[History of ultrasound diagnosis in the head and neck]. / Geschichte der Ultraschalldiagnostik im Kopf-Hals-Bereich.

The history of ultrasonography of the head and neck region begins in the 1970s, initially with one-dimensional A-scan examinations and later on with two-dimensional imaging using linear and compound scanners. In the early 1980s dynamic developments took place, not only in terms of the technical possibilities presented by ultrasonography but also in terms of broadened medical applications in all specialties. Progressing from analog to digital image processing, colour coding and combining B-mode with Doppler technology provided for improved topographic, structural and functional analysis. All this highlights the importance of ultrasonography in the armamentarium of clinical and imaging diagnostics.

[The priest Sebastian Kneipp and his outlook on otorhinolaryngology diseases]. / Ks. Sebastian Kneipp i jego spojrzenie na choroby uszu, nosa, gardla i krtani.

The silhouettes of the Priest Sebastian Kneipp, one of the pioneers of world hydrotherapy are presented first of all. Impressions of Polish doctors Józef Surzycki and Wladyslaw Jasinski from this hydrotherapeutic institution are outlined. The Kneipp's hydrotherapeutic achievements in treatment of illness of ears, common cold, angina, diphtheria, hoarseness, vocal insufficiency are described in more detail.

[The otorhinolaryngological achievements of Wladyslaw Orlowski (1835-1889)]. / Otorynolarngologiczne dokonania Wladyslawa Orlowskiego (1835-1889).

The professional and scientific activities of Wladyslaw Orlowski (1835-1889), an eminent Varsovian surgeon are presented widely. Orlowski was a versatile surgeon. Orlowski's successful surgical treatment of many otorhinolaryngological diseases (such as complications of the inflammation of the middle ear, carcinoma of face and nose, tumor of nose, tuberculosis of nose, abscess of cheek, probably actinomycosis of jaw, carcinomas of tongue and others) are described in some more detail. He was a good surgical therapist of many different otorhinolaryngological diseases.

The root and development of otorhinolaryngology in traditional Chinese medicine.

There is an increasing trend in society to look beyond conventional medicine to find answers to problems in health. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is one of the most popular alternative, complementary therapies worldwide. It is becoming a popular alternative in otorhinolaryngology where its use in the treatment of sinusitis, tinnitus, deafness and Meniere's disease is growing. Despite the general awareness of TCM, the literature relating specifically to otorhinolaryngology is relatively scarce. In this review, we have traced the origin and development of otorhinolaryngology with respect to TCM and have provided a few interesting insights into otorhinolaryngology, as it used to be practised. Archaeological sources have shown that diseases affecting the ear, nose and throat were of medical concern as early as the 18th century BC. The first practising otorhinolaryngologist can be traced back to the 5th century BC. Acupuncture, moxibustion, herbal therapy and massage were amongst his treatments. Otorhinolaryngology was recognised as a major specialty when formal medical education began in the 7th century AD. Therapeutic measures since then expanded to include exercise, food therapy and surgery. References to using oesophageal speech as a substitute voice generator, the use of copper wire to excise nasal polyps, procedures for removal of sharp foreign bodies in the oropharynx, repair of lacerated trachea and treatment of cancer of lips can be found in historical notes. In conclusion, from its primitive roots, TCM has developed into a distinct branch of health care system in China today that works alongside Western medicine.

[The Józef Czekierski's (1777-1827) otorhinolaryngological connexions]. / Józefa Czekierskiego (1777-1827) otorynolaryngologiczne zwiazki.

The professional and scientific activities of Józef Czekierski (1777-1827), an eminent Varsovian surgeon on the turn of the 18th century are described widely. He was the head of surgical and obstetricial departments in Warsaw. He was also the head of the first Surgical Clinic in Warsaw. In the four-part textbook "Surgery" published in 1817-1818 Czekierski presented surgical treatment of such otorhinolaryngoogical diseases as wounds of ear and tongue, traumas of nase, diseases of parotis, the foreign bodies at respiratory tract and at the upper part of alimentary canal with full particulars. He described such rhinolaryngological operations as plastic reconstruction of the nase, tracheotomy, conicotomy, oesophagotomy in some more detail.

