Effect of Cangrelor on Infarct Size in ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated by Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Randomized Controlled Trial (The PITRI Trial).

BACKGROUND: The administration of intravenous cangrelor at reperfusion achieves faster onset of platelet P2Y12 inhibition than oral ticagrelor and has been shown to reduce myocardial infarction (MI) size in the preclinical setting. We hypothesized that the administration of cangrelor at reperfusion will reduce MI size and prevent microvascular obstruction in patients with ST-segment-elevation MI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS: This was a phase 2, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted between November 2017 to November 2021 in 6 cardiac centers in Singapore. Patients were randomized to receive either cangrelor or placebo initiated before the primary percutaneous coronary intervention procedure on top of oral ticagrelor. The key exclusion criteria included presenting <6 hours of symptom onset; previous MI and stroke or transient ischemic attack; on concomitant oral anticoagulants; and a contraindication for cardiovascular magnetic resonance. The primary efficacy end point was acute MI size by cardiovascular magnetic resonance within the first week expressed as percentage of the left ventricle mass (%LVmass). Microvascular obstruction was identified as areas of dark core of hypoenhancement within areas of late gadolinium enhancement. The primary safety end point was Bleeding Academic Research Consortium-defined major bleeding in the first 48 hours. Continuous variables were compared by Mann-Whitney U test (reported as median [first quartile-third quartile]), and categorical variables were compared by Fisher exact test. A 2-sided P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Of 209 recruited patients, 164 patients (78%) completed the acute cardiovascular magnetic resonance scan. There were no significant differences in acute MI size (placebo, 14.9% [7.3-22.6] %LVmass versus cangrelor, 16.3 [9.9-24.4] %LVmass; P=0.40) or the incidence (placebo, 48% versus cangrelor, 47%; P=0.99) and extent of microvascular obstruction (placebo, 1.63 [0.60-4.65] %LVmass versus cangrelor, 1.18 [0.53-3.37] %LVmass; P=0.46) between placebo and cangrelor despite a 2-fold decrease in platelet reactivity with cangrelor. There were no Bleeding Academic Research Consortium-defined major bleeding events in either group in the first 48 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Cangrelor administered at the time of primary percutaneous coronary intervention did not reduce acute MI size or prevent microvascular obstruction in patients with ST-segment-elevation MI given oral ticagrelor despite a significant reduction of platelet reactivity during the percutaneous coronary intervention procedure. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03102723.

CYP2C19 Genetic Testing for Oral P2Y12 Inhibitor Therapy: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association.

There is significant variability in the efficacy and safety of oral P2Y12 inhibitors, which are used to prevent ischemic outcomes in common diseases such as coronary and peripheral arterial disease and stroke. Clopidogrel, a prodrug, is the most used oral P2Y12 inhibitor and is activated primarily after being metabolized by a highly polymorphic hepatic cytochrome CYP2C219 enzyme. Loss-of-function genetic variants in CYP2C219 are common, can result in decreased active metabolite levels and increased on-treatment platelet aggregation, and are associated with increased ischemic events on clopidogrel therapy. Such patients can be identified by CYP2C19 genetic testing and can be treated with alternative therapy. Conversely, universal use of potent oral P2Y12 inhibitors such as ticagrelor or prasugrel, which are not dependent on CYP2C19 for activation, has been recommended but can result in increased bleeding. Recent clinical trials and meta-analyses have demonstrated that a precision medicine approach in which loss-of-function carriers are prescribed ticagrelor or prasugrel and noncarriers are prescribed clopidogrel results in reducing ischemic events without increasing bleeding risk. The evidence to date supports CYP2C19 genetic testing before oral P2Y12 inhibitors are prescribed in patients with acute coronary syndromes or percutaneous coronary intervention. Clinical implementation of such genetic testing will depend on among multiple factors: rapid availability of results or adoption of the concept of performing preemptive genetic testing, provision of easy-to-understand results with therapeutic recommendations, and seamless integration in the electronic health record.

Safety and Efficacy of Ticagrelor Monotherapy in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis of TWILIGHT and TICO Randomized Trials.

