Immune landscape of human placental villi using single-cell analysis.

Maintenance of a healthy pregnancy is reliant on a successful balance between the fetal and maternal immune systems. Although the maternal mechanisms responsible have been well studied, those used by the fetal immune system remain poorly understood. Using suspension mass cytometry and various imaging modalities, we report a complex immune system within the mid-gestation (17-23 weeks) human placental villi (PV). Consistent with recent reports in other fetal organs, T cells with memory phenotypes, although rare in abundance, were detected within the PV tissue and vasculature. Moreover, we determined that T cells isolated from PV samples may be more proliferative after T cell receptor stimulation than adult T cells at baseline. Collectively, we identified multiple subtypes of fetal immune cells within the PV and specifically highlight the enhanced proliferative capacity of fetal PV T cells.

HOTAIR/miR-1277-5p/FBN2 signaling axis is involved in recurrent spontaneous abortion by regulating the growth, migration, and invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells†.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the specific pathways by which HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA contributes to the pathogenesis of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. METHODS: Real-time quantitative PCR was employed to assess the differential expression levels of HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA in chorionic villi tissues from unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion patients and women with voluntarily terminated pregnancies. HTR-8/SVneo served as a cellular model. Knockdown and overexpression of HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA in the cells were achieved through siRNA transfection and pcDNA3.1 transfection, respectively. Cell viability, migration, and invasion were evaluated using cell counting kit-8, scratch, and Transwell assays, respectively. The interaction among the HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA /miR-1277-5p/fibrillin 2 axis was predicted through bioinformatics analysis and confirmed through in vitro experiments. Furthermore, the regulatory effects of the HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA /miR-1277-5p/fibrillin 2 signaling axis on cellular behaviors were validated in HTR-8/SVneo cells. RESULTS: We found that HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA was downregulated in chorionic villi tissues from unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion patients. Overexpression of HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA significantly enhanced the viability, migration, and invasion of HTR-8/SVneo cells, while knockdown of HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA had the opposite effects. We further confirmed the regulatory effect of the HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA /miR-1277-5p/fibrillin 2 signaling axis in unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. Specifically, HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA and fibrillin 2 were found to reduce the risk of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion by enhancing cell viability, migration, and invasion, whereas miR-1277-5p exerted the opposite effects. CONCLUSION: HOX transcript antisense intergenic RNA promotes unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion development by targeting inhibition of miR-1277-5p/fibrillin 2 axis.

KLF4 regulates trophoblast function and associates with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is defined as two or more consecutive spontaneous abortions before 20 weeks with the same spouse [1]. However, approximately 50% of RSA cases of unknown cause are classified as unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA). Potential factors include decreased trophoblast cell migration and invasion, leading to impaired placental implantation and maintenance of the normal maternal-fetal interface. However, the mechanism of this pathogenesis remains unknown. In this study, we investigated the potential role and mechanism of KLF4 in regulating URSA by influencing the invasion and migration ability of trophoblast cells. METHODS: We firstly identified 817 differentially expressed genes by performing a difference analysis of the dataset GSE121950 [2] related to recurrent abortion, and intersected the top 10 genes obtained respectively by the three algorithms: DMNC, MNC, and EPC using Venn Diagram.To detect the expression levels of core genes, villi samples were obtained from normal pregnant women and patients with URSA. RT-qPCR analysis revealed a significant difference in KLF4 mRNA expression and KLF4 was then analyzed. Trophoblast cell lines HTR8 and JEG3 were used to investigate the effect of KLF4 on trophoblastic function. Wound healing and transwell assays was performed to detect the invasion and migration of trophoblast cells. The expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT) molecules were detected by RT-qPCR and western blot. Promoter detection and epigenetic modification were detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Molecular nuclear localization was detected by immunofluorescence and subcellular fractionation. Miscarried mice model was used to study the effects of KLF4 on URSA induced by reduced trophoblast invasion and migration. RESULTS: KLF4 is highly expressed in the villi of patients with URSA. KLF4 inhibits the expression level of H3R2ME2a in trophoblast cells by regulating the transcriptional level and nuclear translocation of PRMT6, thereby inhibiting the possible regulatory mechanism of trophoblastic invasion and providing a potential treatment strategy for URSA in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: The KLF4/PRMT6/H3R2ME2a axis regulates mechanisms associated with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion by regulating trophoblast function.