[Julian Kosinski (1833-1914)--especially meritorious surgeon for the development of otorhinolaryngology. His achievements in therapy of ear, nose, throat and borderland diseases]. / Julian Kosinski (1833-1914)--chirurg szczególnie zasluzony dla rozwoju otorynolaryngologii. Jego dokonania w leczeniu chorób uszu, nosa, gardla i pogranicza.

The professional and scientific activities of Julian Kosinski (1833-1914), an eminent Varsovian surgeon, his thorough medical education in various European countries is shortly outlined. He was the versatile surgeon, the head of Surgical Clinic in the Main School and in the Imperial Warsaw University. Kosinski was the creator of "Varsovian surgical school". Kosinski's successful surgical treatment of otorhinopharyngeal diseases and the borderland (such as auricle's fibroma, keloid and periauricular atheroma, carcinomas of nasi and other parts of face, sarcomas of nasopharyngeal cavity and pharynx and maxillary sinus, syphilis of face, tuberculous ulceration of tongue, osteomas of palate and pharynx, foreign bodies of oesophagus, inflammations of parotid gland and other) are described in some more detail. The surgical therapy in that region such as plastic reconstruction of face, oesophagotomy was performed according to contemporary world-wide standards.

Hippocrates the otolaryngologist: an epidemiological analysis of ear-throat-nose diseases in the Corpus Hippocraticum.

INTRODUCTION: Hippocrates, a Greek physician during the fifth century BC., is often considered the father of medicine. The Corpus Hippocraticum comprising of 58 volumes was attributed to him alone for a long time. Nowadays, it is considered that several authors contributed to its creation between 450 and 150 BC., so over a period of 300 years. The objective of our study was to develop a nosological classification of all passages treating head and neck diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We read and analyzed all volumes of the Corpus Hippocraticum in French translation and extracted all passages dealing with oto-rhino-laryngological and maxillo-facial conditions (n = 65). We classified all pathologies into five distinctive nosological groups: traumatic, infectious, malformation, cancerous and inflammatory Results: Traumatic diseases represented 36.9% (n = 24), infectious 52.3% (n= 34), malformation 0% (n = 0), cancerous 11.5% (n = 1) and inflammatory 9.3% (n= 6). These results represent the living conditions of this era, during which diseases were mostly of infectious or traumatic nature (wars, physical labor and recreational sporting activity, living together on close quarters, etc.). CONCLUSION: The meticulously detailed observations of the corpus give us a precious insight into the early perception of diseases, their progression and early attempts of treatment.

Dr Bonain, an ENT surgeon with an ocean background.

Bonain's liquid, otherwise known as Bonain's mixture or Bonain's solution, is universally known and still in use. How many medicines can say the same after a hundred years? By contrast, Jules Aristide Bonain, a physician from Brittany, remains unknown. We pay a tribute to him in this paper, describing the origins of the famous solution, as well as Bonain's role in the treatment of diphtheria and his surprising early career as a naval surgeon, which led him to participate in France's colonial adventure at the turn of the 20th century.

Otolaryngologic aspects of the Lewis & Clark Expedition, 1803-1806.

Medical difficulties related to otolaryngology that occurred during the Lewis & Clark Expedition (1803-1806) are highlighted. These difficulties included ear and face frostbite, upper respiratory infections, temporal vessel laceration from an air gun accident, neck scrofula, and a pediatric neck mass. The custom of Clatsop Indian head flattening is also described. These descriptions also aim to illustrate the state of otolaryngology during the early 19th century in America.

Molecular temporal bone pathology: I. Historical foundation.

The application of molecular biology techniques to temporal bone research is resulting in rapid changes in our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of auditory, facial nerve, and vestibular function. The use of the polymerase chain reaction, cDNA libraries, and in situ hybridization histochemistry, the determination of genetic defects, and the manipulation of transgenic animals are the molecular biology tools that are available to approach these research problems. Knowledge of the molecular pathology that results in the otologic and neuro-otologic dysfunction many of our patients experience is currently in its infancy. A review of the historical foundation of temporal bone pathology and the evolution of the application of cell and molecular biology methods to archival celloidin-embedded human temporal bone material is presented.