BACKGROUND: Dual antiplatelet therapy with a potent P2Y12 inhibitor coupled with aspirin for 1 year is the recommended treatment for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). As an alternative, monotherapy with a P2Y12 inhibitor after a short period of dual antiplatelet therapy has emerged as a bleeding reduction strategy. METHODS: We pooled individual patient data from randomized trials that included patients with ACS undergoing PCI treated with an initial 3-month course of dual antiplatelet therapy followed by ticagrelor monotherapy versus continued ticagrelor plus aspirin. Patients sustaining a major ischemic or bleeding event in the first 3 months after PCI were excluded from analysis. The primary outcome was Bleeding Academic Research Consortium type 3 or 5 bleeding occurring between 3 and 12 months after index PCI. The key secondary end point was the composite of death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Hazard ratios and 95% CIs were generated using Cox regression with a one-stage approach in the intention-to-treat population. RESULTS: The pooled cohort (n=7529) had a mean age of 62.8 years, 23.2% were female, and 55% presented with biomarker-positive ACS. Between 3 and 12 months, ticagrelor monotherapy significantly reduced Bleeding Academic Research Consortium 3 or 5 bleeding compared with ticagrelor plus aspirin (0.8% versus 2.1%; hazard ratio, 0.37 [95% CI, 0.24-0.56]; P<0.001). Rates of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, or stroke were not significantly different between groups (2.4% versus 2.7%; hazard ratio, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.68-1.21]; P=0.515). Findings were unchanged among patients presenting with biomarker-positive ACS. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with ACS undergoing PCI who have completed a 3-month course of dual antiplatelet therapy, discontinuation of aspirin followed by ticagrelor monotherapy significantly reduced major bleeding without incremental ischemic risk compared with ticagrelor plus aspirin. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero; Unique identifier: CRD42023449646.

Stopping Aspirin Within 1 Month After Stenting for Ticagrelor Monotherapy in Acute Coronary Syndrome: The T-PASS Randomized Noninferiority Trial.

BACKGROUND: Stopping aspirin within 1 month after implantation of a drug-eluting stent for ticagrelor monotherapy has not been exclusively evaluated for patients with acute coronary syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ticagrelor monotherapy after <1 month of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is noninferior to 12 months of ticagrelor-based DAPT for adverse cardiovascular and bleeding events in patients with acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: In this randomized, open-label, noninferiority trial, 2850 patients with acute coronary syndrome who underwent drug-eluting stent implantation at 24 centers in South Korea were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either ticagrelor monotherapy (90 mg twice daily) after <1 month of DAPT (n=1426) or 12 months of ticagrelor-based DAPT (n=1424) between April 24, 2019, and May 31, 2022. The primary end point was the net clinical benefit as a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, definite or probable stent thrombosis, stroke, and major bleeding at 1 year after the index procedure in the intention-to-treat population. Key secondary end points were the individual components of the primary end point. RESULTS: Among 2850 patients who were randomized (mean age, 61 years; 40% ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction), 2823 (99.0%) completed the trial. Aspirin was discontinued at a median of 16 days (interquartile range, 12-25 days) in the group receiving ticagrelor monotherapy after <1 month of DAPT. The primary end point occurred in 40 patients (2.8%) in the group receiving ticagrelor monotherapy after <1-month DAPT, and in 73 patients (5.2%) in the ticagrelor-based 12-month DAPT group (hazard ratio, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.37-0.80]; P<0.001 for noninferiority; P=0.002 for superiority). This finding was consistent in the per-protocol population as a sensitivity analysis. The occurrence of major bleeding was significantly lower in the ticagrelor monotherapy after <1-month DAPT group compared with the 12-month DAPT group (1.2% versus 3.4%; hazard ratio, 0.35 [95% CI, 0.20-0.61]; P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence that stopping aspirin within 1 month for ticagrelor monotherapy is both noninferior and superior to 12-month DAPT for the 1-year composite outcome of death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, stroke, and major bleeding, primarily because of a significant reduction in major bleeding, among patients with acute coronary syndrome receiving drug-eluting stent implantation. Low event rates, which may suggest enrollment of relatively non-high-risk patients, should be considered in interpreting the trial. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03797651.

De-escalation to ticagrelor monotherapy versus 12 months of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with and without acute coronary syndromes: a systematic review and individual patient-level meta-analysis of randomised trials.