Placental trophoblast syncytialization potentiates macropinocytosis via mTOR signaling to adapt to reduced amino acid supply.

During pregnancy, the appropriate allocation of nutrients between the mother and the fetus is dominated by maternal-fetal interactions, which is primarily governed by the placenta. The syncytiotrophoblast (STB) lining at the outer surface of the placental villi is directly bathed in maternal blood and controls feto-maternal exchange. The STB is the largest multinucleated cell type in the human body, and is formed through syncytialization of the mononucleated cytotrophoblast. However, the physiological advantage of forming such an extensively multinucleated cellular structure remains poorly understood. Here, we discover that the STB uniquely adapts to nutrient stress by inducing the macropinocytosis machinery through repression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. In primary human trophoblasts and in trophoblast cell lines, differentiation toward a syncytium triggers macropinocytosis, which is greatly enhanced during amino acid shortage, induced by inhibiting mTOR signaling. Moreover, inhibiting mTOR in pregnant mice markedly stimulates macropinocytosis in the syncytium. Blocking macropinocytosis worsens the phenotypes of fetal growth restriction caused by mTOR-inhibition. Consistently, placentas derived from fetal growth restriction patients display: 1) Repressed mTOR signaling, 2) increased syncytialization, and 3) enhanced macropinocytosis. Together, our findings suggest that the unique ability of STB to undergo macropinocytosis serves as an essential adaptation to the cellular nutrient status, and support fetal survival and growth under nutrient deprivation.

The Number of Syncytial Knots and the Intensity of VEGF Expression in the Villi of the Monochorionic Diamniotic Placenta in Selective Fetal Growth Restriction.

A comparative study was carried out to analyze the number of syncytial knots and the intensity of expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the villi of the monochorionic diamniotic placenta in pregnancies complicated by the syndrome of selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR). We performed a morphological analysis of 32 monochorionic diamniotic placentas after term delivery which were divided into two groups. The main group included the placentas of 15 puerperas whose pregnancies were complicated by sFGR. The control group included twin placentas of 17 puerperas without signs of sFGR. The number of syncytial knots was determined by histological studies, and the levels of VEGF expression in syncytiotrophoblast and capillary endotheliocytes of the placental villi were determined by immunohistochemical studies. The study showed an increase in the number of syncytial knots in the villi of the placental part of the fetus with sFGR which indicated the development of preplacental hypoxia. A significant increase in the level of VEGF expression in the syncytiotrophoblast and vascular endothelium of the villi should be considered as a manifestation of a compensatory adaptational response to hypoxia, though it is insufficient to prevent the development of sFGR.

Thyroid hormone transport and metabolism are disturbed in the placental villi of miscarriage.

BACKGROUND: It has been long known that thyroid hormone regulates placental villi development, which is associated with the occurrence of miscarriage. However, whether abnormal thyroid hormone metabolism and transport in placental villi are involved in miscarriage is still to be verified. METHODS: Placental villi of elective terminations of pregnancies (ETPs) and miscarriage were collected. Proliferative activity and apoptosis of villi trophoblasts and angiogenesis were detected by TUNEL and immunochemistry. The expressions of thyroid hormone receptors (THRs), transthyretin (TTR), monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), organic anion transporting polypeptides 1A1 (OATP1A1), deiodinase 2 (Dio2) and Dio3 were examined by RT-PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. JEG3 cell was treated with iopanoic acid (IOP), an inhibitor of Dio2 activity, the expressions of Dio2, placenta growth factor (PLGF) and sFlt1 were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS: Cell proliferation was suppressed and apoptosis was increased in placental villi cytotrophoblasts of miscarriage. CD34+ vessel number and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein abundance were decreased in miscarriage. In miscarriage group, the gene expression of Dio2, Dio3, TTR and THRα, but not THRß, MCT8 and OATP1A1, were downregulated. The protein abundances of TTR and THRα were downregulated in miscarriage group, but not THRß. The protein abundance of Dio2 in miscarriage villi was decreased compared with that in ETP. In JEG3 cells, the gene expression of PLGF was decreased and the expression of sFlt1 was increased in IOP treatment; The protein abundance of Dio2 was downregulated but the gene expression of Dio2 was unaffected in IOP treatment. CONCLUSION: Thyroid hormone transport and metabolism in miscarriage were disturbed and may impaired angiogenesis of placental villi, which was associated with the occurrence of miscarriage.

