Partos y cesáreas en edad de riesgo en hospitales del Maule desde 2017 a 2021 / Births and cesarean sections at risk age in Maule hospitals from 2017 to 2021

Pregnancy, despite being a physiological process, can lead to morbidity and mortality, which is increased at risk ages, defined as younger or equal to15 years and older or equal to 35 years. For an adequate approach it is necessary to know the local reality of the population, therefore, the objective of this study is to describe and analyze the discharges of births and cesarean sections at risk age in the Maule Region from 2017 to 2021 using the database collected from the Biostatistics Unit of the Maule Health Service, which includes the hospitals of the region. Within the observed period, a total of 30,599 deliveries and cesarean sections were studied, being these a total of 5,581 at risk age, of which 0.65% corresponds to women younger or equal to 15 years and 17.57% to women older or equal to 35 years. There is a downward tendency in births in general, mostly evidenced in less or equal to 15 years, and on the contrary, a rise in births and cesarean sections of more or equal to 35 years, differing with the statistics at the country level. The tendency of increasing maternal age of pregnancies in the Maule region and its consequences are a fundamental factor when planning new public policies, so we consider it of vital importance to promote research and update the evidence, with a focus on the local population.

El embarazo a pesar de ser un proceso fisiológico puede conllevar morbimortalidad, la cual se acrecienta en edades de riesgo, definida como menor o igual a 15 años y mayor o igual a 35 años. Para el adecuado enfrentamiento se necesita conocer la realidad local, por ello, el objetivo de este estudio es describir y analizar los egresos de partos y cesáreas en edad de riesgo en la Región del Maule desde el año 2017 a 2021 utilizando la base de datos recogida desde la Unidad de Bioestadística del Servicio de Salud Maule, la cual incluye los hospitales de la región. Dentro del periodo observado se estudió un total de 30.599 partos y cesáreas, siendo estos un total de 5.581 en edad de riesgo, de los cuales 0.65% corresponde a mujeres menores o igual a 15 años y 17.57% a mujeres mayores o igual a 35 años. Existe una tendencia a la baja de los nacimientos en general, mayormente evidenciado en menores o igual a 15 años, y por el contrario, un alza en los partos y cesáreas de mayores o igual a 35 años, difiriendo con las estadísticas a nivel país. El aumento de la edad materna de los embarazos en la región del Maule y sus consecuencias son un factor fundamental a la hora de planificar nuevas políticas públicas, por lo que consideramos de vital importancia promover la realización de investigaciones y actualización de la evidencia sobre el tema, con un enfoque en la población local.

Hospitalizations in Brazil according to National Health Survey estimates, 2013 and 2019 / Hospitalizações no Brasil pelas estimativas da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2013 e 2019

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To compare the profile and prevalence of hospitalizations in Brazil based on estimates from the National Health Survey (PNS), 2013 and 2019. METHODS A cross-sectional study that used data from the 2013 PNS and the 2019 PNS. The outcome was having been hospitalized for 24 hours or more in the last 12 months. We calculated the proportion of the population in different categories of age group, presence or absence of chronic diseases, and perception of health status. We estimated the total number of hospitalizations and the proportion corresponding to each category of age group, chronic disease, and perceived health status. We calculated the prevalence of hospitalization according to geographic, socioeconomic, and health conditions. We compared the estimates of two editions of the PNS using Student's t-test for independent samples. We considered significant differences when the p-value was less than 0.01. And finally, we compared hospitalization estimates with administrative data to assess data consistency. RESULTS We observed that the proportion of chronically ill people in the population increased from 15.04% to 31.48%. This group was responsible for 36.76% of the total number of hospitalizations in 2013 and 57.61% in 2019. The prevalence of hospitalizations increased significantly between the two surveys and the increases were higher in the Southeast region and among people who have private health insurance. A discrepancy was found between administrative data and survey estimates. Obstetric hospitalizations and health insurance hospitalizations were underestimated. CONCLUSION There was an increase in overall hospitalization rates in the period between the PNS 2013 and PNS 2019, especially among people with better access to health services. The hospitalization profile also changed—in the 2013 PNS, hospitalizations of people without chronic diseases predominated. This was reversed in PNS 2019.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Comparar o perfil e a prevalência das hospitalizações no Brasil com base nas estimativas da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS), 2013 e 2019. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal seriado que utilizou os dados das PNS 2013 e PNS 2019. O desfecho foi ter ficado internado por 24 horas ou mais nos últimos 12 meses. Calculamos a proporção da população nas diversas categorias de faixa etária, de presença ou ausência de doenças crônicas e de percepção do estado de saúde. Estimamos o número total de hospitalizações e a proporção correspondente a cada categoria de faixa etária, de doença crônica e de percepção do estado de saúde. Calculamos a prevalência de internação segundo fatores geográficos, socioeconômicos e condições de saúde. Comparamos as estimativas das duas edições da PNS utilizando o teste t de Student para amostras independentes. Consideramos as diferenças significativas quando o valor de p foi menor que 0,01. E finalmente comparamos as estimativas de hospitalização com os dados administrativos para avaliar a consistência dos dados. RESULTADOS Observamos que a proporção de doentes crônicos na população passou de 15,04% para 31,48%. Este grupo foi responsável por 36,76% do total de internações em 2013 e de 57,61% em 2019. A prevalência de hospitalizações aumentou significativamente entre os dois inquéritos e os incrementos foram maiores na região Sudeste e entre pessoas que possuem plano de saúde privado. Foi encontrada uma discrepância entre os dados administrativos e as estimativas dos inquéritos. As internações obstétricas e as internações por plano de saúde foram subestimadas. CONCLUSÃO Houve um aumento nas taxas globais de hospitalização no período compreendido entre as PNS 2013 e 2019, especialmente entre as pessoas com melhor acesso aos serviços de saúde. O perfil de hospitalização também mudou - na PNS 2013 predominaram internações de pessoas sem doenças crônicas. Isto se inverteu na PNS 2019.

