treat patients safely and effectively. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted traditional formats of clinical examinations. This prompted Medical Schools to adapt their approaches to conducting these examinations to make them suitable for delivery in the pandemic. This systematic review aims to identify the approaches that Medical Schools, internationally, adopted in adapting their clinical examinations of medical students in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Three databases and four key medical education journals were systematically searched up to 22 October 2021; a grey literature search was also undertaken. Two reviewers independently screened at title, abstract stage and full text stage against predefined eligibility criteria. Discrepancies were resolved by discussion and involvement of senior authors. Risk of bias assessment was performed using an adapted version of a pre-existing risk of bias assessment tool for medical education developments. Results were summarised in a narrative synthesis. RESULTS: A total of 36 studies were included, which documented the approaches of 48 Medical Schools in 17 countries. Approaches were categorised into in-person clinical examinations (22 studies) or online clinical examinations (14 studies). Authors of studies reporting in-person clinical examinations described deploying enhanced infection control measures along with modified patient participation. Authors of studies reporting online clinical examinations described using online software to create online examination circuits. All authors reported that adapted examinations were feasible, scores were comparable to previous years' student cohorts, and participant feedback was positive. Risk of bias assessment highlighted heterogeneity in reporting of the clinical examinations. CONCLUSIONS: This review identified two broad approaches to adapting clinical examinations in the pandemic: in-person and online. Authors reported it was feasible to conduct clinical examinations in the pandemic where medical educators are given sufficient time and resources to carefully plan and introduce suitable adaptations. However, the risk of bias assessment identified few studies with high reporting quality, which highlights the need for a common framework for reporting of medical education developments to enhance reproducibility across wider contexts. Our review provides medical educators with the opportunity to reflect on past practises and facilitate the design and planning of future examinations.

Thinking outside "The Box": Case-based didactics for medical education and the instructional legacy of Dr John M. Graham, Jr.

The increasing demand for advanced genomic services has finally come to the attention of healthcare systems and stakeholders who are now eager to find creative solutions to increase the pool of genomic literate providers. Training in genetics and dysmorphology has historically been conducted as a self-driven practice in pattern recognition, ideally within a formal or informal apprenticeship supervised by a master diagnostician. In recent times, case-based learning, framed by flipped classroom pedagogy have become the preferred teaching methods for complex medical topics such as genetics and genomics. To illuminate this perspective, our article was written in honor of the teaching style and pedagogy of Dr John M. Graham Jr and his lifelong commitment to medical education and mentoring.

'Learning from home': role of e-learning methodologies and tools during novel coronavirus pandemic outbreak.

BACKGROUND: During the crucial time of coronavirus pandemic, education is being remodelled: opening the doors of electronic learning (e-learning). The review emphasises on the various e-learning methods that can be used in the current scenario. METHODS: The review was based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines on databases, namely, PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane. Out of 1524 identified articles, after the process of screening and based on the eligibility criteria, 45 full-text articles were reviewed. RESULTS: Though there are many caveats on the path of successful implementation this is the right time that we step towards e-learning. The article discusses the methods and tools in e-learning that can modify the traditional ways of content delivery, record maintenance, assessment and feedback. CONCLUSION: During the period of 'planet arrest', when the whole world is locked down with the motive of social distancing, let us stay connected with e-learning.

The impact of COVID-19 on REI fellowship educational experience.

PURPOSE: To assess perceived deficiencies of reproductive endocrinology and infertility (REI) fellow education due to changes in care secondary to COVID-19. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study performed in an academic setting. A survey was generated and administered to REI fellows and attendings practicing in programs across the United States. Descriptive statistics were used to quantify results regarding clinical volume, academic responsibilities, clinical safety, and fellowship education. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 23%. Eighty-four percent of respondents self-identified as fellows, and 16% identified as program directors or other REI academic instructors. Overall, the survey responses confirmed that the COVID-19 pandemic tremendously affected clinical volume, with 91% of participants reporting their clinical volume decreased by at least half. Although 67% of attendings believed that the changes related to COVID-19 have or will have significantly affected the clinical skills of fellows, 66% of fellows did not believe that their clinical training had been significantly impacted. Sixty-seven percent of fellows and 78% of attendings do not believe that changes related to COVID-19 will affect the ability of fellows to practice independently. CONCLUSION: Even though most attendings surveyed believed that the changes related to COVID-19 would affect the clinical skills of fellows, the cessation of clinical and research activities was short-lived, likely tempering the overall effect on clinical training. Overall, most respondents did not believe that the pandemic significantly affected fellow education.