LncRNA landscape and associated ceRNA network in placental villus of unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion.

BACKGROUND: Unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) is one of the most challenging conditions frustrates women of childbearing age profoundly. The gene expression patterns and biological characteristics of placental villus in patients with URSA remain largely unknown. The aim of our study was to identify potential lncRNAs as well as their action mechanisms in URSA. METHOD: The ceRNA microarray was used to identify the mRNA and lncRNA expression profiles of URSA patients and normal pregnancy. Functional enrichment analyses for differentially expressed mRNAs in URSA were performed. Protein-protein interaction analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs was performed to identify hub genes and key modules. Subsequently, the co-dysregulated ceRNA network of URSA was established, and the enrichment analyses for the mRNAs in the ceRNA network was implemented. qRT-PCR was performed to validated the expression of key ENST00000429019 and mRNAs in URSA. RESULTS: We found that URSA placental villus have distinct mRNA and lncRNA expression profiles through ceRNA microarray, with a total of 347 mRNAs and 361 lncRNAs differentially expressed compared with controls. The functional enrichment analysis revealed that ncRNA processing, DNA replication, cell cycle, apoptosis, cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, ECM-receptor interaction were the potentially disrupted pathways in URSA patients. Then we constructed a co-dysregulated ceRNA network and found differentially expressed mRNAs were regulated by a small fraction of hub lncRNAs. Finally, we found a key network of ENST00000429019 and three cell proliferation or apoptosis related key mRNAs (CDCA3, KIFC1, NCAPH), and validated their expression and regulation in tissue and cellular levels. CONCLUSIONS: This study identified a key ceRNA network, which might take part in URSA and correlate with cell proliferation and apoptosis. Optimistically, this study may deepen our apprehensions about the underlying molecular and biological causes of URSA and provide an important theoretical basis for future therapeutic strategies for patients with URSA.

Quantitative proteomics and functional analysis identified novel targets for missed abortion.

Missed abortion (MA) is a special form of spontaneous abortion that is increasing in incidence. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying MA, especially regarding the decidua, are poorly understood. Herein, we identified molecular signaling pathways related to MA by comparing the decidua of women experiencing normal pregnancy and MA using a quantitative proteomics approach based on HPLC-MS/MS and iTRAQ labeling. Integrated bioinformatics analysis of villi and decidua was performed to reveal potential crosstalk signals in closely related tissues. We identified 2277 proteins with high confidence in decidua, of which 232 were differentially expressed in MA samples. Specifically, we reported that integrated quantitative proteomic and bioinformatic analysis revealed altered proteins in MA and the mechanisms underpinning MA involved numerous pathways, especially ribosome and cellular metabolism signaling. Moreover, Importin 9, Cullin 1 and COX6C are critical for MA, and their altered expression might contribute to the pathophysiology of MA. In particular, COX6C was dramatically down-regulated in both decidua and villi of MA. COX6C was also found to be highly expressed in syncytiotrophoblastic and cytotrophoblastic cells in villi and widely expressed in decidua of the control group, but dramatically decreased in the MA group. Functional analysis showed that knockdown of COX6C inhibited apoptosis process in both HTR-8 and SiHa cells, suggesting that COX6C may play protective effects in MA. Thus, this study could help to map the regulatory protein network related to MA and contribute to the pathophysiological mechanisms of MA.

Association between HIF-1α, BNIP3, and autophagy in the chorionic villi of missed abortion.