Effects of a national policy advocating rational drug use on decreases in outpatient antibiotic prescribing rates in Thailand

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effects of a national policy advocating rational drug use (RDU), namely, the 'RDU Service Plan', starting in fiscal year 2017 and implemented by the Thai Ministry of Public Health (MOPH), on trends in antibiotic prescribing rates for outpatients. The policy was implemented subsequent to a voluntary campaign involving 136 hospitals, namely, the 'RDU Hospital Project', which was implemented during fiscal years 2014-2016. METHODS: Hospital-level antibiotic prescribing rates in fiscal years 2014-2019 for respiratory infections, acute diarrhea, and fresh wounds were aggregated for two hospital groups using equally weighted averages: early adopters of RDU activities through the RDU Hospital Project and late adopters under the RDU Service Plan. Pre-/post-policy annual changes in the prescribing levels and trends were compared between the two groups using an interrupted time-series analysis. RESULTS: In fiscal years 2014-2016, decreases in antibiotic prescribing rates for respiratory infections and acute diarrhea in both groups reflected a trend that existed before the RDU Service Plan was implemented. The immediate effect of the RDU Service Plan policy occurred in fiscal year 2017, when the prescribing level among the late adopters dropped abruptly for all three conditions with a greater magnitude than in the decrease among the early adopters, despite nonsignificant differences. The medium-term effect of the RDU Service Plan was identified through a further decreasing trend during fiscal years 2017-2019 for all conditions in both groups, except for acute diarrhea among the early adopters. CONCLUSIONS: The national policy on rational drug use effectively reduced antibiotic prescribing for common but questionable outpatient conditions

No disponible

Physicians' attitudes on the implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program in Lebanese hospitals

BACKGROUND: Misuse of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance are global concerns. Antibiotic stewardship programs (ASP) are advocated to reduce pathogens resistance by ensuring appropriate antimicrobial use. Several factors affect the implementation of ASPs in hospitals. The size and types of care provided, as well as the complexity of antibiotic prescription, are all issues that are considered in designing an effective hospital-based program. OBJECTIVES: To examine physicians' attitude on implementation of an antimicrobial stewardship program in Lebanese hospitals. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out using an online questionnaire. Survey items assessed ASP implementations, physicians' attitudes, usefulness of the tools, and barriers of implementation. The questionnaire was based on the Center for Disease Control core-elements. RESULTS: 158 physicians completed the survey with a response rate of 4%. Our results showed that the majority (66%) of physicians were familiar with the ASP concept. Most respondents reported a lack of regular educational programs (41%), as well as a lack of support from the medical staff (76%). This study demonstrated positive attitudes and support for ASP implementation. However, ASPs were reported as affecting physicians' autonomy by 34 % of the participants. Antibiotic rounds and prospective audit and feedback were rated as most useful interaction methods with the ASPs. A minimal support of the Ministry Of Public Health, as well as the absence of regulation and of national guidelines, were reported as barriers to ASPs. The shortage of Infectious Disease physicians was seen as a barrier by half of the respondents. CONCLUSIONS: Physicians are supportive of ASP, with preference for interventions that provide information and education rather than restrictive ones. Additional research is needed on a larger sample of physicians

No disponible

Reducción de los ingresos por infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST en Cataluña durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Decrease in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction admissions in Catalonia during the COVID-19 pandemic

No disponible

Factores asociados a la incidencia y la mortalidad por COVID-19 en las comunidades autónomas / Factors associated with the incidence and mortality from COVID-19 in the autonomous communities of Spain

OBJETIVO: Analizar la evolución de la epidemia de COVID-19 después del estado de alarma e identificar factores asociados a las diferencias entre las comunidades autónomas. MÉTODO: Estudio ecológico que utilizó variables epidemiológicas, demográficas, ambientales y sobre la estructura de los servicios sanitarios como variables explicativas. El periodo de análisis fue desde el 15 de marzo (inicio del estado de alarma) hasta el 22 de abril de 2020. Las tasas de incidencia y de mortalidad fueron las variables respuesta principales. La magnitud de las asociaciones se ha estimado mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Spearman y el análisis de regresión múltiple. RESULTADOS: Las tasas de incidencia y de mortalidad en el momento del decreto del estado de alarma se asocian con las tasas de incidencia, mortalidad y demanda hospitalaria actuales. Las temperaturas medias más altas se asocian significativamente con una menor incidencia actual de COVID-19. Asimismo, una mayor proporción de personas mayores en residencias se asocia significativamente a una mortalidad actual más elevada. CONCLUSIÓN: Es posible predecir la evolución de la epidemia a través del análisis de la incidencia y de la mortalidad. Las temperaturas más bajas y la elevada proporción de personas mayores en residencias son factores asociados a un peor pronóstico. Estos parámetros deben ser considerados en las decisiones sobre el momento y la intensidad de la implantación de las medidas de contención. En este sentido, fortalecer la vigilancia epidemiológica es esencial para mejorar las predicciones

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the evolution of the epidemic of COVID-19 after the alarm state and identify factors associated with the differences between the autonomous communities. METHOD: Ecological study that used epidemiological, demographic, environmental and variables on the structure of health services as explanatory variables. The analysis period was from March 15th (the start of the alarm state) until April 22nd, 2020. Incidence and mortality rates were the main response variables. The magnitude of the associations has been estimated using the Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Incidence and mortality rates at the time of decree of alarm status are associated with current incidence, mortality and hospital demand rates. Higher mean temperatures are significantly associated with a lower current incidence of COVID-19 in the autonomous communities. Likewise, a higher proportion of older people in nursing homes is significantly associated with a higher current mortality in the autonomous communities. CONCLUSION: It is possible to predict the evolution of the epidemic through the analysis of incidence and mortality. Lower temperatures and the proportion of older people in residences are factors associated with a worse prognosis. These parameters must be considered in decisions about the timing and intensity of the implementation of containment measures. In this sense, strengthening epidemiological surveillance is essential to improve predictions

The first 100 cases of COVID-19 in a Hospital in Madrid with a 2-month follow-up / Los primeros 100 casos de COVID-19 en un Hospital de Madrid con seguimiento de 2 meses