BACKGROUND: Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) for 12 months is the standard of care after coronary stenting in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The aim of this individual patient-level meta-analysis was to summarise the evidence comparing DAPT de-escalation to ticagrelor monotherapy versus continuing DAPT for 12 months after coronary drug-eluting stent implantation. METHODS: A systematic review and individual patient data (IPD)-level meta-analysis of randomised trials with centrally adjudicated endpoints was performed to evaluate the comparative efficacy and safety of ticagrelor monotherapy (90 mg twice a day) after short-term DAPT (from 2 weeks to 3 months) versus 12-month DAPT in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with a coronary drug-eluting stent. Randomised trials comparing P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy with DAPT after coronary revascularisation were searched in Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and two websites (www.tctmd.com and www.escardio.org) from database inception up to May 20, 2024. Trials that included patients with an indication for long-term oral anticoagulants were excluded. The risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. The principal investigators of the eligible trials provided IPD by means of an anonymised electronic dataset. The three ranked coprimary endpoints were major adverse cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events (MACCE; a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) tested for non-inferiority in the per-protocol population; and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) 3 or 5 bleeding and all-cause death tested for superiority in the intention-to-treat population. All outcomes are reported as Kaplan-Meier estimates. The non-inferiority was tested using a one-sided α of 0·025 with the prespecified non-inferiority margin of 1·15 (hazard ratio [HR] scale), followed by the ranked superiority testing at a two-sided α of 0·05. This study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024506083). FINDINGS: A total of 8361 unique citations were screened, of which 610 records were considered potentially eligible during the screening of titles and abstracts. Of these, six trials that randomly assigned patients to ticagrelor monotherapy or DAPT were identified. De-escalation took place a median of 78 days (IQR 31-92) after intervention, with a median duration of treatment of 334 days (329-365). Among 23 256 patients in the per-protocol population, MACCE occurred in 297 (Kaplan-Meier estimate 2·8%) with ticagrelor monotherapy and 332 (Kaplan-Meier estimate 3·2%) with DAPT (HR 0·91 [95% CI 0·78-1·07]; p=0·0039 for non-inferiority; τ2<0·0001). Among 24 407 patients in the intention-to-treat population, the risks of BARC 3 or 5 bleeding (Kaplan-Meier estimate 0·9% vs 2·1%; HR 0·43 [95% CI 0·34-0·54]; p<0·0001 for superiority; τ2=0·079) and all-cause death (Kaplan-Meier estimate 0·9% vs 1·2%; 0·76 [0·59-0·98]; p=0·034 for superiority; τ2<0·0001) were lower with ticagrelor monotherapy. Trial sequential analysis showed strong evidence of non-inferiority for MACCE and superiority for bleeding among the overall and ACS populations (the z-curve crossed the monitoring boundaries or the required information size without crossing the futility boundaries or approaching the null). The treatment effects were heterogeneous by sex for MACCE (p interaction=0·041) and all-cause death (p interaction=0·050), indicating a possible benefit in women with ticagrelor monotherapy, and by clinical presentation for bleeding (p interaction=0·022), indicating a benefit in ACS with ticagrelor monotherapy. INTERPRETATION: Our study found robust evidence that, compared with 12 months of DAPT, de-escalation to ticagrelor monotherapy does not increase ischaemic risk and reduces the risk of major bleeding, especially in patients with ACS. Ticagrelor monotherapy might also be associated with a mortality benefit, particularly among women, which warrants further investigation. FUNDING: Cardiocentro Ticino Institute, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale.