AIM: To investigate the expression of autophagy mediated by the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)/BNIP3 signaling pathway in villus tissues of missed abortion and HTR-8/SVneo cells and to elucidate the association of HIF-1α and BNIP3 in autophagy of missed abortion. METHODS: Villus tissues from 30 healthy women with induced abortion and 35 patients with missed abortion were collected, and HTR-8/SVneo cells were cultured under hypoxia and transfected with HIF-1α-siRNA. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was utilized to measure the mRNA levels of HIF-1α and BNIP3; Western blotting was performed to determine the protein levels of HIF-1α, BNIP3, LC3 II/I, and Beclin 1 in villus tissues and HTR-8/SVneo cells. Cellular invasion activity was detected by transwell matrigel assay. The level of autophagy was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy of autophagosome formation. RESULTS: The mRNA levels of HIF-1α and BNIP3 were significantly lower in the missed abortion villi than in the induced abortion samples. The protein levels of HIF-1α, BNIP3, Beclin 1, and LC3II/I were significantly decreased in villus tissues from missed abortion, and autophagosomes were significantly decreased in villus tissues from missed abortion. Under hypoxia, the mRNA expression of HIF-1α and BNIP3 was inhibited after silencing HIF-1α by RNAi, while the protein expression of HIF-1α, BNIP3, Beclin1, and LC3II/I was significantly downregulated. The number of invading cells was significantly decreased, and autophagosomes were significantly decreased after silencing HIF-1α by RNAi in HTR-8/SVneo cells. CONCLUSIONS: Autophagy mediated by the HIF-1α/BNIP3 signaling pathway in villous trophoblast cells may be associated with the progression and development of missed abortion.

Discordant Eosinophilic/T-Cell Chorionic Vasculitis in a Dichorionic Diamniotic Placenta.

Eosinophilic/T-cell chorionic vasculitis (ETCV) is an idiopathic lesion composed of eosinophils, CD3+ T lymphocytes, and histiocytes. In twins, ETCV may affect only one chorionic plate, a feature defined as "discordant". We present a case of ETCV discordance in a diamniotic dichorionic placenta at 38 weeks of gestation, in which the female twin was small for gestational age, weighing 2670 g (25th percentile). The corresponding placental territory presented ETCV in two close chorionic vessels with concordance of the fetal inflammatory response. Immunohistochemistry showed an abundance of CD3+/CD4+/CD25+T lymphocytes, CD68 PG M1+ macrophages, and scattered CD8+ T cells with focal TIA-1 positivity. Granzyme B, CD20 B lymphocytes, and CD56 natural killer cells were negative. High-grade villitis of unknown etiology (VUE) was additionally found and displayed comparable ETCV findings, except for an equivalent ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells, but TIA-1 was focally expressed. VUE was associated with chronic histiocytic intervillositis (CHI). The combination of ETCV, VUE, and CHI may have been responsible for reduced fetal growth. Concordance was observed in the ETCV and TIA-1 expression, both in ETCV and in VUE, which is a maternal response. These findings may suggest a common antigen or chemokine pathway to which both mother and fetus accordingly responded.

Chorionic villus-derived mesenchymal stem cells induce E3 ligase TRIM72 expression and regulate cell behaviors through ubiquitination of p53 in trophoblasts.

Preeclampsia is a significant contributor for maternal or fetal morbidity and mortality, which is characterized by reduced invasion capacity of trophoblasts and is regulated by extracellular matrix (ECM). It is still under investigation whether chorionic villus-derived mesenchymal stem cells (CVMSC) could affect the functionality of trophoblasts. In this study, CVMSC-derived exosomes were isolated; their effect on trophoblasts was investigated based on the CCK8 assay, migration assay, and apoptosis detection. And the underlying mechanism of this effect was investigated using mRNA sequencing, western blot, co-immunoprecipitation, luciferase report assay, and ubiquitination assay. The results show that CVMSC-derived exosomes promote migration and proliferation of trophoblasts, and also reduce cell apoptosis. mRNA sequencing confirmed that after treatment of CVMSC-derived exosomes, Tripartite Motif Containing 72 (TRIM72) expression was upregulated and Tumor Protein P53 (P53) expression was downregulated, both significantly in trophoblasts. Subsequent study confirms that TRM72 can directly interact with P53 and promote P53 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, reducing apoptosis rate and elevating proliferation and migration in trophoblasts. Our study confirms that CVMSC-derived exosomes promote trophoblast migration and proliferation by upregulating TRIM72 expression, and subsequently advance P53 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation.