BACKGROUND: There are few descriptions of the clinical presentation and evolution of consecutive SARS-CoV-2 infections with a long-enough follow up. METHODS: Description of the first consecutive 100 patients with microbiologically-proven COVID-19 in a large hospital in Madrid, Spain including a minimum of two-month follow up. RESULTS: The median age of the patients (52% males) was 61.5 years (IQR=39.5-82.0) and the median BMI was 28.8 kg/m2 (IQR=24.7-33.7). Overall 72% of the patients had one or more co-morbid conditions with a median age-adjusted Charlson index of 2 (IQR=0-5.7). Five patients (5%) were immunosuppressed. The most common symptoms at the time of diagnosis were fever (80.0%), cough (53.0%) and dyspnea (23.0%). The median O2 saturation at the time of first examination was 94% (IQR=90-97). Chest X-ray on admission was compatible with pneumonia in 63% of the cases (bilateral in 42% and unilateral in 21%). Overall, 30% were managed at home and 70% were admitted to the hospital. Thirteen patients were admitted to the ICU with a median of 11 days of stay in the Unit (IQR=6.0-28.0). CALL score of our population ranged from 4 to 13. Overall, 60.0% of patients received antibiotic treatment and 66.0%, empirical antiviral treatment, mainly with lopinavir/ritonavir (65%) or hydroxychloroquine (42%). Mortality, with a minimum of 60 days of follow up, was 23%. The median age of the deceased patients was 85 years (IQR=79-93). CONCLUSIONS: We found a high mortality in the first 100 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 at our institution, associated with advanced age and the presence of serious underlying diseases

ANTECEDENTES: Existen pocas descripciones de la presentación clínica y evolución de infecciones consecutivas por SARS-CoV-2 con un seguimiento lo suficientemente largo. MÉTODOS: Descripción de los primeros 100 pacientes consecutivos con COVID-19 probada microbiológicamente en un gran hospital de Madrid, incluyendo un seguimiento mínimo de dos meses. RESULTADOS: La mediana de edad de los pacientes (52% hombres) fue de 61,5 años (RIC=39,5-82,0) y la mediana de IMC fue de 28,8 kg/m2 (RIC=24,7-33,7). El 72% de los pacientes tuvieron una o más comorbilidades con un índice de Charlson ajustado a la edad de 2 (RIC=0-5,7). Cinco pacientes (5%) estaban inmunodeprimidos. Los síntomas más comunes al momento del diagnóstico fueron fiebre (80,0%), tos (53,0%) y disnea (23,0%). La mediana de saturación de O2 en el momento del primer examen fue del 94% (RIC=90-97). La radiografía de tórax al ingreso fue compatible con neumonía en el 63% de los casos (bilateral en el 42% y unilateral en el 21%). El 30% fueron manejados en su domicilio y el 70% ingresados en el hospital. Trece pacientes ingresaron en la UCI con una mediana de 11 días de estancia en la Unidad (RIC=6,0-28,0). El score CALL de nuestra población varió de 4 a 13. En general, el 60,0% de los pacientes recibió tratamiento antibiótico y el 66,0%, tratamiento antiviral empírico, principalmente con lopinavir/ritonavir (65%) o hidroxicloroquina (42%). La mortalidad, con un mínimo de 60 días de seguimiento, fue del 23%. La mediana de edad de los pacientes fallecidos fue de 85 años (RIC=79-93). CONCLUSIONES: Encontramos una alta mortalidad en los primeros 100 pacientes diagnosticados con COVID-19 en nuestra institución, asociada con edad avanzada y presencia de enfermedades subyacentes graves

Caracterización de la productividad quirúrgica del Hospital Docente Clínico Quirúrgico Aleida Fernández Chardiet, 2010 - 2017 / Surgical productivity characterization of the Aleida Fernández Chardiet Clinical Teaching Hospital, 2010 - 2017

Introducción: la mayor parte de los hospitales, tienen un programa de control de calidad asistencial. Han utilizado, como método básico, la monitorización de la actividad asistencial a través de las comisiones clínicas o de los estudios puntuales en profundidad de los problemas detectados, a través de los auditores médicos. Objetivo: caracterizar la actividad quirúrgica departamental en el Hospital Docente Clínico Quirúrgico Aleida Fernández Chardiet en el periodo comprendido desde 2010 - 2017. Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo. Se caracterizó la actividad quirúrgica departamental en el hospital y periodo mencionado. Del departamento de estadística y de las actas del Comité de Evaluación de Intervenciones Quirúrgicas se obtuvieron los datos necesarios para esta investigación. El universo estuvo constituido por el total de cirugías realizadas por el departamento quirúrgico en el periodo estudiado, en total 22 378. Resultados: hubo un aumento de la cirugía mayor del departamento a expensas de la cirugía ambulatoria. La cirugía menor siempre ha sido superior a la mayor y aunque la menor ambulatoria se disminuyó, la menor de urgencia se ha incrementado. El departamento de cirugía general es el de mayor productividad del servicio. Las suspensiones quirúrgicas han afectado la productividad quirúrgica del departamento. El índice de reintervenciones ha disminuido en el hospital. Conclusiones: el departamento mantiene la productividad quirúrgica y logra disminuir la cirugía menor ambulatoria y las reintervenciones (AU).

Introduction: most of the hospitals, have a program of Control of Assistance Quality, they have used, as basic method, control of the assistance activity through the Clinical Commissions or of the punctual studies in depth of the detected problems, through the medical auditors. Objective: to describe the departmental surgical activity at AleidaFernández Chardiet Clinical Teaching Hospital from 2010 to 2017. Methods: a longitudinal and retrospective descriptive observational study was carried out. The departmental surgical activity in the hospital in the mentioned period was characterized. The necessary data were obtained from the statistic department and from the records of the Evaluation of Surgical Interventions Committee. The universe was formed by all the surgeries carried out by the surgical department in the studied period, in total 22 378. Results: there was an increase of the major surgery of the department taking into account the increasing of the ambulatory surgery. The minor surgery has always been higher than the major surgery and although the ambulatory minorone decreased, the urgency minor surgery has been increased. The general surgery department has the highest productivity of the service. The surgical interruptions have affected the surgical productivity of the department. The reinterventions index has diminished in the hospital. Conclusions: the department maintains the surgical productivity andmanages to diminish the ambulatory small surgery and the reinterventions (AU).