An update on developments in medical education in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: A BEME scoping review: BEME Guide No. 64.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has fundamentally altered how education is delivered. Gordon et al. previously conducted a review of medical education developments in response to COVID-19; however, the field has rapidly evolved in the ensuing months. This scoping review aims to map the extent, range and nature of subsequent developments, summarizing the expanding evidence base and identifying areas for future research. METHODS: The authors followed the five stages of a scoping review outlined by Arskey and O'Malley. Four online databases and MedEdPublish were searched. Two authors independently screened titles, abstracts and full texts. Included articles described developments in medical education deployed in response to COVID-19 and reported outcomes. Data extraction was completed by two authors and synthesized into a variety of maps and charts. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-seven articles were included: 104 were from North America, Asia and Europe; 51 were undergraduate, 41 graduate, 22 continuing medical education, and 13 mixed; 35 were implemented by universities, 75 by academic hospitals, and 17 by organizations or collaborations. The focus of developments included pivoting to online learning (n = 58), simulation (n = 24), assessment (n = 11), well-being (n = 8), telehealth (n = 5), clinical service reconfigurations (n = 4), interviews (n = 4), service provision (n = 2), faculty development (n = 2) and other (n = 9). The most common Kirkpatrick outcome reported was Level 1, however, a number of studies reported 2a or 2b. A few described Levels 3, 4a, 4b or other outcomes (e.g. quality improvement). CONCLUSIONS: This scoping review mapped the available literature on developments in medical education in response to COVID-19, summarizing developments and outcomes to serve as a guide for future work. The review highlighted areas of relative strength, as well as several gaps. Numerous articles have been written about remote learning and simulation and these areas are ripe for full systematic reviews. Telehealth, interviews and faculty development were lacking and need urgent attention.

Medical education in Greece: Necessary reforms need to be re-considered.

For the past years, and even more now with the major challenge of the COVID-19 pandemic, we are faced with the inadequacies that undermine the healthcare system in Greece. As healthcare system performance and medical education are directly and reciprocally linked, a substantial part of healthcare services' dysfunctions could be partially attributed to the training of the young doctors. Thus, in order to improve the performance of the healthcare system in the best interest of patients and communities, the education of healthcare personnel should be a priority. By reviewing the existing literature in combination with our experience we attempt to delineate the weak points of the undergraduate and postgraduate medical education in Greece. Additionally, based on medical curricula from other countries, we suggest reforms in order to achieve a uniform, clinically oriented, emphasis on training in public health issues in undergraduate medical education. Reforms are also suggested for postgraduate training with regard not only to specialization curricula, but also to the accredited institutions which provide specialty training. Finally, the necessity for Continuing Medical Education (CME) is underlined; medical education must have a continuum that begins with undergraduate training but does not end there; it is life-long learning.

Benefits behind barriers in physiology education.

The COVID-19 pandemic forced academics to switch to online teaching whether they were prepared or not. The speed and enthusiasm with which educators embraced online teaching suggest that challenges change the perspective for the better. The teaching challenges with the current coronavirus situation mimic the poliovirus attack Dr. Arthur C. Guyton encountered. Dr. Guyton was forced to switch his career from becoming a cardiovascular surgeon to a physiology educator and a researcher. His immense contributions to the field of physiology is an example of how challenges can bring benefits. Flipped teaching has been gaining attention among educators because of its ability to engage students in learning. The COVID-19 pandemic pushed educators to adopt this instructional design based on its conduciveness to technology, as well as its blend of both asynchronous and synchronous components of online teaching. Just like Dr. Guyton's enormous impact on medical education and research in spite of the challenges he faced, we must be creative during this pandemic through innovative teaching methods, which will serve as a gift for the future of physiology education.

Teaching During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Experience of the Faculty of Medicine at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic forced drastic changes in all layers of life. Social distancing and lockdown drove the educational system to uncharted territories at an accelerated pace, leaving educators little time to adjust. OBJECTIVES: To describe changes in teaching during the first phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: We described the steps implemented at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology Faculty of Medicine during the initial 4 months of the COVID-19 pandemic to preserve teaching and the academic ecosystem. RESULTS: Several established methodologies, such as the flipped classroom and active learning, demonstrated effectiveness. In addition, we used creative methods to teach clinical medicine during the ban on bedside teaching and modified community engagement activities to meet COVID-19 induced community needs. CONCLUSIONS: The challenges and the lessons learned from teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic prompted us to adjust our teaching methods and curriculum using multiple online teaching methods and promoting self-learning. It also provided invaluable insights on our pedagogy and the teaching of medicine in the future with emphasis on students and faculty being part of the changes and adjustments in curriculum and teaching methods. However, personal interactions are essential to medical school education, as are laboratories, group simulations, and bedside teaching.