Downregulation of fascin in the first trimester placental villi is associated with early recurrent miscarriage.

Inadequate trophoblast proliferation, shallow invasion and exaggerated rate of trophoblast apoptosis are implicated in early recurrent miscarriage (ERM). However, the mechanistic bases of this association have not been fully established. We aimed at investigating the involvement of fascin, an actin-bundling protein, in trophoblast activities and ERM. We found that fascin was downregulated in the cytotrophoblasts (CTBs) and distal cytotrophoblasts (DCTs) of ERM placentae. Knockdown of fascin altered cellular and nucleolar morphology, and inhibited the proliferation but increased apoptosis of trophoblastic HTR8/SVneo cells. Furthermore, fascin knockdown decreased the expression of transcription factors such as Snail1/2, Twist and Zeb1/2, mesenchymal molecules such as Vimentin and N-cadherin, and the protein expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and phosphorylates signal transducer and activator of transcript 3 (STAT3). Exposure of HTR-8/SVneo cells to hypoxia reoxygenation (H/R) decreased fascin expression to affect the cells' invasion. Our results indicate for the first time that the downregulation of fascin is involved in the pathogenesis of early recurrent miscarriage; and hence a potential therapeutic target against the disease.

Expression and mechanism of micro-ribonucleic acid-29a in chorionic villi obtained at curettage with recurrent abortion.

Objective: Explored the expression of miR-29a in puerpera with RSA and its influencing mechanism. Method: 52 patients with RSA group were divided into 30 cases representing ≤3 abortions and 22 cases with ≥4 abortions,thirty healthy women who had induced abortion during the same period as the control group. The differences in the expression levels of miR-29a, FKBP52 mRNA, VEGF, MVD, and HIF-lα were compared between the groups by conducting a correlation analysis. Results: The expression levels of miR-29a, VEGF, MVD, and HIF-lα in the chorionic villus were significantly higher among patients in the group with ≥4 abortions than in those in the group with ≤3 abortions (P < 0.05), and the expression levels of FKBP52 mRNA were lower in the former than in the latter (P < 0.05). A Spearman correlation analysis revealed that the expression levels of miR-29a were positively correlated with the levels of VEGF, MVD, and HIF-lα (P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with the expression level of FKBP52 mRNA (P < 0.05). Conclusion: MiR-29a may be involved in the pathogenesis of RSA by inhibiting the protein expressions of FKBP52 and VEGF, promoting the apoptosis of trophoblasts, and impairing neovascularization, resulting in placental vascular dysplasia..

Chagas disease affects the human placental barrier's turnover dynamics during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: Trypanosoma cruzi crosses the placental barrier and produces the congenital transmission of Chagas disease (CD). Structural alterations of the chorionic villi by this parasite have been described in vitro, but little is known about trophoblast turnover in placentas from women with CD. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the proliferation and fusion processes in placentas from women with CD. METHODS: Archived human term placenta paraffin-embedded blocks were used, from women with CD (CDP), and no pathology (NP). Immunohistochemistry tests were performed for Ki67 to calculate the proliferation index (PI) of cytotrophoblast (CTB) and Syncytin-1, a fusion marker of syncytiotrophoblast (STB). Hematoxylin/Eosin stained sections were employed to analyze STB percentages, STB detachment areas and syncytial knots quantity. Non parametric Student's t-tests were performed (p < 0.05). RESULTS: Syncytial knots and STB detachment significantly increased in placental villi from the CDP group. STB percentage was significantly lower in the CDP group as well as the PI and Syncytin-1 expression significantly decreased in these placentas, compared with control (NP). CONCLUSION: Dynamic of trophoblast turnover is altered in placentas from women with CD. These changes may lead into a gap in the placental barrier possibly allowing the parasite entry into the chorionic villi.

Placental Transcription Profiling in 6-23 Weeks' Gestation Reveals Differential Transcript Usage in Early Development.