La violencia interpersonal en España a través del Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos / Interpersonal violence in Spain through national hospital discharge survey

Objetivo: Describir la epidemiología de la violencia interpersonal en España. Método: Estudio descriptivo de los casos de pacientes con diagnóstico secundario de agresión registrados en el Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos de altas hospitalarias, entre 1999 y 2011, utilizando los códigos E960 a E969 de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-9). Se describe la distribución por sexo, edad y tipo de alta y de atención requerida, morbilidad asociada, mortalidad y comunidad autónoma. Se estudia la calidad del registro en función de su variación temporal. Resultados: El perfil de agresión en hombres (85%) es el de un paciente de entre 15 y 44 años, que en un 93,7% de los casos precisa atención urgente y cuya gravedad es moderada (95% alta a domicilio). El 2,5% de los pacientes reingresa, y se produce la muerte en el 1,1% de las ocasiones. El perfil en las mujeres (15%) difiere ligeramente: edad comprendida entre 31 y 52 años, el 94% requiere atención urgente (si bien el 96% tiene una gravedad moderada), el 3% reingresa y en el 1,7% de las ocasiones la paciente muere. Conclusiones: Aunque necesitan ser mejorados para evitar ciertas limitaciones, los sistemas de información sanitaria constituyen una riquísima fuente de datos que pueden ser utilizados para la investigación en salud y, a través de sus resultados, para el desarrollo de planes de prevención e intervención sociosanitaria en temas de violencia

Objective: To describe the epidemiology of interpersonal violence in Spain. Method: Descriptive study of the cases of patients with secondary diagnosis of aggression registered on a national hospital discharge database, between 1999 and 2011, using the codes from E960 to E969 of the ICD-9. The distribution by sex, age and type of discharge, associated morbidity, mortality and by autonomous community is described. The quality of the record is studied according to its temporal variation. Results: The case profile of aggression in men (85%) is of a patient between 15 and 44 years old, who in 93.7% of cases requires urgent care and whose severity is moderate (95% discharge home). Two point five percent of patients are readmitted and death occurs in1.1%. The profile in women (15%) differs slightly, with an age between 31 and 52 years, 94% require urgent attention, although 96% have moderate severity; 3% are readmitted and 1.7% die. Conclusions: Although they need to be improved to avoid certain limitations, health information systems are a rich source of data that can be used for research in health and, through their results, for the development of prevention plans and intervention in matters of violence

Análisis de las cesáreas en Uruguay por tipo de centro hospitalario / An analysis of caesarean sections in Uruguay by type of hospital

Objetivo: Analizar comparativamente la incidencia de las cesáreas en los subsistemas de salud de Uruguay y en relación con los estándares de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) considerando las características médico-obstétricas de los partos, en especial la clasificación de Robson. Método: Se emplean 190.847 nacimientos registrados en el Sistema Informático Perinatal de Uruguay entre 2009 y 2014 por tipo de subsector sanitario. Mediante modeloslogitse analiza la probabilidad de cesárea considerando la clasificación de Robson, otros factores de riesgo y las características de las madres. Se comparan las tasas de cesárea predichas por los distintos subsectores sanitarios para una población común. Asimismo, se contraponen las tasas de cesáreas observadas en cada subsistema con las que, hipotéticamente, se encontrarían si los hospitales siguiesen las pautas de la muestra de hospitales de referencia de la OMS. Resultados: El subsector privado, en términos generales, presenta una incidencia de cesáreas mucho más elevada que el público, incluso después de considerar las características médico-obstétricas de los nacimientos. Las tasas de cesáreas en Uruguay están más de un 75% por encima del valor que cabría esperar de acuerdo con el modelo de la OMS. Conclusiones: La incidencia de cesáreas en Uruguay es muy alta respecto a los estándares definidos por la OMS, en especial en el subsector privado. Este hecho no se explica por las características clínicas de los nacimientos

Objective: To analyse on a comparative basis the incidence of caesarean sections among the different health care systems in Uruguay and with respect to the World Health Organization's (WHO) standards, taking into account the medical-obstetric characteristics of the births, particularly, the Robson classification. Methods: We examine 190,847 births registered by the Perinatal Information System in Uruguay between 2009 and 2014 by type of health care system. Usinglogitmodels, we analyse the probability of caesarean section taking into account the Robson classification, other risk factors and the mothers’ characteristics. We compared the caesarean rates predicted by the different subsystems for a common population. Furthermore, we contrast the caesarean rates observed in each subsystem with the rates that resulted if the Uruguayan hospitals followed the guidelines of the sample of WHO reference hospitals. Results: Private health systems in Uruguay exhibit a much higher incidence of caesarean sections than public ones, even after considering the medical-obstetric characteristics of the births. Caesarean rates are more than 75% higher than those observed if the WHO standards are applied. Conclusions: Uruguay has a very high incidence of caesarean sections with respect to WHO standards, particularly, in the private sector. This fact is unrelated to the clinical characteristics of the births

Perfil epidemiológico de los egresos del Hospital Municipal de Agudos Leónidas Lucero de Bahía Blanca, Argentina durante el periodo 2005-2011 / Epidemiological profile of the discharge of the Municipal Acute Hospital Leonidas Lucero of Bahía Blanca, Argentina during the period 2005-2011