Ticagrelor alone versus ticagrelor plus aspirin from month 1 to month 12 after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ULTIMATE-DAPT): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Following percutaneous coronary intervention with stent placement to treat acute coronary syndromes, international clinical guidelines generally recommend dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin plus a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor for 12 months to prevent myocardial infarction and stent thrombosis. However, data on single antiplatelet therapy with a potent P2Y12 inhibitor earlier than 12 months after percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with an acute coronary syndrome are scarce. The aim of this trial was to assess whether the use of ticagrelor alone, compared with ticagrelor plus aspirin, could reduce the incidence of clinically relevant bleeding events without an accompanying increase in major adverse cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events (MACCE). METHODS: In this randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial, patients aged 18 years or older with an acute coronary syndrome who completed the IVUS-ACS study and who had no major ischaemic or bleeding events after 1-month treatment with dual antiplatelet therapy were randomly assigned to receive oral ticagrelor (90 mg twice daily) plus oral aspirin (100 mg once daily) or oral ticagrelor (90 mg twice daily) plus a matching oral placebo, beginning 1 month and ending at 12 months after percutaneous coronary intervention (11 months in total). Recruitment took place at 58 centres in China, Italy, Pakistan, and the UK. Patients were required to remain event-free for 1 month on dual antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention with contemporary drug-eluting stents. Randomisation was done using a web-based system, stratified by acute coronary syndrome type, diabetes, IVUS-ACS randomisation, and site, using dynamic minimisation. The primary superiority endpoint was clinically relevant bleeding (Bleeding Academic Research Consortium [known as BARC] types 2, 3, or 5). The primary non-inferiority endpoint was MACCE (defined as the composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke, definite stent thrombosis, or clinically driven target vessel revascularisation), with an expected event rate of 6·2% in the ticagrelor plus aspirin group and an absolute non-inferiority margin of 2·5 percentage points between 1 month and 12 months after percutaneous coronary intervention. The two co-primary endpoints were tested sequentially; the primary superiority endpoint had to be met for hypothesis testing of the MACCE outcome to proceed. All principal analyses were assessed in the intention-to-treat population. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03971500, and is completed. FINDINGS: Between Sept 21, 2019, and Oct 27, 2022, 3400 (97·0%) of the 3505 participants in the IVUS-ACS study were randomly assigned (1700 patients to ticagrelor plus aspirin and 1700 patients to ticagrelor plus placebo). 12-month follow-up was completed by 3399 (>99·9%) patients. Between month 1 and month 12 after percutaneous coronary intervention, clinically relevant bleeding occurred in 35 patients (2·1%) in the ticagrelor plus placebo group and in 78 patients (4·6%) in the ticagrelor plus aspirin group (hazard ratio [HR] 0·45 [95% CI 0·30 to 0·66]; p<0·0001). MACCE occurred in 61 patients (3·6%) in the ticagrelor plus placebo group and in 63 patients (3·7%) in the ticagrelor plus aspirin group (absolute difference -0·1% [95% CI -1·4% to 1·2%]; HR 0·98 [95% CI 0·69 to 1·39]; pnon-inferiority<0·0001, psuperiority=0·89). INTERPRETATION: In patients with an acute coronary syndrome who had percutaneous coronary intervention with contemporary drug-eluting stents and remained event-free for 1 month on dual antiplatelet therapy, treatment with ticagrelor alone between month 1 and month 12 after the intervention resulted in a lower rate of clinically relevant bleeding and a similar rate of MACCE compared with ticagrelor plus aspirin. Along with the results from previous studies, these findings show that most patients in this population can benefit from superior clinical outcomes with aspirin discontinuation and maintenance on ticagrelor monotherapy after 1 month of dual antiplatelet therapy. FUNDING: The Chinese Society of Cardiology, the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China, and the Jiangsu Provincial & Nanjing Municipal Clinical Trial Project. TRANSLATION: For the Mandarin translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.

Platelet-Mimicking Nanosponges for Functional Reversal of Antiplatelet Agents.

BACKGROUND: During long-term antiplatelet agents (APAs) administration, patients with thrombotic diseases take a fairly high risk of life-threatening bleeding, especially when in need of urgent surgery. Rapid functional reversal of APAs remains an issue yet to be efficiently resolved by far due to the lack of any specific reversal agent in the clinic, which greatly restricts the use of APAs. METHODS: Flow cytometry analysis was first applied to assess the dose-dependent reversal activity of platelet-mimicking perfluorocarbon-based nanosponges (PLT-PFCs) toward ticagrelor. The tail bleeding time of mice treated with APAs followed by PLT-PFCs was recorded at different time points, along with corresponding pharmacokinetic analysis of ticagrelor and tirofiban. A hemorrhagic transformation model was established in experimental stroke mice with thrombolytic/antiplatelet therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging was subsequently applied to observe hemorrhage and thrombosis in vivo. Further evaluation of the spontaneous clot formation activity of PLT-PFCs was achieved by clot retraction assay in vitro. RESULTS: PLT-PFCs potently reversed the antiplatelet effect of APAs by competitively binding with APAs. PLT-PFCs showed high binding affinity comparable to fresh platelets in vitro with first-line APAs, ticagrelor and tirofiban, and efficiently reversed their function in both tail bleeding and postischemic-reperfusion models. Moreover, the deficiency of platelet intrinsic thrombotic activity diminished the risk of thrombogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of platelet-mimicking nanosponges in ameliorating the bleeding risk of different APAs, which offers a promising strategy for the management of bleeding complications induced by antiplatelet therapy.

PAR4 Antagonism in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Receiving Antiplatelet Therapies.