The human placenta is a rapidly developing transient organ that is key to pregnancy success. Early development of the conceptus occurs in a low oxygen environment before oxygenated maternal blood begins to flow into the placenta at ~10-12 weeks' gestation. This process is likely to substantially affect overall placental gene expression. Transcript variability underlying gene expression has yet to be profiled. In this study, accurate transcript expression profiles were identified for 84 human placental chorionic villus tissue samples collected across 6-23 weeks' gestation. Differential gene expression (DGE), differential transcript expression (DTE) and differential transcript usage (DTU) between 6-10 weeks' and 11-23 weeks' gestation groups were assessed. In total, 229 genes had significant DTE yet no significant DGE. Integration of DGE and DTE analyses found that differential expression patterns of individual transcripts were commonly masked upon aggregation to the gene-level. Of the 611 genes that exhibited DTU, 534 had no significant DGE or DTE. The four most significant DTU genes ADAM10, VMP1, GPR126, and ASAH1, were associated with hypoxia-responsive pathways. Transcript usage is a likely regulatory mechanism in early placentation. Identification of functional roles will facilitate new insight in understanding the origins of pregnancy complications.

Preeclampsia Correlates with an Increase in Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Levels Leading to Macromolecular Alterations in Chorionic Villi of Term Placenta.

Preeclampsia is a human pregnancy-specific disease characterized by abnormal placentation that usually presents with maternal hypertension and proteinuria. The main hallmark of preeclampsia, impaired trophoblast migration, and the subsequent disruption of uterine arteries remodeling lead to several molecular alterations in the placental compartments with those occurring in the chorionic villi being of the utmost importance. Given the essential role of the endocannabinoid system during preimplantation and trophoblast migration, we have combined the histological and hyperspectral imaging analyses to shed light on the involvement of two cannabinoid receptors in the macromolecular alterations related to preeclampsia. The results obtained by immunohistochemistry showed a significant increase in the protein levels of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) in the preeclamptic chorionic villi. However, no changes were reported regarding transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV-1) levels either in the bulk placental samples or chorionic villi when comparing control and preeclamptic patients. Histological analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIRI) showed an increase in collagen deposition together with higher levels of lipid peroxidation and phosphorylated compounds in the pathological villi. Since CB1 enhancement has been described as promoting fibrosis and oxidative stress in several tissues, we proposed that the higher receptor abundance in preeclampsia could be triggering similar molecular effects in preeclamptic term placentas.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Induces a Preeclamptic-like Phenotype in Placental Villi via Sphingosine Kinase 1 Activation.

Preeclampsia (PE) involves inadequate placental function. This can occur due to elevated pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In other tissues, TNF-α signals via sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1). SphK1 hinders syncytial formation. Whether this occurs downstream of TNF-α signaling is unclear. We hypothesized that placental SphK1 levels are higher in PE and elevated TNF-α decreases syncytial function, increases syncytial shedding, and increases cytokine/factor release via SphK1 activity. Term placental biopsies were analyzed for SphK1 using immunofluorescence and qRT-PCR. Term placental explants were treated after 4 days of culture, at the start of syncytial regeneration, with TNF-α and/or SphK1 inhibitors, PF-543. Syncytialization was assessed by measuring fusion and chorionic gonadotropin release. Cell death and shedding were measured by lactate dehydrogenase release and placental alkaline phosphatase-positive shed particles. Forty-two cytokines were measured using multiplex assays. Placental SphK1 was increased in PE. Increased cell death, shedding, interferon-α2, IFN-γ-induced protein 10, fibroblast growth factor 2, and platelet-derived growth factor-AA release induced by TNF-α were reversed upon SphK1 inhibition. TNF-α increased the release of 26 cytokines independently of SphK1. TNF-α decreased IL-10 release and inhibiting SphK1 reversed this effect. Inhibiting SphK1 alone decreased TNF-α release. Hence, SphK1 partially mediates the TNF-α-induced PE placental phenotype, primarily through cell damage, shedding, and specific cytokine release.

Methylation Status of the miR-141-3p Promoter Regulates miR-141-3p Expression, Inflammasome Formation, and the Invasiveness of HTR-8/SVneo Cells.