Las políticas de salud no suelen problematizar el perfil epidemiológico de los egresos hospitalarios, esto hace difícil discutir el rol de los servicios hospitalario en función de las necesidades de su población de referencia. Por ello nuestro objetivo fue describir el perfil epidemiológico de los egresos de un hospital municipal. Estudio descriptivo de tendencia temporal realizado en el Hospital Municipal "Dr. Leónidas Lucero" de la ciudad de Bahía Blanca, en el periodo 2005-2011. La población comprendió los egresos de ambos sexos y todas las edades. Se realizó análisis uni y bivariado, de las variables sexo, edad, residencia, cobertura social, tipos de egreso, diagnósticos de egreso, indicadores de disponibilidad de camas y producción de servicios. La fuente de información fue la base de datos del registro estadístico del HMALL. En 7 años de estudio hubo 34.229 EH. El 55% fueron varones, edad promedio 43,2 años. Los grupos diagnósticos de egreso más frecuentes fueron síntomas, signos y hallazgos clínico y de laboratorio anormales (8,6%) y colelitiasis y colecistitis (5,7%). El promedio de días de estada fue de 5,6. El conocimiento aportado permite orientar los recursos para diseñar un plan de inversiones que dé cuenta de los perfiles de los EH y por sobre todo pensar las estrategias de prevención destinadas a evitar las internaciones por aquellas enfermedades más frecuentes (AU)

Health policies do not usually problematize the epidemiological profile of hospital discharges, this makes it difficult to discuss the role of hospital services based on the needs of their reference population. Therefore, our objective was to describe the epidemiological profile of the discharge of a municipal hospital. Descriptive study of temporary tendency the discharge in the Municipal Hospital "Dr. Leonidas Lucero" from the city of Bahía Blanca, in the period 2005-2011. The population included both sexes and all ages. Univariate and bivariate analysis were performed on the variables sex, age, residence, social coverage, types of discharge, discharge diagnoses, bed availability indicators and service production. The source of information was de database of the statistical record of the HMALL. In 7 years of study there were 34,229 EH. 55% were male,average age 43.2 years. The most frequent diagnostic groups of discharge were symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory findings(8.6%) and cholelithiasis and cholecystitis(5.7%). The average number of days of stay was 5.6. The knowledge provided allows us to guide the resources to design an investment plan that accounts for the profiles of the EH and above all to think about prevention strategies aimed at avoiding hospitalizations for those more frequent diseases (AU)

Resultados de la encuesta nacional sobre el tratamiento de la fisura anal crónica en los hospitales españoles / Results of the national survey on the treatment of chronic anal fissure in Spanish hospitals

Introducción: El tratamiento de la fisura anal crónica (FAC) difiere en función del profesional. Para plantear un consenso, sería conveniente conocer el estado actual a nivel nacional. El objetivo del presente estudio es conocer la situación actual del manejo de la FAC en los hospitales españoles. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, con datos de encuestas a cirujanos de la Asociación Española de Coloproctología en las que se han recogido datos de la comunidad autónoma, tipo de hospital y categoría profesional, opinión sobre el manejo de la FAC en general y relativa a 3 casos clínicos específicos. Resultados: Se ha recibido respuesta de 152 cirujanos. Las medidas farmacológicas constituyen el primer escalón terapéutico (93,38%). En paciente con hipertonía y sin factores de riesgo de incontinencia fecal (IF), el 55,9% emplea medidas higiénico-dietéticas asociadas a pomada de nitroglicerina (MHG + NTG). El segundo escalón lo constituiría la esfinterotomía lateral interna (ELI) (43,4%). En paciente con factores de riesgo de IF, se utiliza MHG + NTG (75,7%) y en caso de fracaso, ELI previa ecografía y/o manometría. En paciente joven con hipertonía inexplorable y proctalgia incapacitante sin factores de riesgo de IF, se trataría con MHG + NTG (55,9%) y si fracasa, ELI (46,1%). Conclusiones: El manejo de la FAC en España presenta similitudes con las recomendaciones que realizan las guías internacionales. Sin embargo, se observan algunas diferencias incluso desde las primeras opciones de tratamiento (AU)

Introduction: The treatment of chronic anal fissure (FAC) differs depending on the professional. To come to a consensus, the current situation in Spain should be studied. The aim of this study is to evaluate the current situation of the management of FAC in Spanish hospitals. Methods: Descriptive study, with data from a survey of surgeons of the Spanish Association of Coloproctology. Data was collected according to the doctor's autonomous community, type of hospital and professional category; FAC management data and 3 clinical cases. Results: Response was obtained from 152 surgeons. Pharmacological measures stand out as the first therapeutic step (93.38%). In patients with hypertonia and with no risk factors for fecal incontinence (FI), 55.9% use hygienic-dietary measures associated with nitroglycerin ointment (MHG + NTG). The second step is internal lateral sphincterotomy (ELI) (43.4%). MHG + NTG (75.7%) is used in patients with FI risk factors and in case of failure, ELI is used with a prior ultrasound and/or manometry. In young patients with unexplained hypertonia and incapacitating proctalgia with no risk factors for FI, MHG + NTG (55.9%) is used and, if it is not successful, they are treated with ELI (46.1%). Conclusions: The management of FAC in Spain shows similarities with the international guideline suggestions. Nevertheless, some differences can be seen from the first stages of treatment (AU)

Repercusiones clínicas y económicas de la desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad en un servicio quirúrgico / Clinical and economic implications of disease-related malnutrition in a surgical service

Introducción: la desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad (DRE) tiene una alta prevalencia e importantes repercusiones clínicas y económicas. Nuestro objetivo es valorar la factibilidad e importancia de establecer una estrategia de cribado nutricional en nuestro medio. Pacientes y métodos: estudio prospectivo realizado en una planta quirúrgica. Se realizó el Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) al ingreso y semanalmente, hasta el alta hospitalaria, a todos los pacientes. Cuando fue necesario, se realizó valoración e intervención nutricional así como codificación al alta de los diagnósticos y procedimientos nutricionales. Datos de estancia hospitalaria (EH), costes hospitalarios y parámetros clínicos fueron analizados posteriormente. Resultados: en un 15,6% de pacientes, el MUST detectó riesgo de desnutrición (≥ 2 puntos). Los pacientes con desnutrición al ingreso (DI) presentaron una estancia hospitalaria (EH) cuatro días superior y mayor tasa de mortalidad y de reingresos urgentes (2,4 y 2,0 veces, respectivamente), un año después del alta hospitalaria. La edad y el ingreso urgente fueron los factores asociados a mayor tasa de mortalidad anual. Un 9% de los pacientes con MUST < 2 inicial sufrieron un deterioro del estado nutricional (DEN) durante el ingreso. Estos pacientes, tuvieron mayor EH (siete días) a igualdad de comorbilidad. Considerando los costes relacionados con la EH, en los pacientes que presentaron DI o DEN se observó un sobrecoste del 57% y el 145%, respectivamente. Conclusión: los pacientes con DI presentaron mayor EH y tasa de mortalidad y de reingresos urgentes un año después del alta hospitalaria. Los pacientes con DI o DEN ocasionan un sobrecoste económico. El cribado nutricional es indispensable para el manejo y la detección precoz de la DRE