BACKGROUND: BMS-986141 is a novel potent highly selective antagonist of PAR (protease-activated receptor) type 4. PAR4 antagonism has been demonstrated to reduce thrombus formation in isolation and in combination with factor Xa inhibition in high shear conditions in healthy people. We sought to determine whether PAR4 antagonism had additive antithrombotic effects in patients with coronary artery disease who were receiving antiplatelet therapy. METHODS: Forty-five patients with stable coronary heart disease and 10 healthy volunteers completed a phase 2a open-label 4-arm single-center study. Patients were allocated to 1 of 3 treatment arms for 7 days: (1) ticagrelor (90 mg BID), (2) aspirin (75 mg QD), or (3) the combination of ticagrelor and aspirin. Agonist-induced platelet aggregation, platelet activation, and ex vivo thrombus formation were measured before and 2 and 24 hours after a single oral 4-mg dose of BMS-986141 on the first study visit day in all participants. RESULTS: BMS-986141 demonstrated highly selective inhibition of PAR4-AP (agonist peptide)-induced platelet aggregation, P-selectin expression, and platelet-monocyte aggregate expression (P≤0.001 for all), which were unaffected by concomitant antiplatelet therapies. PAR4 antagonism reduced ex vivo thrombus area in high shear conditions in healthy volunteers (-21%; P=0.001) and in patients receiving ticagrelor alone (-28%; P=0.001), aspirin alone (-23%; P=0.018), or both in combination (-24%; P≤0.001). Plasma concentration of BMS-986141 correlated with PAR4-AP-induced platelet responses (P≤0.001 for all) and total thrombus area under high shear stress conditions (P≤0.01 for all). CONCLUSIONS: PAR4 antagonism has additive antithrombotic effects when used in addition to ticagrelor, aspirin, or their combination, in patients with stable coronary heart disease. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT05093790.

Platelet RNA Biomarker of Ticagrelor-Responsive Genes Is Associated With Platelet Function and Cardiovascular Events.

BACKGROUND: Identifying patients with the optimal risk:benefit for ticagrelor is challenging. The aim was to identify ticagrelor-responsive platelet transcripts as biomarkers of platelet function and cardiovascular risk. METHODS: Healthy volunteers (n=58, discovery; n=49, validation) were exposed to 4 weeks of ticagrelor with platelet RNA data, platelet function, and self-reported bleeding measured pre-/post-ticagrelor. RNA sequencing was used to discover platelet genes affected by ticagrelor, and a subset of the most informative was summarized into a composite score and tested for validation. This score was further analyzed (1) in CD34+ megakaryocytes exposed to an P2Y12 inhibitor in vitro, (2) with baseline platelet function in healthy controls, (3) in peripheral artery disease patients (n=139) versus patient controls (n=30) without atherosclerosis, and (4) in patients with peripheral artery disease for correlation with atherosclerosis severity and risk of incident major adverse cardiovascular and limb events. RESULTS: Ticagrelor exposure differentially expressed 3409 platelet transcripts. Of these, 111 were prioritized to calculate a Ticagrelor Exposure Signature score, which ticagrelor reproducibly increased in discovery and validation cohorts. Ticagrelor's effects on platelets transcripts positively correlated with effects of P2Y12 inhibition in primary megakaryocytes. In healthy controls, higher baseline scores correlated with lower baseline platelet function and with minor bleeding while receiving ticagrelor. In patients, lower scores independently associated with both the presence and extent of atherosclerosis and incident ischemic events. CONCLUSIONS: Ticagrelor-responsive platelet transcripts are a biomarker for platelet function and cardiovascular risk and may have clinical utility for selecting patients with optimal risk:benefit for ticagrelor use.

After PCI and 1 mo of DAPT for ACS, ticagrelor alone vs. continued DAPT for 11 mo reduced bleeding without increasing MACCE.

SOURCE CITATION: Ge Z, Kan J, Gao X, et al; ULTIMATE-DAPT investigators. Ticagrelor alone versus ticagrelor plus aspirin from month 1 to month 12 after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ULTIMATE-DAPT): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Lancet. 2024;403:1866-1878. 38599220.

After stent implantation for ACS, ticagrelor monotherapy after <1 mo of DAPT vs. 12 mo of DAPT improved 1-y net clinical benefit.

SOURCE CITATION: Hong SJ, Lee SJ, Suh Y, et al; T-PASS (Ticagrelor Monotherapy in Patients Treated With New-Generation Drug-Eluting Stents for Acute Coronary Syndrome) Investigators. Stopping aspirin within 1 month after stenting for ticagrelor monotherapy in acute coronary syndrome: the T-PASS randomized noninferiority trial. Circulation. 2024;149:562-573. 37878786.