A history of rhinology in North America.

The history of rhinology is the story of the efforts of men and women who have tried to help patients who have nasal and sinus disorders or other conditions thought to be related to the nose or sinuses. Woven through this story are the subplots of the progress of surgical technology, the understanding of anatomy and physiology, and the hit-or-miss relationship between them. Through the last half of the nineteenth century, great strides were made in understanding nasal and sinus anatomy and physiology. As that century ended and as the twentieth century began, there was a surge of technology that allowed a marked increase in the type and number of surgeries performed. Unfortunately, nasal and sinus surgery holds the awesome potential to promote health or to severely hurt someone. The knowledge of nasal physiology and anatomy had been exceeded, and often those operations were not in the patient's best interest. Through the middle of the twentieth century the basic science knowledge seems to have caught up with the care being provided, but as the end of the century approaches, another tide of surgical activity seems to be upon us. Perhaps in no other area of surgery has this disparity between biologic knowledge and surgical activity been so well demonstrated. Perhaps the next 100 years will witness a better coordination of these activities.

Therapeutic methods used for otolaryngological problems during the Byzantine period.

Evidence of herbal, animal, and chemical substances from the natural world used in medicines for otolaryngological problems, including opium, hyoscyamus, barley, honey, dried beans and peas, olives, fruits, Agaricus, castoreum, cassia, and afronitron, was traced in the Byzantine medical treatises, mainly from the 4th century AD to the 15th century AD. The texts of Antyllus, Orivasios of Pergamos, Aetios of Amida, Alexander of Tralles, Paul Aeginitis, Leon Iatrosophistis, Theophanis Nonnos, Nickolaos Myrepsos, Michael Psellos, and others strongly suggest the influence of ancient Greek and Roman medicine, but at the same time stress original medical thought. The main otolaryngological problems encountered in that period were loss of hearing, purulent otitis, rupture of the tympanic membrane, pharyngitis, laryngitis, rhinitis, acute tonsillitis, seasickness, vertigo, fracture of the nose, and cancers of the ear, larynx, nose, and oral cavity. The tradition stating that remedies were the final products of substance combinations, started in the classical period (5th and 4th centuries BC), is presented clearly and in detail in Byzantine prescriptions related to otolaryngology.

Otolaryngic osteopathology in 14th century mid-america. The crow creek massacre.

Over 486 people were massacred and buried communally at the Crow Creek Village Site, South Dakota, about 1350 AD. Osseous pathology in the craniofacial area of the victims' skeletons is reviewed and compared to data from other indigenous skeletal populations past and present. The Crow Creek mastoid x-rays are analyzed and compared to four other studies which span over 1000 years of Dakota Territory history. Findings regarding external auditory canal exostoses in the different groups are compared. Unusual findings in the craniofacial area are assessed. Insight into longitudinal epidemiology in one portion of the U.S. is possible through this study.

History of the carbon dioxide laser in otolaryngologic surgery.

The review of recent history shows that since the initial discovery of the principle of the laser, rapid dissemination and application of this modality in the field of medicine have occurred. The use of laser energy has become an established technique in microsurgery and endoscopic surgery, particularly in the field of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery. Laser instruments and surgical techniques and experience are becoming increasingly widely appreciated. All these developments are a tribute to the imagination and determination of a few individuals who were instrumental in recognizing the potential of laser energy for surgical application and in developing and using this new modality in clinical surgery. The major developments in laser surgery include early laboratory studies of laser surgical applications and their effects, the invention and development of instruments allowing application of laser energy in a variety of surgical settings, particularly the upper aerodigestive tract, and clinical studies confirming the efficacy of laser surgery. Other significant developments include the successful application of laser surgery in the eradication or control of selected cancers in the upper aerodigestive tract, including the tracheobronchial tree. Although a firm foundation for laser surgery is well established, its future offers a wide vista of new opportunities.