Introduction: disease-related malnutrition (DRM) is currently a major challenge in our hospitals, both because of its high prevalence and because of the clinical and economic impact. Our study aims to assess the feasibility and importance of establishing a nutritional screening strategy in our Health Care System. Patients and methods: this is a prospective study carried out in a Surgery Ward. The nutritional risk was assessed by applying to patients MUST at admission and weekly until discharge. Nutritional evaluation and nutritional intervention were performed if required, as well as coding of diagnoses and nutritional procedures at discharge. Clinical data, length of stay (LOS) and hospital costs were analyzed. Results: MUST detected 15.6% of patients at risk of malnutrition at admission. Patients with malnutrition at admission (MA) had four days longer LOS, higher annual mortality rate and urgent hospital readmissions in 2.4 and 2.0 times, respectively, one year after discharge. Age and urgent hospital admission were the factors associated with a higher annual mortality rate. Nine per cent of patients with an initial MUST < 2 suffered deterioration in their nutritional status during admission (DNS). These patients had longer LOS in seven days with equal comorbidity. Considering only the costs related to LOS in patients who presented MA or DNS, an overcost of 57% and 145%, respectively, was observed. Conclusion: patients with malnutrition on admission had longer LOS, higher mortality rate and urgent hospital readmissions one year after discharge. Patients who present MA or DNE cause an economic cost overrun. A nutritional screening tool is essential for the management and early detection of DRM

Changes in bacterial hospital epidemiology / Cambios en la epidemiología bacteriana en el hospital

Antibiotics' use and prescription requires a profound review, as their inadequate administration has been one of the main forces leading to resistance as a result of overuse and misuse. Resistance is particularly challenging in nosocomial environments in which there has been a gradual change in bacterial epidemiology owing to the continuous increase of multi-drug-resistant isolates, which imply a threat to prevent and cure infections. Expertise at the time of using antibiotics, development of new diagnostic tools and the possibility of having new antimicrobials are required to stay ahead of evolving resistance. Moreover, surveillance is also relevant to monitor antimicrobial resistance

El uso y la prescripción de antibióticos requiere una revisión profunda ya que la administración inadecuada ha sido una de las causas más importantes de la resistencia, como resultado del empleo excesivo e inadecuado de los mismos. La resistencia es un problema particularmente desafiante en el ambiente hospitalario en el cual ha habido un cambio gradual de la epidemiología bacteriana debido al aumento continuo de aislamientos multirresistentes, lo que implica una amenaza para la prevención y curación de las infecciones. El conocimiento adecuado de los antibióticos, el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas de diagnóstico y la posibilidad de disponer de nuevos antimicrobianos son necesarios para adelantarnos a la evolución de la resistencia. Asimismo, los estudios de vigilancia son relevantes para la monitorización de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos

Historia y realidad de los hospitales universitarios españoles / History and reality of the Spanish University hospitals

Existen muchos entornos asistenciales que pueden y deben participar activamente en la enseñanza práctica de la medicina, pero no se puede concebir una facultad de medicina sin un hospital docente con las características básicas que se describen en este documento. El sistema de comisiones mixtas se ha mostrado ineficaz y su funcionamiento es deficiente en la mayoría de las universidades. Desde hace años, la Conferencia de Decanos de Facultades de Medicina de España viene demandando la reforma del Real Decreto 1558/86 y el establecimiento de estándares claros en relación con el tipo de profesorado, los espacios físicos, la infraestructura y los recursos materiales necesarios para ejercer las labores docentes e investigadoras en los hospitales universitarios. También se requiere fijar unos criterios de calidad mínimos y el sistema que permita cuantificarlos. En definitiva, una evaluación por objetivos con auditorías rigurosas que conduzcan a la renovación o la revocación de la condición de "universitario" para todo hospital que opte al nivel de excelencia que esta denominación implica. En este artículo se proponen, con una óptica realista y pragmática, algunos de los criterios que deberían contemplarse

There are many clinical environments that might and should be used in the practical training of medical students, but it is inconceivable that a Medical School could exist without a teaching hospital with the basic features described in this document. The joint committee's system has proven to be inefficient in most universities. For years now, the RD 1558/86 reform has been an important item on the National Conference of Deans of the Spanish Medical Schools (CND) agenda. The CND has also been asking for clear policies and standards concerning clinical teachers, physical spaces, infrastructure, equipment and material resources which are necessary to carry out teaching and research activities at university hospitals. A set of minimum quality criteria and a system which makes it possible to check them is also required. In the end, a targeted evaluation and stringent audits that could imply the renewal or revocation of the "universitary" qualification of a hospital is mandatory. In this article, we propose some of the criteria that should be considered with a realistic and pragmatic view

Identifying priorities to improve paediatric in-hospital antimicrobial use by cross-sectional evaluation of prevalence and appropriateness of prescription / Detección de prioridades para mejorar el uso hospitalario de antimicrobianos en pediatría mediante la evaluación transversal de la prevalencia y adecuación de la prescripción