Advancing Evidence-Based Practice Through Implementation Science: Critical Contributions of Doctor of Nursing Practice- and Doctor of Philosophy-Prepared Nurses.

PURPOSE: Describe the evolution of implementation science and the roles and potential collaborations of doctorally prepared nurses to advance implementation science in practice settings. METHODS: Review of academic preparation and areas of expertise for doctorally prepared nurses as it relates to implementation science and evidence-based practice (EBP). FINDINGS: There have been substantial gains in the number of academic programs in healthcare that include content on EBP, resulting in healthcare teams that are motivated to align practices with best evidence. Unfortunately, many EBP initiatives stall during early stages of implementation, resulting in fragmented practices and persistent gaps between evidence and practice. Implementation science aims to bridge this gap and provides a structured, science-based approach to implementation. Few healthcare teams are familiar with implementation science, and many do not incorporate knowledge from the field when implementing EBPs. Doctorally prepared nurses are in a unique position to serve as leaders in EBP implementation due to the breadth and depth of academic preparation and their pivotal roles across practice settings. CONCLUSIONS: Collaboratively aligning existing strengths of PhD and DNP prepared nurses with knowledge of implementation science can advance implementation of EBP across practice settings to effectively incorporate and sustain meaningful change to improve outcomes. LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION SECTION: Doctorally prepared nurses are in a unique position to advance and apply the science of implementation in practice settings. Nurse scientists can generate evidence on effective strategies and outcomes among healthcare teams to successfully integrate evidence based practices into routine care. Nurse leaders and educators can apply these findings and use an implementation science approach when leading clinical teams in evidence-based practice changes.

[The effects of covid-19 on psychiatry training in the Netherlands]. / De invloed van COVID-19 op de opleiding psychiatrie in Nederland.

Background The COVID-19 pandemic changes the training of residents and could offer new opportunities. Aim Gaining insight in the effects of the impact of the COVID-19-pandemic on psychiatry residents. Method A digital questionnaire was designed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on educational activities. The experience of residents with regards to safety in the workplace, social cohesion with their peers and the involvement of supervisors were examined. Results We approached 34 training institutions. 24 chief residents of the resident group completed the questionnaire. The quality of regional education was considered unchanged by 20% and local education by 33%. Digital communication increased the participation of psychiatrists in the general report and education activities and ensured less travel time. Nevertheless, respondents missed contact with their peers, safety of residents was compromised at five institutions and half of all respondents indicated a lack of personal protective equipment. Conclusions A majority of the psychiatry residents are satisfied with their training during this historic pandemic, but the quality of local and regional education was considered changed, and not being beneficial. The challenge remains for stimulating contact with peers, monitoring the quality of education in general as in psychotherapy and providing personal protective equipment. Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie 63(2021)1, 16-21.

Physician preparedness for big genomic data: a review of genomic medicine education initiatives in the United States.

In the last decade, genomic medicine education initiatives have surfaced across the spectrum of physician training in order to help address a gap in genomic medicine preparedness among physicians. The approaches are diverse and stem from the belief that 21st century physicians must be proficient in genomic medicine applications as they will be leaders in the precision medicine movement. We conducted a review of literature in genomic medicine education and training for medical students, residents, fellows, and practicing physicians with articles published between June 2015 and January 2018 to gain a picture of the current state of genomic medicine education with a focus on the United States. We found evidence of progress in the development of new and innovative educational programs and other resources aimed at increasing physician knowledge and readiness. Three overarching educational approach themes emerged, including immersive and experiential learning; interdisciplinary and interprofessional education; and electronic- and web-based approaches. This review is not exhaustive, nevertheless, it may inform future directions and improvements for genomic medicine education. Important next-steps include: (i) identifying and studying ways to best implement low-cost dissemination of genomic information; (ii) emphasizing genomic medicine education program evaluation and (iii) incorporating interprofessional and interdisciplinary initiatives. Genomic medicine education and training will become more and more relevant in the years to come as physicians increasingly interact with genomic and other precision medicine technologies.