Recombinant human soluble domain of CD39L3 and ticagrelor: cardioprotective effects in experimental myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases of the CD39 family degrade ATP and ADP into AMP, which is converted into adenosine by the extracellular CD73/ecto-5-nucleotidase. This pathway has been explored in antithrombotic treatments but little in myocardial protection. We have investigated whether the administration of solCD39L3 (AZD3366) confers additional cardioprotection to that of ticagrelor alone in a pre-clinical model of myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: Ticagrelor-treated pigs underwent balloon-induced MI (90 min) and, before reperfusion, received intravenously either vehicle, 1 mg/kg AZD3366 or 3 mg/kg AZD3366. All animals received ticagrelor twice daily for 42 days. A non-treated MI group was run as a control. Serial cardiac magnetic resonance (baseline, Day 3 and Day 42 post-MI), light transmittance aggregometry, bleeding time, and histological and molecular analyses were performed. RESULTS: Ticagrelor reduced oedema formation and infarct size at Day 3 post-MI vs. controls. A 3 mg/kg AZD3366 provided an additional 45% reduction in oedema and infarct size compared with ticagrelor and a 70% reduction vs. controls (P < .05). At Day 42, infarct size declined in all ticagrelor-administered pigs, particularly in 3 mg/kg AZD3366-treated pigs (P < .05). Left ventricular ejection fraction was diminished at Day 3 in placebo pigs and worsened at Day 42, whereas it remained unaltered in ticagrelor ± AZD3366-administered animals. Pigs administered with 3 mg/kg AZD3366 displayed higher left ventricular ejection fraction upon dobutamine stress at Day 3 and minimal dysfunctional segmental contraction at Day 42 (χ2P < .05 vs. all). Cardiac and systemic molecular readouts supported these benefits. Interestingly, AZD3366 abolished ADP-induced light transmittance aggregometry without affecting bleeding time. CONCLUSIONS: Infusion of AZD3366 on top of ticagrelor leads to enhanced cardioprotection compared with ticagrelor alone.

Ticagrelor monotherapy for acute coronary syndrome: an individual patient data meta-analysis of TICO and T-PASS trials.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and a potent P2Y12 inhibitor is recommended for 12 months after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. Monotherapy with a potent P2Y12 inhibitor after short-term DAPT is an attractive option to better balance the risks of ischaemia and bleeding. Therefore, this study evaluated the efficacy and safety of ticagrelor monotherapy after short-term DAPT, especially in patients with ACS. METHODS: Electronic databases were searched from inception to 11 November 2023, and for the primary analysis, individual patient data were pooled from the relevant randomized clinical trials comparing ticagrelor monotherapy after short-term (≤3 months) DAPT with ticagrelor-based 12-month DAPT, exclusively in ACS patients undergoing DES implantation. The co-primary endpoints were ischaemic endpoint (composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, or stroke) and bleeding endpoint [Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) type 3 or 5 bleeding] at 1 year. RESULTS: Individual patient data from two randomized clinical trials including 5906 ACS patients were analysed. At 1 year, the primary ischaemic endpoint did not differ between the ticagrelor monotherapy and ticagrelor-based DAPT groups [1.9% vs. 2.5%; adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.79; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56-1.13; P = .194]. The incidence of the primary bleeding endpoint was lower in the ticagrelor monotherapy group (2.4% vs. 4.5%; adjusted HR 0.54; 95% CI 0.40-0.72; P < .001). The results were consistent in a secondary aggregate data meta-analysis including the ACS subgroup of additional randomized clinical trials which enrolled patients with ACS as well as chronic coronary syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: In ACS patients undergoing DES implantation, ticagrelor monotherapy after short-term DAPT was associated with less major bleeding without a concomitant increase in ischaemic events compared with ticagrelor-based 12-month DAPT. STUDY REGISTRATION: PROSPERO (ID: CRD42023476470).

Engineered P2Y12-Overexpressing Cell-Membrane-Wrapped Nanoparticles for the Functional Reversal of Ticagrelor and Clopidogrel.

Antiplatelet agents, particularly P2Y12 receptor inhibitors, are critical medicines in the prevention and treatment of thrombotic diseases in the clinic. However, their long-term use introduces a significant risk of bleeding in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Whether the bleeding is caused by the drug itself or due to surgical procedures or trauma, the need to rapidly reverse the effects of antiplatelet agents in the circulation is essential; however, no such agents are currently available. To address this need, here we describe a strategy that uses cell-membrane-wrapped nanoparticles (CM-NPs) for the rapid reversal of P2Y12 inhibitors. CM-NPs are fabricated with membranes derived from 293T cells genetically engineered to overexpress the P2Y12 receptor. Our findings support the potential of CM-NPs as a strategy for managing bleeding complications associated with P2Y12 receptor inhibitors, offering an approach to improve the safety in the use of these drugs in clinical settings.

Dual Antiplatelet Therapy After Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source: A Subgroup Analysis of the CHANCE-2 Trial.