MicroRNA-141 (miR-141-3p) is upregulated in preeclampsia. This study investigated the effect of methylation of the miR-141-3p promoter on cell viability, invasion capability, and inflammasomes in vitro. The expression of miR-141-3p and methylation status of the miR-141-3p promoter were examined by RT-qPCR and pyrosequencing in villus tissues of women with spontaneous delivery (VTsd), villus tissues of women with preeclampsia (VTpe), and also in HTR-8/SVneo cells treated with a miR-141-3p inhibitor and 20 µmol/L 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor. Cell viability and invasion were evaluated by CCK-8 and transwell assays. In addition, the levels of CXCL12, CXCR4, CXCR2, MMPs, NLRP3, and ASC expression were assessed by western blotting, and IL-1ß and IL-18 concentrations were assayed by ELISA. miR-141-3p expression was upregulated, and the levels of miR-141-3p promoter methylation and CXCL12, CXCR4, and CXCR2 expression were decreased in VTpe relative to VTsd. In HTR-8/SVneo cells, hypomethylation caused by 5-Aza treatment increased miR-141-3p expression, while DNA methyltransferase 3 (DNMT3) transfection decreased miR-141-3p expression. miRNA-141-3p induced NLRP3, IL-1ß, and IL-18 production, decreased CXCR4, MMP, and MMP2 production, and suppressed cell growth and invasion. Furthermore, we observed that NLRP3 plays an important mediatory role in the effects of miR-141-3p described above. Decreased methylation of the miR-141-3p promoter increases miR-141-3p expression, which in turn increases NLRP3 expression, resulting in higher IL-1ß and IL-18 levels and lower levels of MMP2/9 and CXCR4. We conclude that modification of the miR-141-3p promoter might be a curial mediator in preeclampsia.

LncRNA LINC01088 inhibits the function of trophoblast cells, activates the MAPK-signaling pathway and associates with recurrent pregnancy loss.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to be involved in various cellular processes and to participate in a variety of human diseases. Recently, increasing studies have reported that lncRNAs are related to many reproductive diseases, such as pathogenesis of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), preeclampsia (PE) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of LINC01088 in trophoblast cells and its potential role in pathogenesis of RPL. LINC01088 was found to be upregulated in first-trimester chorionic villi tissues from RPL patients. Increased LINC01088 repressed proliferation, migration and invasion of trophoblast cells, and promoted apoptosis of trophoblast cells. Further exploration indicated that LINC01088 decreased the production of nitric oxide (NO) by binding and increasing Arginase-1 and decreasing eNOS protein levels. Importantly, JNK and p38 MAPK-signaling pathways were active after overexpression of LINC01088. In conclusion, our studies demonstrated that LINC01088 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of RPL, and is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of RPL.

Examination of FERMT1 expression in placental chorionic villi and its role in HTR8-SVneo cell invasion.

Transmembrane integrin receptors mediate cell-extracellular matrix as well as cell-cell adhesion. As placental trophoblast cells undergo differentiation they display changes in integrin expression or switching, but the mechanism(s) of integrin activation that supports this differentiation is still unknown. The Fermitin family of adapter proteins (FERMT 1-3) are integrin activators that mediate integrin-mediated signaling. In this study, we examined the spatiotemporal pattern of expression of FERMT1 in human chorionic villi throughout gestation and its role in HTR8-SVneo substrate adhesion and invasion. Placental villous tissue was obtained from patients undergoing elective terminations at weeks 8-14, as well as from term deliveries at weeks 37-40 and analyzed by immunofluorescence. Additionally, HTR8-SVneo trophoblast cells were transfected with FERMT1-specific siRNA or non-targeting siRNA (control) and used in cell-substrate adhesion as well as invasion assays. FERMT1 was primarily localized to membrane-associated regions at the base or around the periphery of the villous cytotrophoblast and proximal as well as distal cell column trophoblast. FERMT1 was also localized to endothelial cells of blood vessels in chorionic villi. siRNA-mediated depletion of FERMT1 in HTR8-SVneo cells did not markedly alter HTR8-SVneo cell-substrate adhesion but did significantly decrease invasion (P < 0.05) compared to control cells. These novel findings identify the presence of the integrin activator FERMT1 in trophoblast cells and that FERMT1 can regulate HTR8-SVneo cell invasion. FERMT1 may directly influence integrin activation and the subsequent integrin-mediated signaling and differentiation that underlies the acquisition of the invasive trophoblast phenotype in vivo.