Introduction: Information about paediatric in-hospital antimicrobial usage and prescribing patterns to guide improvement strategies is scant. We aim to use an evaluation of the prevalence and appropriateness of antimicrobial prescription to identify antimicrobial stewardship priorities in children. Methods: A cross-sectional point study was performed on hospitalised paediatric patients in a Spanish tertiary hospital, assessing the prevalence of antimicrobial prescription (PAP) and appropriateness of antimicrobial prescription (AAP). AAP was defined as a correct indication plus an appropriate prescribing pattern (dose, spectrum and interval). Evaluation was performed using established antimicrobial guidelines. Other factors that may have a bearing on antimicrobial prescription were also analysed. Results: A total of 171 patients were included. PAP was 49.7% (85/171) and AAP was 60.9% (91/161). The most common indications for antimicrobial use were antimicrobial prophylaxis (28.3%, 32/113) and pneumonia (8.2%, 8/113). Overall, 161 antimicrobials were prescribed (1.9 antimicrobials per patient): 55.3% (89/161) were empiric, 16.1% (26/161) were targeted and 28.6% (46/161) were prophylactic. Amoxicillin/clavulanate (8.2%, 14/171) and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (8.2%, 14/171) were the most prescribed antimicrobials. The prescription of antifungals (11.7%, 20/171) and antivirals (1.8%, 3/171) was analysed. Major causes of inappropriate antibiotic use were prolonged prescriptions (21.7%, 35/161) and use of agents with an excessively broad coverage spectrum (21.1%, 34/161). PAP and AAP varied between wards and antimicrobials. Conclusions: Measurement of PAP and AAP offers valuable information for detecting priorities in hospital settings and monitoring antimicrobial usage prior to the development of antimicrobial stewardship programmes. In our setting, the main areas for improvement are duration of therapy and proper use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials (AU)

Introducción: La información sobre el uso hospitalario de antimicrobianos en pediatría para orientar estrategias de mejora es escasa. Proponemos utilizar la evaluación de prevalencia y adecuación de la prescripción antimicrobiana para identificar prioridades en programas de optimización de uso de antimicrobianos en niños. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en niños hospitalizados en un centro terciario español evaluando la prevalencia de prescripción antimicrobiana (PPA) y la proporción de adecuación en prescripción antimicrobiana (PAA). Se definió la PAA como una correcta indicación más un apropiado patrón de prescripción del antimicrobiano (dosis, espectro e intervalo) según guías establecidas. Se analizaron también otros factores con influencia potencial en prescripción. Resultados: Se incluyeron 171 pacientes, obteniendo una PPA=49,7% (85/171) y PAA=60,9% (91/161). Profilaxis antimicrobiana (28,3%, 32/113) y neumonía (8,2%, 8/113) fueron las indicaciones más frecuentes. Se realizaron 161 prescripciones antimicrobianas (1,9 antimicrobianos por paciente): 55,3% (89/161) empíricas; 16,1% (26/161) dirigidas y 28,6% (46/161) profilácticas. Amoxicilina/ácido clavulánico (8,2%, 14/171) y trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol (8,2%, 14/171) fueron los antimicrobianos más prescritos. Se analizó la prescripción antifúngica (11,7%, 20/171) y antiviral (1,8%, 3/171). Las principales causas de uso inapropiado de antibióticos fueron el uso prolongado (21,7%, 35/161) y espectros de cobertura demasiado amplios (21,1%, 34/161). La PPA y PAA variaron según área de hospitalización y antimicrobianos. Conclusiones: La PPA y PAA ofrecen información valiosa para detectar prioridades en hospitales previamente al desarrollo de programas de optimización de uso de antimicrobianos y monitorizar el uso de antimicrobianos. En nuestro centro la duración del tratamiento y el espectro antimicrobiano excesivo fueron las principales áreas a mejorar (AU)

Assessment of time intervals in the pathway to oral cancer diagnosis in north-westerm Spain. Relative contribution of patient interval

Background: Despite continuous advances in diagnosis and therapy, oral cancers are mostly diagnosed at advanced stages with minor survival improvements in the last two decades. Both phenomena have been attributed to delays in the diagnosis. This study aims at quantifying the time elapsed until definitive diagnosis in these patients and the patient interval’s contribution. Material and Methods: A hospital-based, ambispective, observational study was undertaken on incident cases with a pathological diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma recruited during 2015 at the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery services of CHUAC (A Coruña) and POVISA (Vigo) hospitals. Results: 74 consecutive oral cancer patients (59.5% males; median age: 65.0 years (IQ:57-74)) were studied. Most cases (52.7%; n=39) were at advanced stages (TNM III-IV) at diagnosis. The period since first sign/symptom until the patient seeks health care was the longest interval in the pathway to diagnosis and treatment (median: 31.5 days; IQR= 7.0 - 61.0) and represents >60% of the interval since symptom onset until referral to specialised care (pre-referral interval). The average interval assigned to the patient resulted to be relatively larger than the time elapsed since the patient is seen at primary care until a definitive diagnosis is reached (diagnostic interval). Median of the referral interval for primary care professionals: 6.5 days (IQR= 0.0 - 49.2) and accounts for 35% (19% - 51%) of the diagnostic interval. Conclusions: The patient interval is the main component of the pathway to treatment since the detection of a bodily change until the definitive diagnosis. Therefore, strategies focused on risk groups to shorten this interval should be implemented in order to ease an early diagnosis of symptomatic oral cancer (AU)

No disponible

Incidencia y características de las caídas en un hospital de cuidados intermedios de Barcelona / Incidence and characteristics falls in a hospital intermediate care of Barcelona

Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia y las características de las caídas en los ancianos ingresados en el Hospital de Cuidados Intermedios Parc Sanitari Pere Virgili (PSPV). Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo. Sujetos de estudio: Pacientes mayores de 65 años ingresados en el PSPV que han sufrido alguna caída en el primer trimestre del año 2014. Recogida de datos a través de un registro de caídas del centro. Resultados y discusión: El 6,3% de los ancianos ingresados han sufrido una caída, 99 en total. No hay diferencias significativas según el sexo, excepto en mayores de 75 años que es mayor en las mujeres. Mayor incidencia en los mayores de 75 años; en el turno de mañana y de tarde, y en ancianos con patologías cardiovasculares. En el momento previo a la caída, mayoritariamente estaban en bipedestación, con desorientación y sin acompañamiento. El 75% de los que se cayeron tomaban tres o más medicamentos de riesgo. Sin lesión en más del 60% de las caídas. Conclusiones: El perfil de anciano frágil ingresado en el PSPV podría justificar la mayor incidencia de caídas frente a otros estudios a nivel hospitalario. Las consecuencias son menores y no ha habido lesión en la mayoría de ellas. Las intervenciones de enfermería en el HSPV se orientarán hacia un refuerzo de la prevención de caídas en los pacientes con patología cardiovascular y a los pacientes polimedicados y durante el turno de mañana y tarde y en aquellos momentos en que no se dispone de soporte del familiar/cuidador