BACKGROUND: The atherosclerotic sources of embolism are a significant contributor to embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS). However, there is limited evidence for the efficacy of intensive dual antiplatelet therapy for ESUS. We conducted an investigation to determine whether gene-directed dual antiplatelet therapy could reduce the risk of recurrent stroke in patients with ESUS. METHODS: CHANCE-2 (Clopidogrel in High-Risk Patients with Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events-II) was an investigator-initiated, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that objectively compared ticagrelor plus aspirin and clopidogrel plus aspirin in patients with minor stroke or transient ischemic attack who carried CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles in China. All study participants were classified into ESUS and non-ESUS groups for the prespecified exploratory analysis. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the interaction of the state of ESUS with the effects of dual antiplatelet therapy with ticagrelor-aspirin versus clopidogrel-aspirin, adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors. RESULTS: The subgroup analysis comprised 5796 participants (90.4% of the total 6412 participants) in the CHANCE-2 trial, with a median age of 64.9 years (range, 57.0-71.4 years), of whom 1964 (33.9%) were female. These participants underwent diffusion-weighted imaging as part of the study protocol. After systematic evaluation, 15.2% of patients (881/5796) were deemed to have ESUS. The incidence of stroke recurrence in patients with ESUS was found to be 5.6% in the ticagrelor-aspirin group and 9.2% in the clopidogrel-aspirin group (hazard ratio, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.33-0.99]; P=0.04). In patients without ESUS, the respective incidence rates were 5.6% and 7.5% (hazard ratio, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.58-0.90]; P<0.01). The P value was 0.56 for the treatment × ESUS status interaction effect. CONCLUSIONS: In this prespecified exploratory analysis, ticagrelor with aspirin was superior to clopidogrel with aspirin for preventing stroke at 90 days in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack who carried CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles and were classified as ESUS. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT04078737.

Ticagrelor versus Clopidogrel in CYP2C19 Loss-of-Function Carriers with Stroke or TIA.

BACKGROUND: Comparisons between ticagrelor and clopidogrel for the secondary prevention of stroke in CYP2C19 loss-of-function carriers have not been extensively performed. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial at 202 centers in China involving patients with a minor ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) who carried CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles. Patients were assigned within 24 hours after symptom onset, in a 1:1 ratio, to receive ticagrelor (180 mg on day 1 followed by 90 mg twice daily on days 2 through 90) and placebo clopidogrel or to receive clopidogrel (300 mg on day 1 followed by 75 mg once daily on days 2 through 90) and placebo ticagrelor; both groups received aspirin for 21 days. The primary efficacy outcome was new stroke, and the primary safety outcome was severe or moderate bleeding, both within 90 days. RESULTS: A total of 11,255 patients were screened and 6412 patients were enrolled, with 3205 assigned to the ticagrelor group and 3207 to the clopidogrel group. The median age of the patients was 64.8 years, and 33.8% were women; 98.0% belonged to the Han Chinese ethnic group. Stroke occurred within 90 days in 191 patients (6.0%) in the ticagrelor group and 243 patients (7.6%) in the clopidogrel group (hazard ratio, 0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.64 to 0.94; P = 0.008). Secondary outcomes were generally in the same direction as the primary outcome. Severe or moderate bleeding occurred in 9 patients (0.3%) in the ticagrelor group and in 11 patients (0.3%) in the clopidogrel group; any bleeding occurred in 170 patients (5.3%) and 80 patients (2.5%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Among Chinese patients with minor ischemic stroke or TIA who were carriers of CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles, the risk of stroke at 90 days was modestly lower with ticagrelor than with clopidogrel. The risk of severe or moderate bleeding did not differ between the two treatment groups, but ticagrelor was associated with more total bleeding events than clopidogrel. (Funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China and others; CHANCE-2 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04078737.).