Objective: To determine the incidence and characteristics of falls in the elderly admitted to the Intermediate Care Hospital Parc Sanitari Pere Virgili (PSPV). Methodology: descriptive and retrospective study. Study subjects: Patients over 65 years PSPV admitted to have been dropped in the first quarter of 2014. Data collection through a record of Middle Falls. Results and discussion: 6.3% of hospitalized elderly have been dropped, 99 in total. No significant differences by gender, except in over 75 years is higher in women. Higher incidence of over 75 years; in the morning shift and afternoon; and the elderly with cardiovascular diseases. In the run up to the fall time they were mostly in standing, with disorientation and without accompaniment. 75% of those who fell were taking 3 or more medications risk. No injury almost 60% of falls. Conclusions: the profile of frail elderly entered PSPV could justify the higher incidence of falls compared to other studies in hospitals. The consequences are lower, there being injury most of them. Nursing interventions in HSPV be geared towards strengthening the prevention of falls in patients with cardiovascular disease and patients with polypharmacy and during the morning shift and afternoon and in those times when you do not have the family / caregiver support

Utilidad del score PI-RADS 2 en la práctica clínica ¿Se justifica el estudio histológico? / PI-RADS 2 Score utility in clinical practice ¿Is histologic asses justified?

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de estudios histológicos y si estos se justifican en pacientes categorizados como PI-RADS 2. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en el PACS de nuestra institución de todos los informes de RM de próstata que incluyeran categoría "PI-RADS 2" entre enero del 2015 y junio del 2017, identificando 1287 informes. Resultados: De los 1287 informes PI-RADS 2, 646 pacientes fueron controlados posterior a la RM en nuestra institución. De ellos, 91 (14,08%) tuvieron un estudio histológico. Se encontraron 10 casos (10,98%) de cáncer prostático (6 con score de Gleason 6, y 4 score de Gleason 7). Conclusión: En nuestro estudio la RM score PI-RADS 2 descartó correctamente neoplasia clínicamente significativa en el 95,6% de los casos. Dar a conocer esta información podría tener un impacto en la conducta del tratante, disminuyendo el número de biopsias prostáticas.

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the results of histological studies and if these are justified in patients categorized as PI-RADS 2. Materials and methods: A search was made in the PACS of our institution of all prostate MRI reports that included category "PI-RADS 2" between January 2015 and June 2017, identifying 1287 reports. Results: Of the 1287 PI-RADS 2 reports, 646 patients were monitored after the MRI in our institution. Of these, 91 (14.08%) had an histological study. We found 10 cases (10.98%) of prostate cancer (6 with Gleason score 6, and 4 Gleason score 7). Conclusion: In our study, the MR PI-RADS 2 score correctly ruled out clinically significant neoplasia in 95.6% of cases. Making this information known could have an impact on the doctor's course of action, decreasing the number of prostate biopsies.

HOSPITALIZATIONS FOR AMBULATORY CARE SENSITIVE NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM / LAS HOSPITALIZACIÓNES POR ENFERMEDADES CRÓNICAS NO TRANSMISIBLES DEL SISTEMA CIRCULATORIO, SENSIBLES A LA ATENCIÓN PRIMARIA A LA SALUD / INTERNAÇÕES POR DOENÇAS CRÔNICAS NÃO TRANSMISSÍVEIS DO SISTEMA CIRCULATÓRIO, SENSÍVEIS À ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA À SAÚDE

ABSTRACT Objective: describe hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive chronic conditions in the state of Paraná, Brazil from 2000 to 2011 Method: epidemiological ecological study was to. After descriptive analysis of the data, hospitalization indicators were developed to describe the results. Results: this study’s findings suggest that efforts to implement and expand Primary Health Care in Paraná in the last decade resulted in a decrease in the proportion of hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions and the average number of hospitalizations for noncommunicable chronic diseases, though the ratio of hospitalizations to resident population has increased. Conclusion: attention should be specifically paid to certain causes of hospitalization, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus, to further minimize hospitalizations for Cerebrovascular Diseases and Congestive Heart Failure, which remained high.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir las hospitalizaciones por enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, sensibles a la Atención Primaria en Salud en el Estado del Paraná, en el período de 2000 a 2011. Método: Estudio epidemiológico, de tipo ecológico. Después de un análisis descriptivo de los resultados, se desarrollaron indicadores de las admisiones para describir los hallazgos de la investigación Resultados: los esfuerzos para la implementación y expansión de la Atención Primaria de Salud en Paraná en la última década se han reflejado en la reducción de la proporción de hospitalizaciones por causas sensibles a la atención primaria y en el promedio de ingresos por enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Sin embargo, la proporción de hospitalizaciones sufrió un crecimiento. Conclusión: determinadas causas de hospitalizaciones, como la hipertensión y la diabetes mellitus, deben ser consideradas específicamente en la Atención Primaria de la Salud, con el fin de minimizar aún más las hospitalizaciones por Enfermedades Cerebrovasculares y la Insuficiencia Cardíaca Congestiva que permanecieron en alta.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever as internações por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, sensíveis à Atenção Primária à Saúde, no Estado do Paraná, no período de 2000 a 2011. Método: estudo epidemiológico, do tipo ecológico. Após análise descritiva dos dados, foram elaborados indicadores de internações para descrever os achados da pesquisa. Resultados: os esforços para implantação e ampliação da Atenção Primária à Saúde no Paraná, na última década, têm refletido na redução da proporção das internações por causas sensíveis à atenção primária e no número médio de internações por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Porém, a razão de internações sofreu um crescimento. Conclusão: determinadas causas de internações como a hipertensão e diabetes mellitus devem ser olhadas especificamente na Atenção Primária à Saúde, a fim de minimizar ainda mais as internações por doenças cerebrovasculares e insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, que se mantiveram elevadas.