Ticagrelor with or without aspirin following percutaneous coronary intervention in high-risk patients with concomitant peripheral artery disease: A subgroup analysis of the TWILIGHT randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: The optimal antiplatelet regimen after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) is still debated. This analysis aimed to compare the effect of ticagrelor monotherapy versus ticagrelor plus aspirin in patients with PAD undergoing PCI. METHODS: In the TWILIGHT trial, patients at high ischemic or bleeding risk that underwent PCI were randomized after 3 months of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) to aspirin or matching placebo in addition to open-label ticagrelor for 12 additional months. In this post-hoc analysis, patient cohorts were examined according to the presence or absence of PAD. The primary endpoint was Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) 2, 3, or 5 bleeding. The key secondary endpoint was a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke. Endpoints were assessed at 12 months after randomization. RESULTS: Among 7,119 patients, 489 (7%) had PAD and were older, more likely to have comorbidities, and multivessel disease. PAD patients had more bleeding or ischemic complications than no-PAD patients. Ticagrelor monotherapy compared to ticagrelor plus aspirin was associated with less BARC 2, 3, or 5 bleeding in PAD (4.6% vs 8.7%; HR 0.52; 95%CI 0.25-1.07) and no-PAD patients (4.0% vs 7.0%; HR 0.56; 95%CI 0.45-0.69; interaction P-value .830) and a similar risk of death, MI, or stroke in these 2 groups (interaction P-value .446). CONCLUSIONS: Despite their higher ischemic and bleeding risk, patients with PAD undergoing PCI derived a consistent benefit from ticagrelor monotherapy after 3 months of DAPT in terms of bleeding reduction without any relevant increase in ischemic events. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY INFORMATION:: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov/study/NCT02270242.

Cost analysis of CYP2C19 genetic testing in percutaneous coronary intervention patients.

CYP2C19 loss of function (LOF) carriers undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) have an increased risk of ischemic events when treated with clopidogrel. PCI patients in TAILOR-PCI were randomized to clopidogrel or genotype-guided (GG) therapy in which LOF carriers received ticagrelor and non-carriers clopidogrel. Direct medical costs associated with a GG approach have not been described before. TAILOR-PCI participants for whom direct medical costs were available for the duration from the date of PCI to one-year post PCI were included. Primary cost estimates were obtained from the Mayo Clinic Cost Data Warehouse. There were no differences in direct medical costs between the GG and clopidogrel groups (mean $20,682 versus $19,747, p = 0.11) however total costs were greater in the GG group (mean $21,245 versus $19,891, p = 0.02) which was primarily driven by ticagrelor costs. In conclusion the increased expense of a GG strategy post PCI as compared to clopidogrel for all is primarily driven by the cost of ticagrelor.

Antiplatelet therapy for Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: Will it stick?

Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) remains a clinically challenging infection despite extensive investigation. Repurposing medications approved for other indications is appealing as clinical safety profiles have already been established. Ticagrelor, a reversible adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonist that prevents platelet aggregation, is indicated for patients suffering from acute coronary syndrome (ACS). However, some clinical data suggest that patients treated with ticagrelor are less likely to have poor outcomes due to S. aureus infection. There are several potential mechanisms by which ticagrelor may affect S. aureus virulence. These include direct antibacterial activity, up-regulation of the innate immune system through boosting platelet-mediated S. aureus killing, and prevention of S. aureus adhesion to host tissues. In this Pearl, we review the clinical data surrounding ticagrelor and infection as well as explore the evidence surrounding these proposed mechanisms of action. While more evidence is needed before antiplatelet medications formally become part of the arsenal against S. aureus infection, these potential mechanisms represent exciting pathways to target in the host/pathogen interface.

Genotype-Guided Dual Antiplatelet Use for Transient Ischemic Attack and Minor Stroke by Imaging Status: Subgroup Analysis of the CHANCE-2 Trial.

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to investigate whether ticagrelor/aspirin versus clopidogrel/aspirin can further reduce the residual risk of stroke recurrence in patients with positive diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the High-Risk Patients with Acute Nondisabling Cerebrovascular Events II (CHANCE-2) trial. METHODS: Patients with DWI data in the CHANCE-2 trial were included and divided into those with and without acute infarction according to their DWI findings. The primary efficacy outcome and safety outcome were stroke recurrence and moderate to severe bleeding within 3 months of follow-up, respectively. RESULTS: Of the 6,412 patients enrolled in the CHANCE-2 trial, 5,796 (90.4%) patients with DWI data were included in the subgroup analysis. A total of 4,369 patients (75.4%) had an acute infarction on DWI. Patients with positive DWI had higher risk of recurrent stroke (8.1%) than those without infarction (2.2%) within 3-month follow-up. Compared with clopidogrel/aspirin, ticagrelor/aspirin was associated with lower risk of stroke in patients with positive DWI (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.52-0.80, p < 0.001) than in those negative DWI (HR = 1.22, 95% CI = 0.55-2.72, p = 0.63), with a significant interaction association (p for interaction = 0.049). The risk of moderate to severe bleeding was similar between ticagrelor/aspirin and clopidogrel/aspirin treatment in the different groups. INTERPRETATION: Our study demonstrates that imaging evaluation should be emphasized before targeting the best candidates for genotype-guided dual antiplatelet therapy in future clinical research and practice. ANN NEUROL 2023;93:783-792.